乳酸菌及其代谢产物对鳗弧菌生长的抑制作用

鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)广泛分布于近海及河口海水环境,是导致多种海水鱼类疾病的重要的条件性病原菌之一,在世界范围内流行。控制鳗弧菌的数量和生长是防治鳗弧菌导致海水鱼类疾病的重要手段。抗生素的使用在防治弧菌病方面发挥了重要作用,但是由于细菌耐药性及抗生素残留等问题,抗生素的使用今后将受到限制。生物防治由于其特殊的优点正成为水产动物疾病防治的重要措施。乳酸菌是一类可以发酵糖类产生大量乳酸的细菌总称。它通过产生乳酸等有机酸、分泌乳酸菌素等代谢产物抑     

刺参养殖池塘一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的分离及其生理特性

2014年5月,在东营的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘环境中对水样和底泥样品进行了细菌分离和益生菌的筛选,共获得66株可培养细菌。以刺参"腐皮综合征"主要致病菌为指示菌进行拮抗作用实验,使用选择培养基对菌株的产淀粉酶和蛋白酶能力进行测定,筛选获得一株潜在益生菌株——DY-6,并进行了生理生化实验、16S r DNA基因序列分析、菌株生长特性及其对刺参的安全性研究。结果表明,DY-6对其指示菌假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)、灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)和溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)均有良好的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别达到24 mm、22 mm、27 mm和37 mm,对淀粉和蛋白培养基的水解直径分别为28 mm和20 mm。利用该菌对刺参进行高浓度胁迫实验测试其安全性,实验期间浸浴组和投喂组刺参状态良好,没有发病和死亡现象。利用细菌生理生化和16S r DNA基因序列分析表明,DY-6与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis CP015911)的相似性为99%。因此,初步鉴定该菌株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌。同时,将该菌株与商品化微生态制剂产品中分离的4株益生菌进行了比较,DY-6在温度20~35℃、盐度0~35范围内生长较快,优于上述4株菌,4 h进入对数生长期,10 h达到生长高峰。筛选的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌具有良好的抑菌能力,生长速度快,并且具有广温广盐的优点,不仅能够降低疾病发生率,还可更好地适应黄河口地区夏季水温偏高、盐度波动大的特点,由此具有良好的益生菌商业化开发潜力。     

对虾养殖池中一株弧菌拮抗菌的分离鉴定

从对虾养殖池中分离出1株编号为2013082515(简称菌株15)的菌株,以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)为指示菌,分析了菌株15对指示菌的抑菌效果及最低抑菌浓度,同时,分析了菌株15对其他7株弧菌的抑菌效果.结果显示,菌株15对3株指示菌均具有抑菌效果,对鳗弧菌、哈维氏弧菌及副溶血弧菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为2.50×104、2.50×105、2.50×105 CFU/ml;对其他弧菌也具有一定的抑菌效果.采用注射及浸泡感染方法分析了菌株15对对虾的生物安全性,结果显示,在高浓度时,菌株15对对虾具有潜在毒性.分别用细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行分类鉴定,表明菌株15为一株假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.).     

刺参池塘养殖系统中1株副干酪乳杆菌的分离及其生物学特性研究

本研究利用MRS培养基，从山东东营刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘环境中分离到56株乳酸菌。以刺参腐皮综合征2种重要致病菌灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)和假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)为指示菌，采用牛津杯法测定所分离的乳酸菌对2株致病菌的抑制效果，筛选出1株具有较强抑菌活性的乳酸菌CSND-6，并对该细菌的形态、胞内产物和胞外产物的抑菌活性、生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析、菌株生长特性及对刺参安全性进行了研究。结果显示，菌株CSND-6对灿烂弧菌和假交替单胞菌的生长具有较好的抑制作用。其中，胞内产物的抑菌圈分别为17、22 mm，胞外产物的抑菌圈分别为25、31 mm。该菌株对刺参的高浓度浸浴胁迫实验结果表明，所分离的菌株对刺参是安全的。通过生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析表明，CSND-6属于乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)，与副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei JCM1171)的相似性为99.83%。菌株CSND-6在30℃~44℃、pH 为6~8范围内生长较快，24 h后进入对数生长期，28~32 h时达到生长高峰，最高值达2.10×109 CFU/ml。本研究筛选的副干酪乳杆菌属于刺参池塘养殖环境中土著益生菌，对刺参的主要病原菌抑制效果较好，并表现出了较好的生长特性，可为养殖池塘刺参疾病的生态防控和乳酸菌开发提供参考。     

刺参养殖池塘中一株植物乳杆菌的分离及其生物学特性

2017年5月，从山东东营刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘底泥中分离获得49株乳酸菌。以刺参“腐皮综合征”的2株致病菌[灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)和假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)]为指示菌进行拮抗作用实验，获得1株具有显著抑菌活性的乳酸菌CLY-5，对该菌株进行了生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析、生长特性及其对刺参的安全性研究。结果显示，菌株CLY-5对灿烂弧菌和假交替单胞菌具有较好的抑制作用，且菌株的胞内产物与胞外产物均具有抑菌效果，抑菌圈分别为20 、23 mm和27 、38 mm，胞外产物的拮抗作用优于胞内产物。利用该菌对刺参进行高浓度浸浴测试其安全性，浓度为1×109、1×108和1×107 CFU/ml，实验期间刺参状态良好，无死亡现象。16S rDNA序列分析表明，CLY-5与植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum NR117813.1)的相似性为100%，初步鉴定该菌株为植物乳杆菌。菌株CLY-5在30℃~44℃、pH 6~8范围内生长较快，20 h进入对数生长期，28~32 h达到生长高峰。筛选的植物乳杆菌具有良好的抑菌能力，且其生长特性适应刺参池塘的养殖环境，为刺参疾病的生态防控及乳酸菌资源的开发提供应用数据参考。     

鳗弧菌铁吸收系统的毒力作用研究进展

鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)是鱼类弧菌病的主要病原菌,是具有极生鞭毛[1]、弯曲杆状的革兰氏阴性细菌,可经消化道、鳃及皮肤侵入鱼体[2],导致多种海水鱼(如牙鲆、鲈鱼等)和淡水鱼(例如鳗鲡等)的死亡[3]。在长期的进化过程中,鳗弧菌发展出特有的铁吸收系统(iron uptake sys-tem     

5株鲆鲽鱼类病原菌多克隆抗体的制备与应用

本研究制备了鳗弧菌Vibrio anguillarum、杀鲑气单胞菌Aeromonas salmonicida、副溶血弧菌V. parahaemolyticus、哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi和腐败希瓦氏菌Shewanella putrefaciens 5株鲆鲽鱼类病原菌的兔抗血清,建立了5种菌的间接ELISA检测方法,并将该检测方法用于鱼类细菌分离物病原检测。人工感染结果显示,5株菌对大菱鲆的半数致死量(LD50)在102~107CFU/fish;制备的兔抗血清效价分别为1∶2 048 000、1∶16 000、1∶16 000、1∶1 024 000、1∶128 000;交叉反应结果显示,鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌3株弧菌与抗血清相互之间存在交叉反应;抗血清特异检测灵敏度分别为104、108、107、105、106cell/ml;对13株海水鱼类细菌分离物进行检测,有1株腐败希瓦氏菌阳性,两株哈维氏弧菌阳性;1株副溶血弧菌和哈维氏弧菌均为阳性,该结果与16S rDNA序列的分子分析方法一致。     

抗弧菌光合细菌的分离鉴定及对氨氮和亚硝态氮的降解特性

该研究采用双层平板涂布法和划线法,从不同地区的海洋环境样品中分离纯化光合细菌,以副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus)、创伤弧菌(V.vulnificus)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)为指示菌,采用牛津杯法测定海洋光合细菌菌株的抑菌作用,采用靛酚蓝分光光度法和盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定不同菌株对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)的降解作用,筛选出具有抗弧菌并高效降解NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N复合功能的优良菌株。结果显示,从30个海水、海泥等样品中分离得到3株光合细菌,分离自连云港车牛山岛海水样品的菌株P-3,对3种弧菌均具有较强的抑制作用,其中对鳗弧菌的作用最强,抑菌圈直径为5.3 mm。3株光合细菌均具有一定的降解NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N作用,菌株P-3的降解作用最强,在含有50 mg·L~(-1) NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的培养基中培养4 d,降解率分别为89.68%和94.98%。经形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,确定P-3为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)。     

青虾源维氏气单胞菌双重PCR检测方法的建立

根据NCBI已发表的维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)促旋酶B亚单位基因gyrB和编码细菌RNA聚合酶σ70因子基因rpoD的保守序列设计引物,建立了一种快速检测青虾源维氏气单胞菌的双重PCR检测方法。结果显示:青虾源维氏气单胞菌gyrB和rpoD基因PCR扩增产物大小分别为815 bp、554 bp,而对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)、哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus)、需钠弧菌(Vibrio natriegens)、非O1霍乱弧菌(non-O1 Vibrio cholerae)、阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)、产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)扩增结果皆为阴性;灵敏性试验结果显示该方法检测到的最低菌体DNA量为1.8×10-2 ng/μL,且10份送检样本检测结果与传统细菌分离鉴定结果相一致。结果表明,双重PCR检测方法特异性好、灵敏性高,适用于青虾源维氏气单胞菌的快速检测。     

养殖大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)腹水病的病原多样性及其耐药性分析

为了解引起养殖大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)腹水病的病原多样性及其耐药性情况,针对2002-2010年由不同地区病样分离的27株细菌性病原进行了16S rDNA鉴定,并采用K-B法测定了27株细菌对22种抗生素的耐药性,分析了病原菌的耐药谱及耐药率变化.结果显示,大菱鲆腹水病病原菌主要有大菱鲆弧菌(Vibrio scophthalmi)、迟钝爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)、鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas espejiana).山东青岛地区以大菱鲆弧菌为主,威海地区以迟钝爱德华氏菌为主,烟台地区菌株种类分布平均.5类细菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类、复方新诺明耐药率高于50％.只有1株迟钝爱德华氏菌对氟苯尼考产生了耐药,其余菌株对其均没有耐药性,且在长期使用中不易产生耐药性,证实氟苯尼考为当前防治腹水病的一种良好抗菌药物.27株病原菌的耐药谱数量为27个,每个菌株具备自己独特的耐药谱,74.1％的菌株对10种以上的抗菌药物产生了耐药性,均有多重耐药性.     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.