Status of giant clam resources around Okinawa‐jima Island,Ryukyu Archipelago,Japan

相似文献   

Evaluation of the growth characteristics,forage productivity,and feed value of the maize–soybean intercropping system under different fertilization levels

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - This study evaluated the growth characteristics, forage yield, and feed value of a maize–soybean intercropping system under different fertilizer...     

Scalarane-Type Sesterterpenoids from the Marine Sponge Lendenfeldia sp. Alleviate Inflammation in Human Neutrophils

Sponge-derived scalaranes are remarkable sesterterpenoids previously found to exhibit profound inhibitory effects against neutrophilic inflammation. In our current work, we constructed the metabolomic profile of marine sponge Lendenfeldia sp. for the first time using a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) molecular networking approach. The results highlighted the rich chemical diversity of these scalaranes, motivating us to conduct further research to discover novel scalaranes targeting neutrophilic inflammation. MS- and NMR-assisted isolation and elucidation led to the discovery of seven new homoscalaranes, lendenfeldaranes K–Q (1–7), characterized by methylation at C-24, together with five known derivatives, lendenfeldarane B (8), 25-nor-24-methyl-12,24-dioxoscalar-16-en-22-oic acid (9), 24-methyl-12,24,25-trioxoscalar-16-en-22-oic acid (10), felixin B (11), and 23-hydroxy-20-methyldeoxoscalarin (12). Scalaranes 1–4 and 6–12 were assayed against superoxide anion generation and elastase release, which represented the neutrophilic inflammatory responses of respiratory burst and degranulation, respectively. The results indicated that 1–3 and 6–12 exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activities (IC₅₀ for superoxide anion scavenging: 0.87~6.57 μM; IC₅₀ for elastase release: 1.12~6.97 μM).     

Purification and characterization of cysteine proteinase inhibitors from crucian carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis> eggs

Two cystatins (cst-I and cst-II) were purified from crucian carp eggs by acidification and subsequent ion exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. The molecular masses of cst-I and cst-II analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 11.9 and 14.4 kDa, respectively, under reducing conditions and 13.5 and 12.7 kDa, respectively, under non-reducing conditions. The cst-I and cst-II molecules were stable after 30 min of incubation at 60 and 50°C, respectively. There was no significant loss in the inhibitory activity of either cst in the pH range 4–11. These two cystatins were able to affect the proteolysis of papain, cathepsin L, and bromelain, but they were unable to inhibit cathepsin B and trypsin. The partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of both cst inhibitors were homologous and that of cst-I was recognized as NH₂-AGIPGGLVDADINDADVQ. This latter fragment shared 88.9% identity to common carp cystatin and 44.4–55.6% to cystatins of other aquatic animals. Based on these results, we conclude that the two cst inhibitors are members of family II cystatin.     

大豆蛋白-多糖复合物结构与性能及其稳定性研究

以大豆分离蛋白（SPI）、阿拉伯树胶（GA）及卡拉胶（CA）为原料,经物理混合成功制备不同多糖与SPI复合物,考察不同添加量（SPI与GA/CA质量比为20、15、10、5）对蛋白-多糖复合物结构、性能变化趋势及其乳液稳定性的影响规律,最终探明蛋白与不同多糖复合物的相互作用机制;运用红外光谱、荧光光谱及电子显微镜解析不同复合物的结构特征,采用乳化特性、粒径、Zeta-电位、表面疏水性等指标明确不同复合物的理化特性,并通过探讨不同复合物乳液的乳化活性、乳化稳定性、表观粘度及乳析指数明晰其稳定特性。结果表明,两种多糖在酸性条件下可与SPI生成复合物,并且当SPI与CA质量比为20时,复合物的Zeta-电位最高,为（20.47±0.82） mV,平均粒径最小,为（1.37±0.01）μm,分布均匀,乳化活性指数最高,为（106.46±4.75） m²/g,乳化稳定性指数为（145.33±8.53） min,此时复合乳液的稳定性较好,CA的加入显著降低SPI内源荧光强度并改变SPI的二级结构,SPI与CA结合形成了稳定的复合物。     

Herbicidal and biological characteristics of a new benzenesulfonylurea compound K-11451 under submerged paddy conditions

The new benzenesulfonylurea K-11451, an α-hydroxy-β-fluoropropyl- compound, applied at 3–9 g ha ⁻¹, controlled annual and perennial weeds grown in submerged paddy soil under greenhouse conditions. It effectively controlled barnyardgrass at growth stages varying from pre-emergence to the five-leaf stage. The compound inhibited acetolactate synthase, I₅₀ values for the enzyme isolated from barnyardgrass and rice being 56 and 67 nM , respectively. K-11451 inhibited the growth of rice when it was transplanted at a shallow depth (0–1 cm) and water leaching from the paddy soil was high (3–5 cm per day). With a water depth of 3 cm, the compound appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil and had the relatively short half-life of 15.2 days under submerged paddy conditions. A mixture of K-11451 + mefenecet + daimuron (9 + 250 + 250 g ha⁻¹) controlled almost all weeds in the paddy field without injury to rice, so that the combination could be used as a ‘one-shot’ herbicide in rice culture.     

Authentication of Rice by Three-Sided Image Analysis of Kernels Using Two Mirrors

The authentication of rice by imaging three sides (top, side, and front) of a rice kernel using two mirrors was attempted. Nine image characteristics (area, aspect ratio, minimum diameter, maximum diameter, perimeter, and red, green, and blue values) for each side of a rice kernel were measured. Japonica type rices were used for the study; a total of 89 rice samples were used: 40 samples harvested in Korea, 33 in America, 5 in Australia, and 11 in China. Image data collected from 105 kernels per rice sample were used as a calibration data set to develop a model for quadratic discriminant analysis. In overall pairwise trials, on average, 85.8–94.5% correct identification of the cultivated country was obtained, depending on the number of image characteristics used for the discriminant model. For the effective discrimination of the cultivated country, 13 image characteristics were selected. As a test sample set, 20 kernels per sample were used. A model for discriminant analysis with 13 image characteristics yielded an average of 95.0 and 97.5% accuracy for calibration and test sample set, respectively.     

Production of a desirable Brassica oleracea CMS line using an alloplasmic B. rapa CMS line carrying Diplotaxis erucoides cytoplasm as a bridge plant

In Brassica oleracea, production of F₁ hybrid seeds mainly makes use of the improved Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line. However, reliance on one particular line is a risk, and it would be advantageous to develop other CMS lines. In this study, we transferred Diplotaxis erucoides cytoplasm to B. oleracea cultivars using an alloplasmic B. rapaCMS line as a bridge plant to avoid incompatibility between donor and recipient plants. The new B. oleraceaCMS lines, which were derived by four generations of backcrossing, had small rudimentary anthers with no pollen grain and showed complete male sterility. There was no functional defect in other floral organs, and the ability to receive normal pollen did not appear to be impaired. Moreover, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm had larger leaf areas and a normal plastochron. As a consequence, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm have the potential to be valuable alternatives for use in commercial B. oleracea hybrid seed production.