营养与株型调控对雾培马铃薯的结薯生理影响

本研究采用3套营养液配方与3种株型调控措施探讨了不同马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumL.)品种的结薯生理效应。结果表明:不同营养液配方对雾培马铃薯的“源流库”皆存在一定的影响;采用以前期最小、结薯期最大的N/K和NH4 -N/NO3--N比值的A2营养液,对植株的光合势、叶绿素含量、根系活力、匍匐茎数、总薯数、总薯重以及后期末茎叶鲜重与干重等的增长刺激作用最大,其中又以“CIP24”品种的结薯性能最好;下放植株、喷施矮壮素和剪尖处理的不同组合均能使“CIP24”品种在A2营养液下增加光合势,降低株高,增加鲜重和增大根系体积。     

烟蒜轮作与套作对土壤农化性状及烤烟产量的影响

为了探讨烟蒜轮作与套作对土壤农化性状及烤烟产量的影响,本试验在烤烟不同生育时期,采取单作烤烟、烟蒜轮作与套作种植方式下的土壤样品分析农化指标和统计烟叶产量,并对其结果进行对比分析.结果表明随生育期的推进,不同种植方式下根际土壤pH值呈增加趋势,烟蒜轮作与套作根际与非根际土壤的pH值均高于单作烤烟.上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作与套作根际与非根际土壤有机质含量均高于单作烤烟.下部叶与上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作与套作非根际土壤速效氮含量显著高于单作烤烟.而上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作与套作处理根际土壤速效磷、速效钾含量高于单作烤烟.烟蒜轮作与套作烟叶产量、上中等烟率较单作烤烟提高了35.04％和17.55％、5.88％和3.88％.烟蒜轮作与烟蒜套作种植方式均有利于缓解烟草连作障碍,改善土壤微生态环境,提高烤烟产量,但烟蒜轮作对其效果更加突出.本研究探讨烟蒜轮作与烟蒜套作种植方式对土壤农化性状及烤烟产量的影响,可为改良植烟土壤、减轻连作障碍及栽培制度的创新提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

县域土地利用变化的碳排放效应——以山西省洪洞县为例

[目的]为了分析土地利用变化对碳排放的影响,以洪洞县为例,研究分析县域尺度上土地利用变化的碳排放效应。[方法]选取2000,2010和2013年山西省洪洞县遥感影像,通过解译遥感影像,最终获得洪洞县的土地利用数据。采用碳排放估算模型,估算了洪洞县13a不同土地利用变化导致的碳排放效应。[结果]2000—2013年洪洞县的碳排放量呈现逐年增长的趋势,期间净碳排放放量共增加了6.12×105t。作为主要碳源汇——建设用地和林地,二者的面积不断增长,但建设用地带来的碳排放远超过林地所能吸收的量。洪洞县各个乡镇在这13a中的净碳排放空间差异变化明显。[结论]优化县域土地利用结构,能够有效地减轻碳排放问题。     

猪RBP1和RBP4基因的定位、组织表达谱分析、多态研究及相关分析

类维生素A（维生素A及其代谢产物）在动物的视觉、生长、繁殖、细胞的分化及胚胎发育等方面起重要的作用。利用猪的辐射杂种克隆板，将猪细胞视黄醇结合蛋白基因1（RBP1）和猪血浆视黄醇结合蛋白基因4（RBP4）分别定位在猪13号和14号染色体上。利用半定量RT－PCR方法，对这两个基因在成年五指山猪十二种不同组织（肺、骨骼肌、脾、心脏、胃、大肠、淋巴结、小肠、肝、大脑、肾、脂肪）的组织表达谱进行了分析。在猪的血浆视黄醇结合蛋白基因4中，发现一个单核苷酸多态位点（RBP4-A/G156），并用基于聚合酶链式反应的限制性片段长度多态性方法(PCR-RFLP)，对这一多态在莱芜黑猪、五指山小型猪、贵州小型猪、广西巴马小型猪和通城实验猪群中的分布进行了研究。在通城实验猪群中，进行了不同基因型与性状间的关联分析，发现其不同的基因型与胴体直长、胴体斜长、血红蛋白浓度、平均血细胞血红蛋白量、达上市体重日龄高度相关。在猪的生产和育种中，这一多态位点可能会成为有用的分子标记。     

无公害、绿色及有机畜牧业生产构架与生态营养调控研究

阐述了无公害、绿色及有机畜牧业三者间的异同,无公害、绿色及有机畜牧业生产构架与生态营养调控的途径,并探讨了三者在我国的发展趋势及不同地域的策略选择,指出现阶段应以无公害畜牧业生产为主,以绿色和有机畜牧业生产为辅;随其技术的成熟应逐步扩大绿色及有机畜牧业所占比重;西部无污染地区和东南沿海地区应以绿色及有机畜牧业发展为主,而广大农区应以无公害畜牧业生产为主。     

黄土丘陵林区开垦地土壤抗冲性的时间变化研究

以黄土丘陵林区 10a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,进行土壤抗冲试验 ,分析了林地及其开垦后不同年限土壤的抗冲性能。结果表明 ,林地具有很强的抗冲性能 ,一旦被开垦后 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤的抗冲性呈减弱趋势 ,在 3L/min流量下 ,土壤冲刷量从侵蚀 1a的 4.0 1g/L增大到侵蚀 10a的 2 5 .5 1g/L ,加剧了土壤侵蚀发展。相关分析表明 ,土壤的抗剪强度对抗冲性影响最大 ,其次为水稳性团粒和有机质含量。因此 ,退耕还林、恢复和重建植被 ,改善土壤侵蚀环境 ,提高土壤抗冲性 ,能有效地防治土壤侵蚀。     

接种溶磷真菌对玉米和大豆根际细菌群落结构多样性的影响

Application of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms （PSMs） has been reported to increase P uptake and plant growth. However, no information is available regarding the ecological consequences of the inoculation with PSMs. The effect of inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing fungal （PSF） isolates Aspergillus niger P39 and Penicillium oxalicum P66 on the bacterial communities in the rhizospheres of maize （Zea mays L. ‘Haiyu 6＇） and soybean （Glycine max Merr. ‘Heinong 35＇） was examined using culture-dependent methods as well as a culture-independent method, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE）. Compared with the control, the number of culturable microbes for soybean was significantly greater with P39, whereas for maize, the same was significantly greater with P66. In addition, a greater number of microbes were found in the rhizosphere of maize compared with soybean. The fingerprint of DGGE for 16S rDNA indicated that inoculation with PSF also increased bacterial communities, with the P66 treatment having higher numbers of DGGE bands and a higher Shannon-Weaver diversity index compared with P39; the composition of the microbial community was also more complex with the P66 treatment. Overall, complex interactions between plant species and exotic PSMs affected the structure of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere, but plant species were more important in determining the bacterial community structure than the introduction of exotic microorganisms.     

琼氏不动杆菌GXP04的苯酚羟化酶基因的克隆及序列分析

提取琼氏不动杆菌GXP 04的总DNA,采用限制性内切酶E coRⅠ酶切处理后,构建以pLAFR 3为载体的基因组文库。通过TA IL-PCR扩增出苯酚羟化酶的上游基因,对菌落原位杂交获得的11个转化子进一步鉴定,最终确定其中的8个转化子含有完整的苯酚羟化酶基因,选取其中的pLAFR 3-7对GXP 04的苯酚羟化酶基因的核苷酸序列进行分析,并对其蛋白质基本性质进行预测。     

干润变性土次生碳酸盐稳定碳氧同位素特征的古环境意义

Pedogenic carbonates, found extensively in arid and semiarid regions, are important in revealing regional climatic and environmental changes as well as the carbon cycle. In addition, stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of pedogenic carbonates have been used to rebuild paleoecology (biomass and vegetation) and to estimate paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation during past geological time. By utilizing the stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ¹³C) and (δ¹⁸O) of secondary nodules in Ustic Vertisols, this study looked into the climatic and environmental changes in the dry valleys of the Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan Province, in southwestern China. The results showed that during the early Holocene, a warm-humid or hot-humid climate existed in the Yuanmou Basin, but since then fluctuations in climate have occurred, with a dry climate prevailing. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.92, n = 9) between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of carbonates illustrated that there had been a continual shifting between cold-humid and warm-dry climates in southwestern China including the Yuanmou Basin since the early Holocene.     

氨固定对土壤微生物生物量氮矿化测定的影响

Two soils with relatively high(Soil 1)and low(Soil 2) ammonium fixation capacities were used in this study to examiune the effect of ammonium fixation on the determination of N mineralized from soil microbial biomass.Organism suspension was quantitatively introduced to Soil 1 at various rates.Both fumigation-incubation (FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods were used to treat the soil.The amount of fixed NH4^ increased with increasing rate of organism-N addition.A close correlation was found between the amount of fixed ammonium and th rate of organism-m addition.The net increases of fixed NH4^ -N were equivalent to 38% and 12% of the added organism-N for FI and FE treatments,rspectively,in this specific soil.To provide isotopic evidence,^15N-labelled organism-N was added to Soils 1 and 2 at 121.4 mg N kg^-1.In FI treatment,22 and 3mg N kg^-1 of labelled N were found in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soile 1 and 2 respectively;while in FE treatment,9 mg N kg^-1 of labelled N was found in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soil 1 only.There was no labelled N in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soil 2.In all of the unfumigated (check) soils,there was little or no labelled N in the fixed fractions,probably because the organism-N added was easily mineralized and nitrified.A mean of 0.64 for KN value,the fraction of N mineralized in the killed microbial biomass,as obtained with inclusion of the net increase of fixed NH4^ -N,The corresponding value calculated with exclusion of the net increase of ficed NH4^ -N was 0.46 ,It was concluded that ammonium fixation was a problem in deterination of KN,particularly for soils with a high ammonium fixation capacity, Results also showed that microbial biomass N measurement by FFE method was less affected by ammonium process than that by FI method.