河流弧菌在天然海水与人工海水中的饥饿效应

对数生长期河流弧菌分别悬浮于天然海水和人工海水后于28℃进行饥饿试验.在饥饿初期,两种海水中河流弧菌的总菌数、活菌数、菌落形成单位数都明显上升,但天然海水中的河流弧菌生长时间持续更久、增长幅度也更大;饥饿中、后期,总菌数都保持稳定,而可培养菌数与活菌数逐渐下降,其中可培养菌数下降幅度高于活菌数,人工海水中的河流弧菌下降幅度高于天然海水.河流弧菌对青石斑鱼表皮粘液的粘附量随着饥饿时间延长先上升后下降.与对数生长期相比,饥饿60 d的可培养细胞对热和紫外线的耐受性提高.饥饿细胞的间接ELISA最低检测限高于对数生长期细胞.通过SDS-PAGE分析菌体蛋白发现饥饿细胞的蛋白质条带减少.腹腔注射饥饿60 d的河流弧菌不会引起小鼠死亡,而对数生长期细胞能够引起小鼠死亡.研究结果表明,河流弧菌能够在温暖的人工海水和天然海水中长时间饥饿存活,但是饥饿细胞的毒力较低.     

2株海水鱼源潜在益生菌的分离、鉴定及特性分析

为筛选用于微生态制剂研发的海水鱼源益生菌,本研究对海捕野生许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)和大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)的消化道内壁黏膜样品进行细菌分离纯化,获得80株可培养细菌。使用选择性培养基对菌株的产酶能力进行测定,选取海水鱼常见病原菌为指示菌测定分离菌株产物的抑菌活性,筛选出2株潜在益生菌TS2和TH8,并进行菌株的生理生化检测、16S rDNA序列分析、生长特性及其对宿主安全性的研究。结果显示,TS2产蛋白酶(protease)、淀粉酶(amylase)和脂肪酶(lipase),其无菌培养产物可显著抑制鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harvey)和假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)的生长。TH8产蛋白酶和脂肪酶,其无菌培养产物可显著抑制鳗弧菌、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、副溶血弧菌、假交替单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、金黄色葡萄球...     

Vagococcus salmoninarum I—A chronic coldwater streptococcosis in broodstock brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Wisconsin,USA

In 2018, Vagococcus salmoninarum was isolated from two lots of broodstock “coaster” brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) containing ~1,500 fish at the Iron River National Fish Hatchery, at which time it was identified as the causative agent of a chronic coldwater streptococcosis epizootic. Clinical signs included exophthalmia, lethargy, erratic swimming and loss of equilibrium. Female fish experienced disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality than male co-inhabitants, and routinely retained eggs following spawning. The most consistent gross clinical sign was heart pallor and turbid pericardial effusion. An attempted treatment using florfenicol was ineffective at halting the epizootic, which spanned more than a year and resulted in >50% mortality before remaining fish were culled. As there is no previous documentation of V. salmoninarum at this hatchery or in this species, it is still unclear what circumstances led to this epizootic. The inability to treat this chronic disease led to the loss of valuable broodstock, hampering ongoing fishery conservation efforts in the Great Lakes Basin.     

Vagococcus salmoninarum II—qPCR,tropism and egg-associated transmission

Vagococcus salmoninarum was identified as the causative agent of a chronic epizootic in broodstock “coaster” brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) at the Iron River National Fish Hatchery. The epizootic spanned more than a year, was unresponsive to multiple florfenicol treatments, and resulted in >50% mortality of the affected fish. The decision was made to cull the remaining fish during spawning, which presented an opportunity to more thoroughly examine V. salmoninarum sampling methods, organ tropism and vertical transmission. A newly developed qPCR targeting the pheS gene was used in concert with bacterial culture to show that V. salmoninarum indeed disproportionately affects females and has a tropism for female reproductive tissues. The study demonstrates that some female reproductive tissues (e.g. ovarian fluid, unfertilized eggs) are also an effective option for non-lethal detection. Despite the widespread presence of V. salmoninarum in ovarian fluid and on egg surfaces, we found no evidence of intra-ova transmission.     

Identification and typing of Vagococcus salmoninarum using genomic and proteomic techniques

This study reports on the characterization of Vagococcus salmoninarum using phenotypic, serological, antigenic, genetic and proteomic methods. All strains of V. salmoninarum were resistant to most of the antimicrobials tested, and only 10% of strains were sensitive to florfenicol. Serological analysis demonstrated a high antigenic homogeneity within the species. No cross‐reaction was detected with other fish pathogenic species causing streptococcosis (Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus parauberis, Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum) using serum against V. salmoninarum CECT 5810. Electrophoretic analysis of cell surface proteins and immunoblot supported the antigenic homogeneity within V. salmoninarum strains. Moreover, limited diversity was detected using genomic (RAPD, ERIC‐PCR and REP‐PCR) and MALDI‐TOF‐MS analyses. The phenotypic, genomic and proteomic methods tested allowed the rapid differentiation of V. salmoninarum from the other species causing streptococcosis. However, MALDI‐TOF‐MS is the most promising method for typing and characterization of V. salmoninarum.     

5种海洋致病弧菌对34种中草药敏感性的测定

采用纸片扩散(K-B)法,测试了溶藻弧菌、哈氏弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、麦氏弧菌对34种中草药的敏感性,结果表明:试验菌株对中草药乌梅、黄连、木瓜、五味子、五倍子、马齿苋、白头翁、地榆、公丁香、大黄具有较高的敏感性。采用倍比稀释法,测定10种敏感性较好的中草药对5种海洋致病弧菌的抑菌试验,并测定了最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:五倍子抑菌和杀菌能力最强,五倍子对溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、麦氏弧菌的MIC和MBC均为1.56 mg/ml,对哈氏弧菌的MIC和MBC为3.125 mg/ml;其次是黄连,对溶藻弧菌、河流弧菌、麦氏弧菌的MIC和MBC分别为3.125 mg/ml和6.25 mg/ml,对哈氏弧菌、副溶血弧菌的MIC和MBC分别为6.25 mg/ml和12.5 mg/ml;乌梅对5种弧菌有相同的抑菌和杀菌作用,其MIC和MBC均为12.5 mg/ml。最终确定五倍子和黄连可以作为防治水产养殖动物弧菌病的首选中草药药物。     

High‐throughput identification and quantification of Vagococcus salmoninarum by SYBR Green I‐based real‐time PCR combined with melting curve analysis

This work describes a primer pair and a high‐throughput SYBR Green I‐based real‐time PCR protocol combined with melting curve analysis for identification and quantification of Vagococcus salmoninarum in bacterial cultures and infected fish tissues. The 16S rRNA gene was selected for the design of the primer pair (SalF and SalR). The sensitivity and specificity of this primer pair were compared with other previously designed for conventional PCR. Although both primer pairs showed 100% specificity using pure bacterial cultures or DNA extracted from bacteria or fish tissues, the primer pairs designed in this study showed the highest sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.034 × 10⁰ amplicon copies per assay (equivalent to 2 × 10^?11 ng/µl, C_q value of 30.49 ± 1.71). The developed qPCR protocol allowed the detection of V. salmoninarum in non‐lethal and lethal fish samples with detection levels of 0.17 × 10⁰ gene copies in tissues artificially infected and 0.02 × 10⁰ in tissues of fish experimentally infected with V. salmoninarum. The high sensitivity of the developed method suggests that it could be considered as a useful tool for diagnosis of vagococcosis and the detection of V. salmoninarum in asymptomatic or carrier fish.     

河流弧菌对牙鲆表皮粘液的趋化作用

病原菌对粘液的趋化作用在其对粘液层定植过程中起着重要作用,趋化作用是病原菌的毒力机制之一。为了解病原性河流弧菌对牙鲆表皮粘液的趋化作用,本文采用改良的毛细管法研究了细菌浓度、孵育时间、孵育温度、pH值、NaCl浓度、碳水化合物等对河流弧菌趋化作用的影响。试验结果表明：在较低浓度下,河流弧菌对牙鲆表皮粘液的趋化量随着菌浓度的升高而增大;在室温下河流弧菌的趋化量随着孵育时间的延长而增加,60 min趋于饱和;孵育温度在4～15 ℃范围内趋化作用随温度升高而增强,15 ℃时达最大值;pH值为8时细菌的趋化性最强;NaCl浓度超过0.8 %,河流弧菌的趋化性随着浓度升高而显著减弱（P<0.05）;7种碳水化合物中甘露醇、乳糖、甘露糖能够极显著地促进河流弧菌对牙鲆表皮粘液的趋化作用（P<0.01）。以上结果说明：牙鲆表皮粘液对河流弧菌有较强的趋化作用,该趋化作用受环境因子的影响较大;本文所揭示的河流弧菌趋化特性将对养殖牙鲆疾病防治提供有价值的参考。     

Isolation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vagococcus salmoninarum</Emphasis> in Rainbow Trout, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> (Walbaum), Broodstocks: Characterization of the Pathogen

Coldwater ‘streptococcosis’, caused by Vagococcus salmoninarum, is an emerging disease of rainbow trout in the European Union, causing mortality rates up to 50% in broodstock during the spawning period, with water temperature of 10–12°C. A study to determine the presence and role of this bacterium was undertaken using classical bacteriological techniques confirmed with polymerase chain reaction. This is the first report of isolation of V salmoninarum in relation to outbreaks of mortality in a rainbow trout farm devoted exclusively to broodstock rearing in Spain. A total of 10 isolates of V salmoninarum were characterized by their morphological, cultural, physiological, biochemical and enzymatic traits. Some differences were observed in parameters such as growth on MacConkey agar, H2S production, acid production from starch, and some other minor variations. Isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and oxytetracycline tested in vitro, but treatments conducted in the field were ineffective. An attempt at vaccination did not provide encouraging results.     

一株海洋弧菌噬菌体--NP13的生物学特性研究

１９９６年夏季,从大连星海湾海滨浴场采集的海水样品中,以河流弧菌Ⅱ（Ｖｉｂｒｉｏ ｆｌｕｖｉａｌｉｓ－Ⅱ）为批示菌,从中分离出一株噬菌体－ＮＰ１３。对ＮＰ１３的形态进行了电子显微镜观察分析。并对其生物学特性进行了初步的研究。结果表明：ＮＰ１３在５０℃、３０ｍｉｎ和６０℃、３０ｍｉｎ下的存活率各约为９５％和４５％,并在ｐＨ５～１１之间均具有很高的稳定性。