新型硅酸盐钝化剂对镉污染土壤的钝化修复效应研究

通过活化蒙脱石中硅(Si)元素制备新型硅酸盐土壤重金属钝化剂,并在高效钝化重金属的同时为作物生长提供营养成分。采用盆栽试验研究了新型硅酸盐钝化剂对土壤pH和镉(Cd)形态分布的影响,同时考察了钝化剂对小白菜生物量、株高及Cd含量的影响,探讨了钝化剂对土壤镉污染可能的钝化机理及效果。结果表明,在Cd含量为3 mg·kg~(-1)和5 mg·kg~(-1)污染土壤上施加新型硅酸盐钝化剂均可显著增加小白菜的生物量并降低其重金属含量,土壤Cd含量为3 mg·kg~(-1)时施加5‰硅酸盐钝化剂可使小白菜生物量增加25%、Cd含量降低59.17%;添加5‰钝化剂可使土壤pH升高约1.4个单位,且土壤中弱酸溶解态镉含量分别降低19.8%和9.40%。由此可见,新型硅酸盐钝化剂可有效降低酸性镉污染土壤中可迁移态Cd含量并促进作物生长。     

农业信息化专业硕士人才培养评价体系构建

针对现有农业信息化专业硕士培养评价体系现状及存在的问题进行了分析,从专业人才培养定位出发,针对课程体系、实践创新能力、教学过程监控等方面构建了多元化、特色鲜明的二级评价指标体系。以黑龙江八一农垦大学农业信息化硕士培养为例进行评价,结果表明,学生对课程体系设置、实践创新能力培养、教学组织、管理、考核等的比较认可,同时学生对教学过程监控有更大的期望,需要进一步加强现有培养方案的教学过程监控,调整培养方案,提高农业信息化专业硕士人才培养质量。     

基于进化博弈的农户储备粮食行为研究

针对多年来我国农户粮食储备量连续下降的问题,以及农户群体储粮行为常表现出的"共振效应"现象,利用进化博弈分析方法,对农户群体粮食储备行为进行研究。结果表明:1)农户群体的储粮行为存在3个进化稳定策略。2)在预期粮价与粮食产储成本满足一定关系时,农户群体粮食储备行为常表现出趋同性,出现"共振效应"。3)可以通过调整未来预期粮价与改变农户粮食产储成本的方式,影响农户群体的粮食储备策略,进而将农户群体的储粮行为保持在可调控的合理状态。     

养殖场户病死猪处理的实证研究:无害化处理和方式选择

为了解养殖场户选择病死猪无害化乃至资源化处理行为的制约因素,应对国家资源化利用病死猪的政策方针。本研究基于2013年4月—2014年8月对北京郊区养猪场户问卷调查获得的428份养殖场户有效调查数据,在运用Heckman probit选择模型处理样本选择性偏误的基础上实证分析养殖场户是否进行病死猪无害化处理和方式选择的影响因素。结果表明:绝大多数养殖场户能无害化处理病死猪,以简易无害化处理方式为主,其中获得病死猪无害化处理补贴、文化程度高、养殖年限长会促使养殖场户进行病死猪无害化处理;获得病死猪无害化处理补贴、养殖规模大、离居民点距离远、参加合作社会促使养殖场户选择资源化处理病死猪。为此,政府应通过完善病死猪无害化处理补贴、推进适度规模养殖、扶持合作社生态服务功能、吸引新型职业养殖场户加入、加大环境监管力度来规范养殖场户的病死猪无害化处理行为和提高资源化处理能力。     

空心村废弃宅基地复垦策略

废弃宅基地复垦是空心村整治的重要内容,而复垦后耕层土壤质量往往不如人意。笔者以提高废弃宅基地复垦耕层质量为目标,从复垦方向的确定、拆除工程的实施、田块设计、耕层土壤工程重构、培肥改良5 个方面对复垦策略进行优化,提出废弃宅基地复垦包括耕层土壤工程重构和肥力重构两个重要步骤,并对废弃宅基地耕层土壤快速培肥进行了探讨。     

聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置光热性能

该文针对传统设施农业土壤灭虫除菌过程使用化学消毒法所带来的环境污染和农作物药物残留等问题,提出了新型聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置,利用太阳能聚光集热技术加热空气进而对农业种植土壤进行高温消毒,同时将土壤所含有机物加热挥发,实现对农业种植土壤的修复,同时处理后的热土壤对进料空气进行预热,提高了装置的热能利用效率。该文介绍了聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置的工作原理,利用光学仿真软件对装置中复合多曲面聚光器的光学效率进行了计算,基于光学计算结果,对聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置的光热性能进行了室外试验,测试了装置的空气加热温度和集热效率。结果表明,用于土壤灭虫除菌的热空气在聚光比为3.6,流动速度为1.075 m/s时,装置的集热效率最高,加热后空气温度最高达到了88℃左右,集热效率为65%左右,能够满足农业土壤灭虫除菌所需的温度需求。     

纳米SiO2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭的结构及除磷特性

将秸秆粉用氨基淀粉黏合剂均相包覆,并掺杂纳米二氧化硅(nano SiO_2),采用原位发泡、炭化处理技术制备成纳米SiO_2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭(掺杂纳米SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar)。通过透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)、热稳定性(thermogravimetry,TG)、扫描电镜-能谱扫描(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,SEM-EDS)、比表面积与孔分析(Brunauer,Emmett and Teller,BET)、氮气吸附和压缩测试等技术手段对nano SiO_2/AR-biochar的孔结构特征、比表面积、微观形貌及压应力进行系统表征,并研究了nano SiO_2/AR-biochar对磷酸根吸附过程等温线及动力学模型。结果表明,掺杂nano SiO_2/AR-biochar孔结构分布匀称、比表面积大幅改善;TEM和SEM发现,掺杂nano SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭材料的表面可形成类似海绵絮状结构,为炭材料提供较高的吸附位点;掺杂nano SiO_2可显著提高炭材料的机械压缩性能,当掺杂量为秸秆粉质量的6%时,压缩强度由3.89 MPa增加到7.96 MPa,增幅达104.6%。由于纳米SiO_2的掺杂,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar具有了更强除磷效果,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,在短时间内(5 min)其吸附率可高达18.42 mg/g,体现了该掺杂纳米二氧化硅秸秆多孔颗粒炭具有良好的除磷特性。     

No consistent daily variation in DNA methylation detected in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus nigra</Emphasis> leaves by methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis

DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism used by cells to control gene expression, has an important biological role in plant development and environmental fitness. Since plant DNA methylation is closely related to environmental conditions, variation during the day is expected. Here, in genetically identical plants of Populus nigra clone N46, DNA methylation changes in leaves over a 24 h period were detected using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism method. The results showed different DNA methylation patterns in mature poplar leaves: not only in individuals at the same time, but also in samples at each of the six time during the day. In addition, night samples had a higher percentage of methylation than in morning samples. However, no statistically significant differences were found among the samples gathered at different times. Similar results were obtained for three other P. nigra clones with different genetic backgrounds. Real time qPCR showed that the DNA methyltransferase genes Pt-MET1 and Pt-SOM1 involved in CG DNA methylation in poplar were stable over a 24 h period in leaves of P. nigra N46 compared with circadian-controlled genes. That could be part of the reason that methylation of CCGG sites is stable in those leaves. That DNA methylation differed even in genetically identical plants indicates the specificity of DNA methylation changes in their genomes. No statistically significant differences in methylation changes were found between day and night, suggesting that DNA methylation is more stable than expected and is unlikely to be involved in circadian regulation in plants.     

环洞庭湖区稻田土壤中硅分布特征及其影响因素

[目的]研究环洞庭湖区稻田土壤中有效硅的空间分布特征及其变化规律,以期为环洞庭湖区精准农业的发展、农田的保养提供科学依据和实践指导。[方法]运用地统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法开展研究。[结果]环洞庭湖区土壤中有效硅的含量与水稻产量呈显著的正相关,硅是水稻生长所需的重要营养元素。环洞庭稻田土壤有效硅平均含量为155.1mg/kg,多集中于100~200mg/kg。有效硅含量变幅大,最低与最高含量相差27倍,在研究区域空间上呈中间高四周低,西北最低的分布格局。土壤有效硅具有较强的空间相关性,其空间变异主要受土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、成土母质等因素影响。[结论]硅在水稻生长发育中起着重要的作用。不同的土壤类型所处的自然地理环境不一样,土壤有效硅含量各异,土壤有效硅的丰缺程度受土壤成土母质的影响并与土壤pH值成显著的正相关。     

Impact of time lags on diurnal estimates of canopy transpiration and canopy conductance from sap-flow measurements of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus cathayana</Emphasis> in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Recently, canopy transpiration (E_c) has been often estimated by xylem sap-flow measurements. However, there is a significant time lag between sap flow measured at the base of the stem and canopy transpiration due to the capacitive exchange between the transpiration stream and stem water storage. Significant errors will be introduced in canopy conductance (g_c) and canopy transpiration estimation if the time lag is neglected. In this study, a cross-correlation analysis was used to quantify the time lag, and the sap flow-based transpiration was measured to parameterize Jarvis-type models of g_c and thus to simulate E_c of Populus cathayana using the Penman–Monteith equation. The results indicate that solar radiation (R_s) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) are not fully coincident with sap flow and have an obvious lag effect; the sap flow lags behind R_s and precedes VPD, and there is a 1-h time shift between E_c and sap flow in the 30-min interval data set. A parameterized Jarvis-type g_c model is suitable to predict P. cathayana transpiration and explains more than 80% of the variation observed in g_c, and the relative error was less than 25%, which shows a preferable simulation effect. The root mean square error (RMSEs) between the predicted and measured E_c were 1.91 × 10^?3 (with the time lag) and 3.12 × 10^?3 cm h^?1 (without the time lag). More importantly, E_c simulation precision that incorporates time lag is improved by 6% compared to the results without the time lag, with the mean relative error (MRE) of only 8.32% and the mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.48 × 10^?3 cm h^?1.