Simple diagnosis using ethanol immersion of strawberry plants with latent infection by Colletotrichum acutatum, Dendrophoma obscurans, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae

Simple diagnosis by ethanol immersion (SDEI) to detect Glomerella cingulata was used to detect three other fungi that also cause latent infection of strawberry plants. Signs on strawberry leaves with asymptomatic latent infection by Colletotrichum acutatum became visible using SDEI. Salmon-pink conidial masses were produced in the acervuli on the treated leaves 5 days after incubation at 28°C. In the case of Dendrophoma obscurans, pycnidia with amber conidial masses formed 5 days after incubation at 28°C. The pycnidia were observed mainly on the ribs, and conidial masses exuded from the ostiole. These macroscopic conidial masses were similar to those of G. cingulata and C. acutatum. When water was dripped onto a lesion caused by D. obscurans, the pycnidia exuded white filamentous conidial masses, making the distinction of D. obscurans from G. cingulata or C. acutatum. On petioles with latent infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, white aerial hyphae grew out from the vascular tissues on the cut surface 3 days after incubation at 28°C and were easily observed by eye or with a loupe. Thus, SDEI was also useful for diagnosing latent infection of strawberry plants by C. acutatum, D. obscurans, and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae.     

乙醇、乙二醇二甲醚与柴油混合燃料排放特性研究

提出了将乙二醇二甲醚作为乙醇柴油燃料的一种组成成分,利用乙二醇二甲醚好的发火性来改善乙醇柴油燃料差的发火性。试验表明乙二醇二甲醚与乙醇、柴油互溶,具有较好的稳定性。对三种比例混合燃料测试了柴油机在主要工况下的性能与排放特性,得出乙二醇二甲醚加入量以E20为最佳,此时,烟度降低了约80%,NOx略有增加,燃油消耗率略有下降。此外考察了随着十六烷值的变化对混合燃料的排放特性的影响,得出随着十六烷值的增加,NOx排放逐渐增加,对烟度和经济性存在一个最佳值。     

采后乙醇处理对萝卜幼苗延迟衰老作用的影响

去根小萝卜幼苗，放置在０．５Ｌ的塑料盒中，用０．０５－１．０ｍｌ不同量的乙醇处理不同的时间，４ｄ后测定叶绿素损失量，氧的消耗量，二氧化碳产生量。结果发现，经乙醇气处理后的样品组，叶绿素损失均比对照组明显减少，二氧化碳生成量和氧的消耗量也比对照组显著降低，说明呼吸作用减缓并受到了抑制，延迟了衰老作用的发生。     

核桃壳提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

为明确核桃壳提取物体外抗氧化活性,测定核桃壳乙醇提取物及其氯仿相对DPPH·、·OH、H2O2和O2-·的清除率及总抗氧化能力。核桃壳乙醇提取物及其氯仿相具有清除DPPH·、·OH、H2O2、O2-·的能力,且具有一定的还原能力;当样品浓度为2mg·mL-1时,核桃壳乙醇提取物对DPPH·、·OH、H2O2、O2-·的清除能力分别为84.91%、22.98%、33.54%、80.36%,还原力为1.971;其氯仿相对DPPH·、·OH、H2O2、O2-·的清除能力分别为93.42%、49.89%、47.58%、90.64%,还原力为0.998。在试验浓度范围内抗氧化能力与提取物浓度呈正相关,核桃壳乙醇提取物及其氯仿相具有体外抗氧化活性。     

显微注射Ca^2＋激活小鼠M Ⅱ期卵母细胞

胞质内显微注入Ｃａ＾２＋可以激活小鼠Ｍ Ⅱ期卵母细胞，且随着卵龄的增加，激活率明显升高。卵龄小于１６ｈ（ｈＣＧ注射后）注射Ｃａ＾２＋引起的激活率很低，卵龄超过１８ｈ，激活率达到５０％以上。卵龄小于１６ｈ的卵母细胞，卵内注入超纯水未能激活卵母细胞，而在１８￣１９ｈ卵龄组，注射水的对照组激活率为３５％，但显著或极显著地低于注射Ｃａ＾２＋的试验组。激活前注射ＥＤＴＡ卵母细胞的激活率约为３０％，激活后注射     

Effects of organic solvents on denitrification in soil

Summary Although organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol have been shown to act as energy sources for denitrifying microorganisms, no studies on the influence of organic solvents on denitrification in soil have been reported. Organic solvents have been used as an aid in the application of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals to soil, in studying the effects of these chemicals on denitrification in soil. During these applications, the soil is often aerated or heated to remove the solvent while leaving the chemical in the soil. The work reported here shows that treating soils with methanol, ethanol, or acetone had a very marked effect on their denitrifying ability, even when the soils were aerated thoroughly or heated at 50°C to remove these solvents. This indicates either that it is not possible to effect complete removal of organic solvents from soils by aeration or heating or that organic solvents promote denitrification by solubilizing a fraction of soil organic matter that is not available to denitrifying microorganisms before the addition of these solvents. Experiments using phenylmercuric acetate (a herbicide and nitrification inhibitor) showed that although this compound had a marked inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in methanol, ethanol, or acetone, it had no inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in water. The work reported shows that the use of an organic solvent in adding an agricultural chemical to soil can lead to erroneous conclusions in studies on the effects of the chemical on soil denitrification.     

Ethanol vapor and saprophytic yeast treatments reduce decay and maintain quality of intact and fresh-cut sweet cherries

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an ethanol vapor release pad and a saprophytic yeast Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatum (CIM) to reduce decay and maintain postharvest quality of intact or fresh-cut sweet cherries (Prunus avium) cv. Lapins and Bing. Intact or fresh-cut fruit were packed in perforated clamshells (capacity 454 g) and stored at 1, 10 or 20 °C for up to 21, 14 and 8 d, respectively. For ethanol treatment, a pad made with silica gel powder containing 10 g ethanol and covered with perforated film, which allows ethanol vapor to diffuse gradually, was attached to the upper lid of the clamshells. Ethanol treatment caused accumulation of ethanol in the packaging headspace, about 10 μL L⁻¹ with little change within 14 d at 1 °C, 23 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 15 μL L⁻¹ at d 10 at 10 °C, and 26 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 13 μL L⁻¹ at d 3 at 20 °C. Ethanol content in fruit was less than 9 mg kg⁻¹ in all the control fruit, and increased to 16, 34 and 43 mg kg⁻¹ in ethanol-treated fruit at 1, 10 and 20 °C, respectively. Nonetheless, a sensory taste panel did not perceive any flavor difference from the ethanol treatment. The ethanol treatment retarded softening, darkening, and acid decrease in fruit as well as discoloration of the stems, and extended shelf-life of intact cherries. Ethanol reduced brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) in fresh-cut cherries stored at 20 °C, but not at 1 and 10 °C. A pre-packaging dip in CIM completely controlled brown rot in inoculated fresh-cut cherries stored at 1 °C, and in naturally infected cherries at 20 °C.     

Cattle, ethanol, and biogas: Does closing the loop make economic sense?

The recent surge in US ethanol production has led to an increase in the amount of byproduct feed available to cattle producers. The impetus behind the increase in ethanol production is US policy to increase the production and use of renewable fuels. Manure from cattle production can also be used to produce a renewable fuel: methane. By co-locating a cattle feedlot with an existing ethanol plant, there may be synergies between ethanol, methane and cattle production. Byproduct from the ethanol plant can be fed to feeder cattle, manure from the cattle used in methane production, and the methane used as an energy source in the ethanol plant. Alternatively, methane can be used to generate electricity. We investigate the economic advisability of these systems. Using cost estimates for construction and operating a feedlot and anaerobic digester for methane production, we project revenues and costs over a 20-year time period. Our findings are consistent with studies that have considered just cattle production and methane production. The investment required to build a slatted-floor feedlot and concrete anaerobic digester cannot be justified under existing economic conditions. An increase in renewable fuel/electricity subsidies of at least $0.053 per kW h or $72 per 1000 m³ of methane are required to just break even when methane is used to produce electricity or is burned for thermal energy, respectively.     

邻苯二甲酰亚胺乙氧基环甘油硫代磷脂缀合物的合成

以碘活化的六乙基亚磷酰三胺为磷酰化及环化试剂 ,经“一锅法”合成了邻苯二甲酰亚胺乙氧基环甘油硫代磷脂缀合物 ,收率达 90 %左右