Microwave Digestion for Colorimetric Determination of Total Si in Plant and Mineral Samples

A new method for determining the soluble silicon (Si) concentrations in nonliquid plant and mineral samples was developed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH)–hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) matrix for microwave digestion (MWD-Na) followed by colorimetric Si testing. MWD-Na was compared with autoclave-induced digestion and alkali fusion. The data have shown no significant difference between these three methods. HNO₃–H₂O₂ or HNO₃?–H₂O₂?–HF microwave technique results in Si loss. The reduction of the total Si can be realized via low solubility of Si in the acid solutions or silicon tetrafluoride formation. The Mullen and Riley method for colorimetric testing of Si in a solution that uses ascorbic acid to reduce the silicomolybdate complex formed under acid conditions to an intensely blue complex was modified using iron sulfate. The combination of MWD-Na and modified colorimetric blue method provides cheap and valid data on determining the total Si in both plant and mineral samples.     

Comparison of the nutrient resorption stoichiometry of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus variabilis</Emphasis> Blume growing in two sites contrasting in soil phosphorus content

Key message

Foliar phosphorus (P) resorption in Quercus variabilis Blume was significantly lower at a P-rich than at a P-deficient site. Moreover, P resorption strongly decreased, and nitrogen:phosphorus and carbon:phosphorus resorption ratios increased with soil P content. This demonstrates a strong link between foliar P resorption and P content in soils, and emphasizes the importance of P resorption in leaves of trees growing in soils with contrasted P content.

Context

Subtropical ecosystems are generally characterized by P-deficient soils. However, P-rich soils develop in phosphate rock areas.

Aims

We compared the patterns of nutrient resorption, in terms of ecological stoichiometry, for two sites naturally varying in soil P content.

Methods

The resorption efficiency (percentage of a nutrient recovered from senescing leaves) and proficiency (level to which nutrient concentration is reduced in senesced leaves) of 12 elements were determined in two oak (Q. variabilis) populations growing at a P-rich or a P-deficient site in subtropical China.

Results

P resorption efficiency dominated the intraspecific variation in nutrient resorption between the two sites. Q. variabilis exhibited a low P resorption at the P-rich site and a high P resorption at the P-deficient site. Both P resorption efficiency and proficiency strongly decreased with soil P content only and were positively related to the N:P and C:P ratios in green and senesced leaves. Moreover, resorption efficiency ratios of both N:P and C:P were positively associated with soil P.

Conclusion

These results revealed a strong link between P resorption and P stoichiometry in response to a P deficiency in the soil, and a single- and limiting-element control pattern of P resorption. Hence, these results provide new insights into the role of P resorption in plant adaptations to geologic variations of P in the subtropics.

     

基于无线网络的拖拉机遥操作系统设计与试验

为降低驾驶员的劳动强度以及改善其工作条件,设计了一套基于无线网络的拖拉机遥操作系统。首先提出了拖拉机遥操作系统总体设计方案,然后针对茂源MY250型拖拉机进行了执行机构改造,包括离合、制动、转向、油门、熄火执行机构以及启动控制,并设计了遥操作控制系统,包括用户界面与车载控制系统。最后进行了通信性能测试、执行功能测试与驾驶试验。结果表明,遥操作系统平均指令通信时延为0.074 ms,视频时延最大不超过373 ms,拖拉机各执行机构控制误差最大不超过2.21%,行驶速度为2.08 km/h时,直线行驶最大误差绝对值不超过208.5 mm,RMS误差最大不超过85.5 mm。     

棉铃虫磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白的克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆获得棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein,PEBP)的cDNA序列,分析HaPEBP在棉铃虫体内的表达规律,检测2-十三烷酮处理条件下棉铃虫体内HaPEBP的变化情况,为进一步明确棉铃虫PEBP的功能和选择该基因作为调控棉铃虫种群数量的分子靶标提供依据。【方法】利用RACE技术从棉铃虫6龄幼虫的中肠组织中扩增得到HaPEBP的cDNA序列,并对其氨基酸序列和蛋白结构进行分析。将HaPEBP的ORF序列连接至pET32a载体并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导后检测目的蛋白的表达形式,并通过镍柱的亲和层析纯化融合蛋白。最后通过实时荧光定量PCR检测棉铃虫幼虫不同时期和6龄幼虫不同组织中HaPEBP的表达规律,以及2-十三烷酮处理棉铃虫6龄幼虫后中肠内HaPEBP的变化规律。【结果】获得的HaPEBP cDNA序列长760 bp,其中ORF为588 bp,编码195个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量和等电点分别为21.76 kD和5.93。氨基酸序列分析表明HaPEBP无信号肽、跨膜结构域和二硫键,是一个由4个α螺旋和9个β折叠片组成的胞质单体蛋白。将BL21(DE3)-pET32a-HaPEBP重组菌用1 mmol·L^-1的IPTG在37℃条件下诱导4 h,约40 kD的融合蛋白His-HaPEBP能以可溶的形式存在于重组菌中。按照同样的方法诱导1 L的重组菌,将超声处理后的上清液与Ni-NTA柱结合,进行咪唑缓冲液梯度洗涤,200 mmol·L^-1的咪唑洗涤两次后得到约40 kD的单一蛋白,与融合蛋白的大小一致。将此流出液超滤浓缩,获得183.3 ng·μl^-1的融合蛋白,能被抗His-Tag的单克隆抗体识别发生免疫反应。HaPEBP在棉铃虫幼虫的1-6龄期和预蛹期均表达,且6龄幼虫的表达量最高。该基因在6龄幼虫的脂肪体、中肠、头部和体壁中也均有表达,且脂肪体内的表达量最高。不同浓度的2-十三烷酮处理后,棉铃虫6龄幼虫中肠内HaPEBP的表达量均有所降低;低浓度(2.5和5 mg·g^-1)在6 h就能降低HaPEBP的表达量,其mRNA含量随着时间的延长逐渐增加;而高浓度(10和15 mg·g^-1)在12 h才会降低HaPEBP的表达量,其mRNA含量随着时间的延长先下降后上升。【结论】克隆分析了HaPEBP,利用大肠杆菌系统表达出可溶的融合蛋白His-HaPEBP,并通过镍柱-咪唑纯化法得到了高纯度的融合蛋白,时空表达分析显示HaPEBP在棉铃虫6龄幼虫和脂肪体中表达量最高,2-十三烷酮处理6龄幼虫后中肠内HaPEBP的表达量显著降低。     

天然沸石对松嫩平原黑钙土理化性质和保水能力的影响

目的通过研究天然沸石掺配量对于松嫩平原黑钙土理化性质和土壤水分特征曲线的影响,来研究天然沸石改良黑钙土的保水能力的效果,为改良土壤保水性提供理论参考。方法采用天然沸石改良土壤,进行60 d花盆培养,环刀法测量土壤密度,公式法计算土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度。离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线。结果天然沸石改良黑钙土试验中,土壤密度随沸石掺配量的增加而增大,呈正相关关系,当沸石掺配量为10%时,土壤密度增加最为显著;毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度均随掺配量的增加而减小,呈负相关关系,当沸石掺配量为10%时,土壤的通气孔隙度为最大。各掺配量下土壤的持水能力结果为:20%天然沸石(NZ)>15%NZ≈10%NZ>5%NZ>CK。各组土壤的水分特征曲线均能用Gardner模型拟合。Gardner模型方程的拟合系数a、b均随持水能力增强而减小,呈负相关关系;随饱和含水率升高而增大,呈正相关关系。将饱和含水率和拟合系数a进行拟合,结果显示决定系数(R2)为0.941 8。结论在进行土壤持水能力改良时,利用10%天然沸石掺配量比较经济可行。土壤饱和含水率高,不一定水分特征曲线初始水平就高。各项试验结果说明,利用天然沸石可以有效改良砂壤黑钙土的保水能力,为黑土区土壤改良提供试验和理论参考。      

小钩叶藤维管束和导管的轴向变异

以小钩叶藤材为研究对象,采用生物解剖学和化学离析的方法,获得小钩叶藤基部、2 m处、中部、梢部等轴向高度的节间和节部的维管束、导管的相关数据,系统分析其在轴向的变化规律。结果表明,节间与节部维管束的弦向与径向直径在轴向上有相同的变化趋势,两者间没有显著性差异。节间、节部维管束、导管的密度在轴向具有完全相反的变化趋势,且节间维管束和导管单位面积分布数均显著低于节部(P0.05)。节间与节部导管分子长度在轴向有相同的变化趋势,而节间与节部导管直径在轴向变化无规律可循,节间导管分子长度和直径均显著高于节部,组间差异经t检验,有统计学意义(P0.05)。     

利用FTIR和化学计量学对牛肝菌亲缘关系的研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学对不同种牛肝菌亲缘关系进行研究,为该种群亲缘关系鉴定提供依据,同时为人工栽培牛肝菌奠定理论基础。采集12个种类72份牛肝菌样品的红外光谱,采用二阶导数(2D)、标准正态(SNV)变量和小波压缩(WC)等方法对牛肝菌的原始红外光谱进行优化处理,结合偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)建立鉴别模型。将PLS-DA得到的前8个主成分数据作为提取数据代入系统聚类分析(HCA),获得亲缘关系树状图。结果显示:12种牛肝菌的原始红外光谱较为相似,共有峰主要归属为蛋白质、多糖、纤维素和氨基酸等物质中OH、C=O、C-O-H、C=O、C-C等官能团的吸收峰。对比不同优化处理的鉴别结果,发现2D+WC预处理方法对不同种类牛肝菌区分效果较好。HCA亲缘关系树状图表明,按照物种层面划分,中华牛肝菌和远东疣柄牛肝菌亲缘关系最近,且2种牛肝菌与圆花孢牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;深褐牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;小美牛肝菌和美柄牛肝菌亲缘关系较近,且2种牛肝菌与栗色牛肝菌亲缘关系较近。傅里叶变换红外光谱法可应用于牛肝菌的亲缘关系分析,能为野生食用菌的亲缘关系研究提供一种新方法。     

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Human and Pigs in Pig Farms from Guangdong Province,Southern China

Hepatitis E is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), which has been classified into four genotypes. Genotypes 3 and 4 are regarded as zoonotic pathogens. Accumulating researches indicate that genotype 4 is the main HEV strain circulating in China, and there are high levels of seropositive pigs and human in some provinces of China. In this study, serum samples from pigs and from human occupationally exposed to pigs were obtained from pig farms in Guangdong Province, in subtropical southern China, in order to investigate for the first time the prevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the region. Antibodies against HEV were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using a commercially marketed kit. The results showed that high numbers of pigs (74/94; 78.7%) and human (50/94; 53.2%) from three pig farms in Guangdong Province were positive for anti-HEV IgG. The correlation coefficient relating the prevalence in pigs and human on different farms was 0.920. The seropositive rate in males (human) was 48.8% (20/41) and that in females was 47.7% (9/19), which showed no statistically significant difference. These data indicated that there was a high prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in pigs and in human with occupational exposure to pigs. The risk of infection with HEV in both human and pigs in Guangdong Province appeared to be age-dependent, to a certain extent. This study provided basic data for further researches on HEV and was a reminder that more attention should be paid to HEV infection both in pigs and workers on pig farms in the study region.     

果胶酶和浸渍处理对苹果酒香气成分的影响

为明确发酵过程不同浸渍时间(4d、8d和12d)和果胶酶处理对苹果酒品质的影响,运用顶空固相微萃取(HP-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法测定不同处理所酿造的苹果酒香气组分,同时测定不同条件下所酿造的苹果酒的澄清度。结果表明:果胶酶处理过的酒样澄清度均在95%左右,未添加果胶酶的酒样澄清度较低,且浸渍12d未添加果胶酶的酒样(C12)澄清度最低(33.17%)。苹果酒样中共检测出以醇类、酯类和脂肪酸类香气为主的香气成分51种。浸渍处理酒样中醇类香气浓度比清汁发酵酒更高,果胶酶处理后苹果酒中杂醇油含量降低。浸渍时间越长酯类质量浓度越低,4d浸渍处理的酒样酯类香气质量浓度最高。清汁发酵未添加果胶酶酒样(C0)(1 273.28μg/L)中脂肪酸类香气物质质量浓度最高,浸渍4d添加果胶酶的酒样(E4)(390.55μg/L)中质量浓度最低。所以4d短时浸渍处理并添加果胶酶进行苹果酒酿造的工艺对改善苹果酒香气风味有很大作用。     

西南喀斯特二元结构下土壤流失研究进展(英文)

系统梳理了西南喀斯特二元结构下土壤流失的研究进展,结果表明喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀研究总体起步晚,基础研究落后,已有研究成果多集中在地表侵蚀现状、成因、治理措施等方面。喀斯特二元结构背景下存在地下土壤流失的观点已经得到多数学者的认可,然而受限于研究技术方法 ,缺乏观测数据,地下流失途径、流失量及其危害仍不清楚。因此,寻求必要的技术手段,从流失途径和过程开展野外观测是今后喀斯特二元结构下土壤流失研究的重点。