机械压实过程中复垦土壤紧实度影响因素的模拟分析

机械碾压造成的土壤压实是土地复垦中面临的主要问题之一,影响土壤压实程度的因素很多,除土壤自身的因素以外,还包括压实机械、压实次数以及土层厚度等。该文基于统计学的理论,采用2×5×4的混合试验设计并建立模拟实验区,使用重锤模拟分析了2种压实机械、不同压实次数(1、3、5、7、9次)和不同土层厚度(0~10cm、10~20cm、20~30cm、30~40 cm)上土壤紧实度的变化情况,并在SPSS中进行变量的方差分析和多重比较,试图找到机械压实过程中影响土壤紧实度的因素及其变化水平。结果表明:增加压实机械的承重轮面积能够有效降低对土壤的压实作用;压实机械、土层厚度和压实次数都是影响土壤紧实度的显著性因素且各因素的贡献率(97%)远高于随机误差;自卸汽车在第5次压实之后就已经使上层土壤紧实度达到最大值,而履带式推土机需要压实7次,土地复垦中应尽量选择履带型机械,碾压次数控制在5~7之内;机械压实的过程中,各土层厚度之间土壤紧实度的大小关系并不是一成不变的,中间层次(10~30 cm)的土壤由于同时受到来自上下2个方向的作用力,紧实度相对较高;不同次数的压实对土壤紧实度的影响深度和程度不同,在一定范围内,随着压实次数的增加,单次压实对土壤紧实度的影响逐渐减小。     

不同程度压实对土壤理化性状及作物生育产量的影响

采用大、小四轮式拖拉机在冬小麦播种地上压地1到10遍，对照为未压实地，测定对小麦生育产量影响；同时进行了不同程度土壤压实后孔隙度为58%，52%，46%和40%的土壤理化性状测定试验。结果表明不同程度压实具有系统累积效应，为免耕、保护性耕作和减免中耕提供了运用依据。     

固定道保护性耕作节能效果试验研究

固定道保护性耕作限制了机具对土壤的普遍性压实，提高了拖拉机牵引性能，降低了能耗。在北京郊区青云店镇试验区，设置固定道及非固定道保护性耕作对照区。通过播种机开沟器阻力正交试验及牵引阻力测试试验，研究固定道保护性耕作对播种、深松作业的牵引力及油耗的影响。试验表明：在0．05的置信水平下，对比作业速度、深度租土壤坚实度因素，土壤坚实度因素因田间分布均匀性较低，对开沟阻力波动影响最为显著；非固定道保护性耕作因轮胎压实，破坏了表层土壤均匀性，造成作业负荷变动大，加剧燃油消耗；相对于非固定道保护性耕作，按华北小麦-玉米一年两熟地区两年一深松模式估算，固定道保护性耕作仅播种、深松两项作业一年每公顷节省15．7L柴油；固定道保护性耕作因减少了压实面积，从而可以提高拖拉机田间作业的牵引性能，减小机具的作业阻力，降低燃油消耗，达到减少压实、节约能耗的作用。     

氮肥对吉林春玉米产量、农学效率和氮养分平衡的影响

为解决东北地区玉米合理施用氮肥问题,于2014年在吉林省中部地区通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮量(0、70、140、210、280 kg/hm2)对玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤无机氮积累变化规律及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮量在70~210 kg/hm2范围内玉米产量随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加至280 kg/hm2产量下降,根据玉米产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合得出线性加平台关系式:y=14.63x+8 734.11(R2=0.924**),得出最佳施氮量为184.0 kg/hm2。氮素利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力随施氮量的增加而下降;氮收获指数随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理最高,为64.9%。土壤无机氮积累量在玉米整个生育期呈现先快速下降后小幅升高的趋势。玉米成熟期施氮处理各层土壤无机氮积累量均高于不施氮肥处理,且基本随施氮量的增加而增加。玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量在施氮量70~210 kg/hm2范围内显著增加,施氮量增加至280 kg/hm2不再显著增加;氮表观损失量随施氮量的增加显著增加。玉米氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性,玉米氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量分别占增加氮量的21.84%、41.19%和36.97%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,最佳施氮范围为184~210 kg/hm2。     

土壤阻力连续测试设备研制

为解决目前点采样方法获取的土壤压实信息少和信息获取速度慢的不足,该文研制了可快速连续测量土壤阻力（水平方向）以反映土壤压实程度的测试系统。系统包括机械部分、传感器和信息采集3部分。测试系统由拖拉机牵引,工作时连续测试速度1 m/s,土壤阻力信息采样频率为300 Hz,采样数据处理后与GPS定位数据对应存储。实验室试验表明,系统平均测试精度达93.4%。田间试验显示,测试系统性能可靠稳定,具有连续快速获取土壤压实程度信息并反映土壤压实程度空间分布的能力。定义的土壤阻力指数TRI 可以反映土壤的压实程度。     

前期含水量对机械压实土壤结构特征的影响

使用美国MT865履带式拖拉机对东北典型黑土区耕地土壤进行1,3,8,13次的积累压实试验,通过对土壤硬度、广义土壤结构指数的测定及计算·并结合土壤三相的二维三系图对比分析了不同前期含水量条件下土壤机械压实特征.结果表明:由于表层0-10 cm含水量的不同.相对高含水量的土壤剖面受机械压实的影响范围 较低含水量时深10 cm,且各个层次的土壤硬度增量的变化趋势也相对低含水量时滞后10 cm,从初次碾压开始就体现了积累压实作用,在其压实影响范围内硬度与对照相比提高了22.58%～753.85%;而低含水量的土壤则具有相对较强的抗机械压实的能力,同时发现,在土壤承受能力范围内,适当的压实可以有效调节土壤三相,改善土壤结构;秸秆还田不仅具有传统的蓄水保墒、培肥改土的效用,还可以缓解作业机械对土壤的压实.     

拖拉机田间行走对土壤特性及冬小麦生长的影响

农业机械的过度使用、密集轮作以及不适当管理等都会造成土壤压实。试验研究了拖拉机行走对土壤特性和小麦生长的影响。试验所使用的耕作机械包括轮式、履带式和手扶式三种拖拉机，分析了土壤压实对小麦生长以及土壤结构不连续性的影响。试验数据表明，土壤密度、土壤阻力以及土壤水分一般会随拖拉机行走次数增加而增大。同时，文中给出了小麦根系与秸秆间蕴涵的机理关系。试验数据还表明，小麦发芽率在显著性水平P≤0.05时，不同处理组之间无明显差异。但是，2、4、6、8、10、12、18周以及收割时的小麦秸秆高度在显著性水平P≤0.01时，各处理组之间却存在显著差异，其中轮式和手扶式拖拉机处理组高于履带式拖拉机处理组。当显著性水平分别为P≤0.05和 P≤0.01时，不同处理组的小麦根长度和密度间也存在显著差异，其中轮式和手扶式拖拉机处理组同样表现出更好的结果。总之，拖拉机行走会显著影响干物质、谷物产量等小麦生长参数。然而，作物产量不仅受土壤压实的影响，同时很大程度上也取决于天气以及土壤初始压实等因素。     

多年固定道保护性耕作对土壤结构的影响

为了解决拖拉机作业机组作业时造成的土壤普遍压实,在10a连续固定道保护性耕作试验基础上,研究了固定道保护性耕作对土壤容重、孔隙度、紧实度、水分以及冬小麦产量的影响。试验结果表明,对于作物生长带,固定道保护性耕作可以降低0～20cm土层的容重6.8%,提高0～40cm土层土壤总孔隙度4.6%,降低0～30cm土层土壤紧实度31.5%,提高0～1m土层蓄水能力,在固定道占地20%的情况下,仍能提高冬小麦产量10.8%。因此,固定道保护性耕作是减少土壤压实、改善土壤结构、提高小麦产量的有效耕作方式。     

铁矿尾砂配施有机物料对褐土压缩及回弹特性的影响

铁矿尾砂作为工业废弃物已经应用于农业生产，可以改善土壤结构；农业机械作业造成的土壤压实、破坏土壤结构是影响作物产量的主要原因之一。论文旨在探讨铁矿尾砂配施有机物料对褐土压缩—回弹特性的影响，将混有铁矿尾砂和有机物料的土壤以18%含水率培养一昼夜，按1.25 g/cm3容重装入土工试验专用环刀，采用快速固结试验方法，进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明，随铁矿尾砂施用量增加，在低应力时，土壤孔隙比减小量（?e）变大；在高应力时，土壤 ?e 变小。预固结压力值（Pc）和压缩指数（Cc）均随铁矿尾砂施用量增加而降低，Pc和Cc变化范围分别为72.91～119.30 kPa、0.445～0.720，二者均与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系；与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）。回弹指数（Cs）变化范围为0.0109～0.0169，与有机质及砂粒含量均无显著相关关系，有机物料是影响土壤回弹指数的主要因素。较对照相比，20%铁矿尾砂配施有机物料处理使压缩指数降低12.77%，预固结压力值和回弹指数分别提高6.93%和22.14%，降低压实风险。     

割草机对苜蓿地土壤压实的试验研究

用纽荷兰HW320自走式割草压扁机压地1～10次，测定不同压实次数、不同深度土壤体积密度、硬度、孔隙度、三相比、透水性等指标的变化及其每次压实后苜蓿产量的变化。结果表明：割草机压实对苜蓿地土壤结构参数影响显著；碾压次数越多，影响程度越大；割草机主要使0～30 cm土层的土壤结构产生压实；对透水性影响最为敏感；压实导致苜蓿减产，10次压实使每公顷苜蓿年损失干草4464 kg。     

Effects of compaction on soil surface water repellency

Water repellency can reduce the infiltration capacity of soils over timescales similar to those of precipitation events. Compaction can also reduce infiltration capacity by decreasing soil hydraulic conductivity, but the effect of compaction on soil water repellency is unknown. This study explores the effect of compaction on the wettability of water repellent soil. Three air‐dry (water content ～4 g 100 g^?1) silt loam samples of contrasting wettability (non‐repellent, strongly and severely water repellent) were homogenized and subjected to various pressures in the range 0–1570 kPa in an odeometer for 24 h. Following removal, sample surface water repellency was reassessed using the water drop penetration time method and surface roughness using white light interferometry. An increase in compaction pressure caused a significant reduction in soil surface water repellency, which in turn increases the soil's initial infiltration capacity. The difference in surface roughness of soils compacted at the lowest and highest pressures was significant (at P > 0.2) suggesting an increase in the contact area between sessile water drops and soil surfaces was providing increased opportunities for surface wetting mechanisms to proceed. This suggests that compaction of a water repellent soil may lead to an increased rate of surface wetting, which is a precursor to successful infiltration of water into bulk soil. Although there may be a reduction in soil conductivity upon compaction, the more rapid initiation of infiltration may, in some circumstances, lead to an overall increase in the proportion of rain or irrigation water infiltrating water repellent soil, rather than contributing to surface run‐off or evaporation.     

一种改进的土壤压实模型及试验研究

土壤压实现象普遍存在于农业生态系统中。土壤的压实效应不但会给农业生产带来不良的影响，还可能增加地表径流的产生，从而加快地表水的污染。 为了更好地研究压实土壤中的水分、溶质运移以及压实效应对农业生产及生态与环境的影响，该文在原有土壤压实模型的基础上提出了一种两参数改进模型，并以4种原状土壤为例，用离心机法对改进模型进行验证。研究结果表明：改进模型能够较好地模拟土壤的压实过程，且拟合效果好于L模型；虽然改进模型的物理意义和模型精度与Assouline的三参数模型相当，但是参数少、形式简单是改进模型的优势。同时，改进模型的提出对研究土壤水分特征曲线测定过程中的容重变化特性具有重要的参考价值。     

Soil compaction and soil management – a review

Soil compaction is an important component of the land degradation syndrome which is an issue for soil management throughout the world. It is a long standing phenomenon not only associated with agriculture but also with forest harvesting, amenity land use, pipeline installation, land restoration and wildlife trampling. This review concentrates on the impact of soil compaction on practical soil management issues, an area not previously reviewed. It discusses in the context of the current situation, the causes, identification, effects and alleviation of compaction. The principal causes are when compressive forces derived from wheels, tillage machinery and from the trampling of animals, act on compressible soil. Compact soils can also be found under natural conditions without human or animal involvement. Compaction alters many soil properties and adverse effects are mostly linked to a reduction in permeability to air, water and roots. Many methods can be used to measure the changes. In practical situations, the use of visual and tactile methods directly in the field is recommended. The worst problems tend to occur when root crops and vegetables are harvested from soils at or wetter than field capacity. As discussed by a farmer, the effects on crop uniformity and quality (as well as a reduction in yield) can be marked. By contrast, rendzinas and other calcareous soils growing mainly cereals are comparatively free of compaction problems. The effect of a given level of compaction is related to both weather and climate; where soil moisture deficits are large, a restriction in root depth may have severe effects but the same level of compaction may have a negligible effect where moisture deficits are small. Topsoil compaction in sloping landscapes enhances runoff and may induce erosion particularly along wheeltracks, with consequent off‐farm environmental impacts. Indirect effects of compaction include denitrification which is likely to lead to nitrogen deficiency in crops. The effects of heavy tractors and harvesters can to some extent be compensated for by a reduction in tyre pressures although there is concern that deep‐seated compaction may occur. Techniques for loosening compaction up to depths of 45 cm are well established but to correct deeper problems presents difficulties. Several authors recommend that monitoring of soil physical conditions, including compaction, should be part of routine soil management.     

土壤压实指标在城市土壤评价中的应用与比较

通过测定南京市不同土地利用下的52个样点的紧实度、容重和孔隙度3个压实指标来反映城市土壤的压实程度。结果表明，南京市大多数土壤存在不同程度的压实，部分压实严重，可能限制植物的生长。不同压实指标在反映土壤压实程度上基本一致，它们之间具有极显著的相关性，可以相互转换。但紧实度指标受到土壤含水量的显著影响。在同一质地或质地相近的土壤，容重和孔隙度可以很好地反映土壤的压实程度。与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度相比，通气孔隙度在反映土壤压实时更为敏感。所以在进行城市土壤压实状况评价时，可以选择不同的土壤压实程度指标，但就方法的实用性和可靠性来说，容重比紧实度和孔隙度指标一般更方便可靠。     

土壤紧实胁迫下根系–土壤的相互作用

  【目的】  土壤紧实胁迫破坏土体理化性质,阻碍作物根系生长,降低作物产量,是限制农业生产力提高的世界性难题。根系形态结构决定了植物对土壤资源的探索能力及其对胁迫环境的适应性。讨论紧实胁迫下植物根系–土壤的相互作用,综述国内外关于根系通过形态和生理改变等根系生物学潜力的发挥提高对紧实胁迫适应性的研究进展。  主要进展  土壤紧实胁迫增加根系穿透阻力,限制根系对土壤水分和养分的获取。植物根系会从形态和解剖结构方面对土壤紧实胁迫做出一系列适应性改变,充分利用土壤中的孔隙拓展生长空间。此外,根系也会对紧实胁迫做出生理响应,通过大量释放分泌物,影响根际土壤微结构,改变根土界面微域环境,降低根系生长的机械阻力。  展望  土壤紧实胁迫作为产量限制因素被长期忽视。通过发挥根系自身的生物学潜力,提高根系在紧实土壤中的适应性,对于最大限度地保证其在紧实胁迫下的正常生长非常关键,作为应对土壤紧实胁迫的有效策略具有重要的现实意义。未来的研究方向与重点包括:揭示紧实胁迫下根系分泌物与微生物的“对话机制”,探明紧实胁迫下根系–土壤–微生物的互作关系和作用机制,为发挥根系生物学潜力,强化关键根系/根际性状,塑造健康土壤结构,提高土壤紧实胁迫下的农业生产力提供科学依据。     

煤矿区复垦土壤压实时空变异特征

为了揭示煤矿区复垦土壤压实状况的时空变异规律,该文以未塌陷土地为对照,通过实地测定,分析5个复垦年限水平和垂直方面的土壤压实度变异特征。结果表明：复垦土壤表层压实度以复垦1 a（正在复垦）的最大,达到 2050 kPa,随着复垦年限增加逐渐减少,复垦5 a的最小（50 kPa）,基本达到未塌陷土地的压实度。表层土壤压实度空间变异最大的是复垦5 a的土地（变异系数为68.40%）,其次是未塌陷土地（52.58%）,最小的是正在复垦的土地 （22.01%）。从各层的变异情况看,正在复垦的土地各个层次土壤压实度都较大且变异系数较低,其他复垦年限土壤压实度上面3层较小但变异大,至第4层（22.86～30.48 cm）达到较高值,且变异较小,之下压实度基本稳定。     

Longterm effects of soil compaction and tillage on Collembola and straw decomposition in arable soil

Soil core samples were taken from May 1996 to October 1996 at four week intervals to assess the longterm effects of compaction due to soil tillage on Collembola in arable land. Two different tillage systems were studied: conservation tillage (CS) with rotary harrowing to 120 mm depth and conventional tillage (CT) with a mould board plough to 300 mm depth. Soil compaction was achieved by wheeling with graded loads: 0t, 2 × 2.5t and 6 × 5.0t (wheeling frequency × wheel load) in early spring 1995. Litter decomposition rate was investigated by the minicontainer-method, using two different mesh-sizes: 20 μm (excluding mesofauna) and 500 μ (including mesofauna). The substrate used was winter wheat straw, corresponding to the crop cultivated on the field.We recorded 25 species of Collembola. The abundance of Collembola during the growing season was at a minimum in June in both tillage systems. Thereafter, numbers of individuals increased, probably due to better nutrition. Mesaphorura krausbaueri s.l. was eudominant in CS. In CT Folsomia fimetaria and M. krausbaueri s.l. reached high abundances at the end of August. Harvesting and tilling supported population growth in CS, while numbers in CT decreased. The collembolan species showed different preferences in regard to the tillage system and the grade of compaction. During the first 4 weeks of exposure the decomposition rate of straw was highest. The decomposition rate in the minicontainers with 20 μm mesh-size was higher due to better moisture conditions for the microorganisms. After harvest and tilling the decomposition rate increased, especially in the CS-plots, because of aeration and incorporation of residues. Population fluctuation in the minicontainers was caused by migration of Collembola in response to changing moisture conditions. The main species in the minicontainers were large and mobile. Compared to the surrounding soil, species diversity was reduced.     

模拟机械压实对黑土微团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

采用田间模拟机械压实的方法,通过对不同深度压实土壤水稳性微团聚体组成、平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数等特征指标的测定、计算与分析,研究了机械压实对黑土区耕作土壤微团聚体组成及稳定性的影响。结果表明:0~20 cm表层土壤仅12次压实时平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数显著高于对照(P0.05);20~40 cm亚表层土壤3次压实时平均质量比表面积、分形维数值显著降低,而12次压实时平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数显著增加(P0.05);40~80 cm下层土壤,平均质量比表面积、分形维数和分散系数随压实次数的增加而增大,除3次和6次压实之间外,其他处理间差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。可以认为,压实对黑土区耕作土壤团聚体组成及稳定性的影响表现为下层土壤的积累压实为主。     

Estimating soil stress distribution by using depth‐dependent soil bulk‐density data

Depth‐dependent soil bulk density (BDS) is usually affected by soil‐specific factors like texture, structure, clay mineralogy, soil organic‐matter content, soil moisture content, and composition of soil solution and is also affected by external factors like overburden‐stress history or hydrological fluxes. Generally, the depth‐dependent BDS cannot be predicted or extrapolated precisely from a limited number of sampling depths. In the present paper, an easy method is proposed to estimate the state of soil mechanical stress by analyzing the packing characteristics of the profile using soil bulk‐density data. Results for homogeneous loess profiles exposed to the site‐specific climatic conditions show that the depth‐dependent relation of void ratio vs. weight of overburden soil can be described systematically so that deviations from the noncompacted reference state can be detected. We observed that precompaction increased from forest soils (reference) to agricultural soils with decreasing depth.     

Large-scale detection and quantification of harmful soil compaction in a post-mining landscape using multi-configuration electromagnetic induction

Fast and accurate large-scale localization and quantification of harmfully compacted soils in recultivated post-mining landscapes are of particular importance for mining companies and the following farmers. The use of heavy machinery during recultivation imposes soil stress and can cause irreversible subsoil compaction limiting crop growth in the long term. To overcome or guide classical point-scale methods to determine compaction, fast methods covering large areas are required. In our study, a recultivated field of the Garzweiler mine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with known variability in crop performance was intensively studied using non-invasive electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrode-based electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Additionally, soil bulk density, volumetric soil water content and soil textures were analysed along two transects covering different compaction levels. The results showed that the measured EMI apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) along the transects was highly correlated (R² > .7 for different dates and depths below 0.3 m) to subsoil bulk density. Finally, the correlations established along the transects were used to predict harmful subsoil compaction within the field, whereby a spatial probabilistic map of zones of harmful compaction was developed. In general, the results revealed the feasibility of using the EMI derived ECa to predict harmful compaction. They can be the basis for quick monitoring of the recultivation process and implementation of necessary melioration to return a well-structured soil with good water and nutrient accessibility, and rooting depths for increased crop yields to the farmers.