不同通风工艺在浅圆仓中应用的研究

在对大豆进行冬季通风作业时,采用正压上行压入式、负压下行吸出式和先负压后正压三种作业方式分阶段进行通风,充分的利用自然冷源,达到降温目的,通过对比三种作业方式的降温效果、水分损耗、降温能耗、人工投入等,并根据粮情,找出最合适的通风方式。     

基于称重式蒸渗仪的温室菜心耗水规律

以菜心为试材,利用称重式蒸渗仪,以直径20cm的蒸发皿水面蒸发量(Ep)为基础标准,研究了在不同灌溉处理条件下(0.6E_p、0.7E_p、0.8E_p、0.9E_p)温室菜心生育期的蒸散量、蒸散速率、产量、生物量及水分利用效率,以探明温室菜心的耗水规律,明确温室菜心合理的灌溉量。结果表明:温室菜心生育期内蒸散量波动范围为0.73~3.52mm·d-1,前期及中后期的平均蒸散速率分别为1.43mm·d~(-1)和2.04mm·d~(-1),呈前期变化平稳,中后期变化剧烈的趋势;随着灌溉量的增加,菜心的蒸散量随之增加,温室菜心全生育期蒸散量为65.98~78.92mm。其中0.7E_p处理下温室菜心产量、生物量、产量水分利用效率及生物量水分利用效率均为最高。与0.6E_p、0.E_p处理和0.9E_p处理相比,0.7Ep处理的产量分别提高了25.16%(P0.05)、5.63%和13.76%(P0.05),产量水分利用效率分别提高了17.42%(P0.05)、8.48%和27.66%(P0.05),生物量分别提高了21.96%(P0.05)、7.41%和17.68%(P0.05),生物量水分利用效率分别提高了11.21%、10.32%和32.10%(P0.05),0.7E_p灌溉量为供试条件下温室菜心的最优灌溉量。     

近代农会组织与乡村教化

农会作为以农民为主体的民间组织，积极致力于解决乡村问题，促进乡村发展。在进行乡村建设的过程中，实施乡村教育、改善乡村道德状况是其重要内容。随着社会各界对农会开展教育活动的倡导，农会一方面开始积极建设乡村学校、图书馆等教育场所，并根据农民的作息时间合理安排课时；另一方面从乡村道德建设着手，旨在改善令人堪忧的乡村道德状况。农会的乡村教育活动、道德建设活动的开展，有效地实施了乡村教化，弥补了官方教育的不足，促进了乡村社会的良好发展。     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

β-carotene attenuates weaning-induced apoptosis via inhibition of PERK-CHOP and IRE1-JNK/p38 MAPK signalling pathways in piglet jejunum

Weaning may cause oxidative injury, immune response impairment, apoptosis and other injuries in piglets. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) can elicit inflammatory responses, and persistent oxidative and ERS also may lead to apoptotic cascades, which is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. β-carotene, a natural carotenoid, has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. However, the effect of β-carotene on apoptosis in weaned piglets and the detailed molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that β-carotene decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in piglet serum. β-carotene could inhibit the mRNA levels of caspase-3 significantly, but had no significant inhibitory effect of the mRNA levels of caspase-9 and caspase-12 in the piglet jejunum. In addition, β-carotene decreased the activation of GRP78, CHOP, and JNK/p38 MAPK and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Furthermore, β-carotene had a significant influence on the activation of ERS and apoptosis-related signals in TG-induced IPEC-J2. In the present study, β-carotene pre-treatment attenuated the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and prevented TG-induced increases in the level of PERK-CHOP and IRE1-JNK/p38 MAPK pathway activation in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these findings indicate that β-carotene may protect weaning-induced apoptosis through inhibiting ERS.     

大中小型拖拉机压实对土壤坚实度和大豆产量的影响

探讨农业机械压实对土壤坚实度和产量的影响规律，对改善作物生产环境、促进农业机械化向质量型转变具有重要意义。以东北典型黑土区耕地土壤为研究对象，依照随机区组试验原理，选择大、中、小3种型号拖拉机进行6种压实处理，同型拖拉机相同压实次数试验重复3次，采用PV6.08型贯穿阻力仪测量压实轮辙截面土壤坚实度。试验结果表明：土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐递增，3种拖拉机压实测试截面浅层均出现明显压实核，且压实核内土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐增大，CASE-210型拖拉机压实对表层土壤坚实度影响程度和范围最大，压实12次时压实核处土壤坚实度达4.0 MPa，JD-280型拖拉机对深层土壤压实影响程度和范围最大，在65~80 cm的土壤深层坚实度的峰值达3.2 MPa；拖拉机压实均导致大豆产量降低，CASE-210、JD-904和JD-280拖拉机压实12次时大豆产量分别降低了21.24%、18.15%和12.38%。     

从一本六年产量收入日记帐分析茶叶增产增收途径

2012年,我们在实施全国农业示范推广补助项目,对湖北省宜昌市夷陵区茶叶科技示范户周先明进行调查,发现该户从2009年起每天采茶都记了日记帐,我们分析了他4年采茶产量收入,春茶产量占全年29%,其收入占全年60%,亩产鲜叶量为1256.3公斤,亩现金收入为6054元。2013年实施该项目后,我们一是通过他多年每日记载数据分析绘制成图;二是实地茶园土壤肥力性状,树体结构和管理措施调查分析,提出其水田茶园不同于过去旱坡茶园的综合高效管理增产增收途径,在2013-2014年早春干旱情况下,茶叶产量收入得到较大提高,对全区茶叶生产具有重要指导作用。     

内蒙古膜下滴灌棉花叶面肥施用效果

以中棉所50和天元1号为材料,以喷施清水为对照,通过田间试验研究了从蕾期到铃期6次叶面喷施1%(质量分数,下同)尿素、0.5%磷酸二氢钾、1%尿素+0.5%磷酸二氢钾3种叶面肥对内蒙古膜下滴灌棉花产量与品质的影响。结果表明,喷施叶面肥处理均比对照增产,皮棉增产幅度为6.0%~10.6%,喷施1%尿素+0.5%磷酸二氢钾处理增产效果最佳。叶面肥处理对棉花纤维品质无显著影响,施用1%尿素+0.5%磷酸二氢钾叶面肥处理棉花纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度优于对照。     

A型流感病毒分型基因芯片在流感病毒各亚型监测中的应用

为验证自行研制的A型流感病毒分型基因芯片方法在实际中的应用效果,了解A型流感病毒各亚型在我国不同地区和不同宿主中的分布情况,对我国20个地区、不同宿主源(鸡、鸭、鹌鹑、鸽子、猪、人等)拭子和组织样品共16 852份进行了检测。利用自行研制的A型流感病毒分型基因芯片方法,对样品进行RNA提取、多重不对称RT-PCR扩增、芯片杂交、洗涤和扫描分析;同时将基因芯片检测阳性的样品,用普通RT-PCR扩增后进行序列测定。结果显示:利用该方法检出阳性样品2 582份,总检出率为15.32%(2 582/16 852),共检测到H1N1、H2N9、H3N2、H4N6、H5N1、H7N1、H7N9、H9N2、H10N5、H16N3等10个亚型,且均与阳性样品测序结果一致。结果表明,该方法可准确检测不同地区、不同宿主中的A型流感病毒不同亚型。同时,该方法能在同一张芯片上准确鉴定A型流感病毒的多种亚型,解决了其他常规方法无法检测已发现和可能发生变异的所有亚型的棘手问题,从而为A型流感诊断和分子流行病学监测提供了一种新技术。