吉富罗非鱼组蛋白酶B基因克隆及无乳链球菌感染后的表达分析

【目的】探究组蛋白酶B基因（CtsB）在吉富罗非鱼感染无乳链球菌前后的表达差异,为深入研究罗非鱼抗无乳链球菌感染的免疫应答机制及后续通过SNP分子标记/基因组编辑技术快速获得吉富罗非鱼抗病新品种提供科学依据。【方法】通过RACE克隆罗非鱼CtsB基因cDNA全长序列,使用SMART、 Splign、 MEGA v6.0、 BoxShade及MegAlign等在线软件进行生物信息学及系统进化分析,并以实时荧光定量PCR检测吉富罗非鱼CtsB基因组织表达谱及无乳链球菌感染后CtsB基因的表达变化规律。【结果】吉富罗非鱼CtsB基因cDNA序列全长1746 bp,包括161 bp的5'端非编码区（5'-UTR）、 592 bp的3'端非编码区（3'-UTR）及993 bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,共编码331个氨基酸残基。基于CtsB氨基酸序列相似性构建的系统发育进化树显示,吉富罗非鱼与奥利亚罗非鱼的亲缘关系最近,而与鲤鱼、大菱鲆、牙鲆、半滑舌鳎等物种相距较远。CtsB基因在吉富罗非鱼的肝脏、脾脏、鳃、前肾、脑、肠道、皮肤和肌肉等组织中均有表达,且以鳃组织中的相对表达量最高,是其他器官组织的2.0~3.0倍。吉富罗非鱼抗病家系和易感家系感染无乳链球菌后, CtsB基因在脾脏和肾脏中的相对表达量均显著上调 （P<0.05）,并于感染后50 h达峰值,且抗病家系的上调表达幅度大于易感家系。【结论】 CtsB基因在鱼类的进化过程中具有高度保守性,但在不同物种中的表达模式存在明显差异。CtsB基因是吉富罗非鱼的重要免疫因子,在抵御无乳链球菌入侵过程中发挥着重要的免疫作用,可作为罗非鱼抗病育种的SNP分子标记给予开发利用。     

低温胁迫对葛藤幼苗生长发育及生理特性的影响

【目的】探明低温对葛藤幼苗生长发育和生理生化指标的影响,为葛藤种质耐低温鉴定及合理选育抗冷害性强的种质提供参考依据。【方法】以葛藤种质为试验材料,采用盆栽土培试验,在光照培养箱预培养一周后,以昼/夜25℃/20℃为对照(CK),设2个温度梯度进行低温处理,分别为轻度低温胁迫(记为LD,昼/夜15℃/10℃)和重度低温胁迫(记为SD,昼/夜10℃/5℃),测定不同处理葛藤幼苗的生长状况和生理生化指标,再结合相关性、主成分分析和隶属函数进行综合评价。【结果】随温度下降,葛藤幼苗的生长速度减缓,叶片变小,水含量下降,相对电导率上升。可溶性糖、脯氨酸(Pro)等渗透调节物质含量上升;丙二醛(MDA)含量上升但差异不显著(P>0.05);过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等保护酶活性上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,但始终保持在较高水平;内源激素中脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA₃)和玉米素(ZT)含量均呈先升高后降低,生长素(IAA)含量呈下降趋势。相关分析结果表明,葛藤幼苗生长速度与MDA含量呈显著(P<0.05,下同)负相关,ABA含量与可溶性糖含量和相对电导率分别呈显著和极显著(P<0.01)负相关,POD含量与IAA含量呈显著正相关。根据特征值将指标分为6个主成分,结合隶属函数分析发现低温会对葛藤生长带来负面影响。【结论】低温对葛藤的生长有不良影响,但葛藤幼苗可通过增强渗透调节能力、提高保护酶活性、增加生长抑制类内源激素含量、降低生长促进类激素含量以抵御低温胁迫带来的不利影响。     

碳氮比对芒果树剪枝堆肥的影响

【目的】探讨初始物料不同碳氮比（C/N）芒果树修剪枝在堆肥过程中腐殖化程度的影响,为芒果园清洁生产及废弃物资源化利用提供参考依据。【方法】于四川攀枝花仁和区芒果产业园基地,以修剪下来的含高C/N和难生物降解木质纤维素的芒果树枝树叶为原料,设T20（C/N=20）、T25（C/N=25）和T30（C/N=为30）处理,以C/N=63.63为对照（CK）,测定堆肥理化性质的动态变化。【结果】各处理堆肥理化性质的各项指标并未随着物料C/N的增加而呈线性变化。堆肥的pH和电导率（EC）均在堆肥腐熟标准的正常范围内,CK的pH整体低于其他3个处理,T25处理的EC整体低于其余3个处理。纤维素降解率分别为7.54%、32.21%、12.87%和8.75%。胡敏酸含量整体呈降低趋势,富里酸含量整体变化规律为降低、升高再降低。T20和T25处理的高温期持续时间（5和8 d）和种子发芽指数指标（GI）（0.89和0.93）均达堆肥腐熟要求。从终点C/N与初始C/N的比值（T值）和腐殖化指数2个指标来看,仅T25处理达腐熟要求,T30处理和CK的高温期持续时间均为4 d,T值为0.84和0.73,均不满足T≤0.60的腐熟标准。GI为0.75和0.76,未达到GI>0.85的腐熟要求;腐殖化指数分别为0.85和1.25,T30处理并不满足腐殖化指数不低于1.00的腐熟标准。【结论】当初始物料C/N=25时,对有机质和纤维素降解、堆体高温累积、种子GI增加有促进作用,可缩短堆肥周期,堆肥综合效果最佳。     

生物炭对旱坡地宿根甘蔗土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

【目的】分析旱坡地宿根甘蔗生长、土壤养分和微生物群落对生物炭的响应,揭示生物炭改良宿根甘蔗土壤的微生态机制,为缓解甘蔗连作障碍、宿根蔗病害及生物炭在甘蔗栽培中的应用提供科学依据。【方法】以旱坡地宿根甘蔗（种植第4年,1年新植3年宿根）为试验材料,设2个处理:不施用生物炭对照（CK）和施用生物炭处理（3 t/ha）,分析生物炭对宿根甘蔗土壤养分、酶活性、微生物多样性和甘蔗生长的影响。【结果】与CK相比,施用生物炭可显著增加土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量（P<0.05,下同）,显著提高蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。施用生物炭还可改变土壤细菌和真菌分类单元（OTUs）总数,对土壤中各优势细菌门、细菌属相对丰度影响不大,但降低了真菌子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）及淀粉藻（Amyloflagellula）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）相对丰度,增加了接合菌门（Zygomycota）及毛壳菌属（Chaetomium）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）的相对丰度。在甘蔗生长方面,施用生物炭可显著降低甘蔗梢腐病发病率,使甘蔗产量显著提高5.2%。【结论】施用生物炭可改良甘蔗土壤,改变土壤微生物群落结构,增强宿根甘蔗抗梢腐病能力,提高旱坡地宿根甘蔗第4年产量。     

From statistics to grids: A two-level model to simulate crop pattern dynamics

Crop planting patterns are an important component of agricultural land systems. These patterns have been significantly changed due to the combined impacts of climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. However, the extent of these changes and their possible impacts on the environment, terrestrial landscapes and rural livelihoods are largely unknown due to the lack of spatially explicit datasets including crop planting patterns. To fill this gap, this study proposes a new method for spatializing statistical data to generate multitemporal crop planting pattern datasets. This method features a two-level model that combines a land-use simulation and a crop pattern simulation. The output of the first level is the spatial distribution of the cropland, which is then used as the input for the second level, which allocates crop censuses to individual gridded cells according to certain rules. The method was tested using data from 2000 to 2019 from Heilongjiang Province, China, and was validated using remote sensing images. The results show that this method has high accuracy for crop area spatialization. Spatial crop pattern datasets over a given time period can be important supplementary information for remote sensing and thus support a wide range of application in agricultural land systems.     

Effects of grape seed extract on meat color and premature browning of meat patties in high-oxygen packaging

This study investigated the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on fresh and cooked meat color and premature browning (PMB) in ground meat patties (85% beef and 15% pork back fat) packaged under high-oxygen modified atmospheres (HiOx-MAP).  The GSE was added to patties at concentrations of 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1.  This study evaluated the surface color, pH, lipid oxidation, and total viable counts (TVC) of raw patties, and the internal color and pH of patties cooked to a temperature of 66 or 71°C over 10-day storage at 4°C.  Compared with the control (0 g kg^–1 GSE), GSE improved the color stability (P<0.05) and significantly inhibited the lipid and myoglobin oxidation of raw patties from day 5 to 10, but GSE had no effect (P>0.05) on TVC.  Patties containing 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE cooked to 66°C exhibited greater (P<0.05) interior redness than the control and reduced the PMB of cooked patties in the late storage stage.  These results suggested that 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE can improve fresh meat color and minimize PMB of HiOx-MAP patties.     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

宁夏番茄气候适宜度变化特征分析

本文探讨了宁夏地区番茄气候适宜度的分布规律,旨在为宁夏番茄种植的区域规划提供参考。根据宁夏1981—2016年的气象观测资料和番茄生育期数据,建立气候适宜度模型,分析各气象因子适宜度变化特征。结果表明：日照适宜度在各气象要素中表现最好,是宁夏番茄生长最有利的气象因素;降水适宜度在空间上呈南高北低分布,年际变率较大,是影响气候适宜度年际变化的关键因子;温度适宜度在不同生育期变率大,是制约宁夏番茄种植的主要气象因素,且逐渐向更为有利的条件发展。宁夏中北部4个市的气候适宜度均较高,固原市的气候条件不利于番茄的生长发育。从气候适宜度分布上看,宁夏中北部地区番茄种植的气候适宜度最好,气候条件整体最有利于番茄生长。     

基于江苏省河蟹主产区气象因子的产量BP神经网络预测

为提高江苏河蟹主产区产量预测能力,以此为基础制定科学合理的河蟹养殖发展规划,本研究对河蟹主产区附近设立的7个观测台站2013—2017年的气象数据和该区产量数据进行了采集,利用插值法补足少量缺失值,通过主成分分析选取了最能代表江苏省河蟹主产区特点的5个主成分作为研究对象建立BP神经网络,探索其用于江苏省河蟹主产区产量随气象因子变化的规律。结果表明,通过PCA主成分分析降维处理后数据的大部分特点能被BP神经网络学习到,预测值与真实之间的相关系数为0.82267,具备一定的模拟气象因子数据与产量之间的关系的能力。