饲料中添加氯化胆碱对草鱼成鱼生长、脂肪沉积和脂肪代谢酶活性的影响

选用初始体质量为(314.7±9.9)g的草鱼(Ctenophary ngodon idella)240尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每重复20尾鱼,分别饲喂氯化胆碱添加量为0%(对照组)、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%(占饲料的质量分数)的4组饲料(粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量分别为28.01%和4.54%),胆碱实测含量分别为1010mg/kg、2516mg/kg、4184mg/kg、5852mg/kg,养殖77d后,考察氯化胆碱对草鱼成鱼生长性能、脂肪沉积及脂肪代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比较,添加0.4%和0.6%氯化胆碱可显著提高鱼体增重率(P0.05)、特定生长率(P0.05),降低饲料系数(P0.05);添加0.2%～0.6%氯化胆碱可显著降低肝胰脏和全鱼脂肪含量(P0.05);添加0.4%和0.6%氯化胆碱,肌肉脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05);添加0.2%～0.6%氯化胆碱可显著提高血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量(P0.05),添加0.4%和0.6%氯化胆碱可显著降低肝胰脏甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量(P0.05);在脂肪代谢酶方面,添加0.2%～0.6%氯化胆碱可显著提高前肠脂肪酶活性(P0.05),添加0.6%氯化胆碱显著提高脂蛋白脂酶活性(P0.05),添加0.4%～0.6%氯化胆碱可显著升高肝脂酶和总脂酶活性(P0.05)。综上所述,适量添加胆碱能改善草鱼成鱼生长性能,提高饲料利用率,降低肝胰脏、全鱼和肌肉的脂肪含量,提高脂肪代谢酶活性。建议草鱼实用饲料中氯化胆碱添加量为0.4%～0.6%。     

Replacement of fish meal with two fermented soybean meals in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The present study investigated the effect of fish meal (FM) replacement with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout. Two FSM products, FSM1 (more fermentation with more small peptide and acid than FSM2) and FSM2 were used to replace 20%, 40% and 60% of FM in control diet (250 g/kg FM), respectively (FSM1‐20, FSM1‐40, FSM1‐60, FSM2‐20, FSM2‐40 and FSM2‐60). Then the seven diets were fed to rainbow trout (18.1 g) for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and digestibility of crude protein and dry matter showed no significant difference among the groups of FSM1‐20, FSM1‐40, FSM2‐20, FSM2‐40 and the control, but WG significantly decreased and FCR increased when 60% FM was replaced by both FSMs (p < .05). The replacement of 40%, 60% FM resulted in lower villus height than the control (p < .05), and intestinal protease activity was lower in FSM2‐40, FSM2‐60 and FSM1‐60 groups than the control group (p < .05). In addition, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase increased with increasing levels of FSM (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary fish meal could be replaced by 40% with both FSMs without adverse effects on growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout based on an eight weeks feeding trial.     

Clostridium butyricum as probiotic for promoting growth performance,feed utilization,gut health and microbiota community of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus)

The feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potentials of Clostridium butyricum in the diet of tilapia. Fish (~14 g) were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control), 0.5 (C‐1), 1 (C‐2), 2 (C‐3), 4 (C‐4) and 8 (C‐5) g/kg commercial probiotic‐containing C. butyricum (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain significantly increased, and feed conversion ratio decreased in the C‐2, C‐3 and C‐4 groups (p < .05). The protein retention (except C‐1 group), lipid retention and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter in probiotic supplementation groups were significantly enhanced, and ADC of protein in the C‐4 group was also improved (p < .05). The supplementation of probiotic significantly increased villus height in anterior intestines and reduced the numbers of intestinal Escherichia coli (p < .05). High‐throughput sequencing showed that top three phyla namely Planctomycetes in all probiotic‐containing groups, Proteobacteria in the C‐1 and C‐2 groups and Chloroflexi in the C‐3 group had higher level than the NC group. The cumulative mortality was reduced by dietary probiotic after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila (p < .05). In conclusion, C. butyricum can be supplemented at 1–2 g/kg feed for promoting the growth, feed utilization, gut health and microbiota of tilapia.     

Effects of fish meal replaced by fermented soybean meal on growth performance,intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) and soybean meal (SM) on growth performance, intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The basal diet contained 350 g/kg FM (CON), and then, FM was replaced with SM and FSM at the ratios of 30% and 60% (SM‐30, SM‐60, FSM‐30 and FSM‐60), respectively. The largemouth bass (4.43 ± 0.13 g) were fed for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain of fish fed with FSM‐60 and SM‐60 diets was significantly lower, and feed conversion ratio of SM‐30, SM‐60 and FSM‐60 groups was significantly higher than the CON group (p < .05). The intestinal villus height of SM‐60 group and the villus width of SM‐60 and FSM‐60 group were significantly lower than the CON group (p < .05). The 30% FM replacement by SM and FSM significantly increased the abundance of Cetobacterium and Mycoplasma, respectively (p < .05). In conclusion, FSM could replace 30% FM in diet without negative impacts on the growth performance of largemouth bass, while the SM should be controlled below 30%.     

粉煤灰复田立地欧美杨营养诊断研究

（１）叶片营养诊断表明，粉煤灰复田立地上欧美杨处于Ｎ素和Ｐ素亏缺状态，而Ｋ素较为充足，但施Ｋ有利于林木对Ｐ素的吸收，效应仍很显著。（２）相关分析表明，叶片Ｎ、Ｋ素浓度与生长呈正相关关系，而Ｐ则呈负相关关系，说明叶片Ｐ素含量与生长的关系实质上是一种“稀释效应”。     

基于迁移学习的嫩江市主要农作物遥感分类

【目的 】机器学习模型在农作物分类研究领域有着较高精度,但如何利用历史样本用于当前时间的作物分类是一个难点。迁移学习的核心思想在于找到已有数据与新数据之间的相似性,文章旨在探索迁移学习方法使用历史样本进行作物分类的可靠性。【方法 】该文以嫩江市为研究区域,基于实地采样数据与遥感数据,用随机森林（Random Forest,RF）分类器,结合多种遥感指数,对2020—2021年嫩江市玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类;利用动态时间规整方法,以2020—2021年实地采样数据生成2022年的分类样本,用RF对2022年嫩江市的玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类。【结果 】（1）对2020—2021年玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类,RF的平均总体精度达到97.8%。（2）对动态时间规整方法生成的2022年玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类,RF的总体精度达到87.5%。【结论 】基于迁移学习的作物识别方法达到较高精度,具有实践意义,可提高历史时期样本的利用效率。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping of forage agronomic traits in six mapping populations derived from European elite maize germplasm

Four agronomic traits were analysed including dry matter concentration (DMC) and dry matter yield (DMY) for stover, plant height (PHT) and days from planting to silking (DPS). We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) in three populations with doubled haploid lines (DHL), one RIL population and two testcross (TC) populations derived from crosses between two of the four populations mentioned above to elite tester lines, based on field phenotyping at multiple locations and years for each; 146–168 SSRs were used for genotyping of the four mapping populations. Significant high phenotypic and genotypic correlations were found for all traits at two locations, while DMC was negatively correlated with the other traits. A total of 42, 41, 54, and 45 QTL were identified for DMC, DMY, PHT, and DPS, respectively, with 9, 7, 12, and 7 major QTL for each trait. Most detected QTL displayed significant interactions with environment. Major QTL detected in more than two populations will contribute to marker‐assisted breeding and also to fine mapping candidate genes associated with maize agronomic traits.     

播期、密度及施肥对寒地油用型紫苏产量的影响

以“SU-5”为研究对象,通过二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究播期、密度、复合肥施用量3种因素对寒地油用型紫苏种子产量的影响。结果表明：3个参试因子对寒地紫苏产量的影响是密度>复合肥施用量>播期,寒地紫苏种子产量的二次回归通用旋转组合方程为Y=2214.74973+111.16360X₁+225.68963X₂+190.45268X₃-210.46885X₁ ²-212.67802X₂ ²-126.52061X₃ ²-196.87500X₂X₃。通过方差分析得出,寒地紫苏种子产量大于1 839.38kg/hm ²的理论上组合方案的播期为5月4日,最佳密度为5.0万株/hm ²,最佳复合肥施用量为507.7kg/hm ²。     

Comparative study on the utilization of crystalline methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue calcium by Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)

The objective of this study was to compare the supplemental effects of crystalline DL‐methionine (DL‐Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue calcium (MHA‐Ca) on growth performance of Pacific white shrimp. Eight isoproteinic (355.3 ± 2.0 g/kg diet) and isolipidic (70.0 ± 2.2 g/kg diet) diets were prepared as positive diet (20% fish meal), negative diet (15% fish meal) and DL‐Met, MHA‐Ca‐supplemented diets with the supplementation of 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09% DL‐Met and 0.04%, 0.07%, 0.1% MHA‐Ca in negative diet respectively. Pacific white shrimp (0.92 ± 0.03 g) were fed one of the eight diets for 49 days. The results showed that dietary DL‐Met did not affect weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p > 0.05), but the supplementation of 0.1% MHA‐Ca significantly increased WG, protein and lipid retention, and reduced FCR (p < 0.05) when compared to the negative group, and reached the similar levels as the positive control. The total free amino acids (TFAA) in haemolymph of MHA‐Ca groups and PC, NC group peaked at the 3rd hr after feeding, but the peaking time of DL‐Met groups was advanced to the 2nd hr. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in haemolymph of all MHA‐Ca groups peaked at the 2nd hr, but DL‐Met groups peaked at the 1st hr after feeding. The above results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% MHA‐Ca in a low fish meal diet could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of Pacific white shrimp, but dietary DL‐Met did not significantly affect the growth.     

Population structure,genetic diversity,and sexual state of the rice brown spot pathogen Bipolaris oryzae from three Asian countries

Bipolaris oryzae causes brown spot in rice (Oryza sativa) inflicting substantial grain yield losses worldwide. Knowledge of the population structure, genetic diversity and sexual recombination of the fungal pathogen can help to implement effective disease management strategies. In this study, B. oryzae isolates sampled from Iran, the Philippines and Japan were analysed with 12 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers, newly developed from the genome sequence of the fungus. Among the 288 B. oryzae isolates genotyped, 278 unique haplotypes were identified. High genotype numbers (richness) with even distribution (evenness) were found within the collection sites. Both mating types, MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2, were present in each collection area, and the sexual state was induced under controlled conditions with production of viable ascospores. However, the tests of linkage disequilibrium rejected of the hypothesis of random mating. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that the B. oryzae collection formed three clusters, each consisting of isolates from different collection sites. Analysis of molecular variance (amova ) showed that genetic variation among clusters was 18.7%, with the rest of the variation distributed within clusters (R_ST = 0.187, P < 0.001). Statistically significant pairwise genetic differentiation was found between the clusters. These results show that Asian B. oryzae isolates are genetically diverse, and, overall, distributed in three groups. These findings will be helpful in managing the disease and guide the use of representative isolates needed for selection of resistant rice varieties.