丛生竹林下竹荪富硒菌棒覆土栽培技术

在丛生竹林下对不同基质配方和硒浓度菌棒进行埋棒栽培以及覆土方式栽培试验，结果表明，菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪产量及其营养成分有显著影响，而且三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式有利于提高竹荪产量。改良基质配方菌棒竹荪产量比常规配方提高约50%；在添加外源硒质量分数为0~2.0 mg/kg的浓度范围内，竹荪子实体产量先随着硒浓度的增加而逐渐增加后再有所降低，基质中添加1.5 mg/kg硒肥比不添加产量提高了195.30%。基质中添加硒质量分数为1.0~2.0 mg/kg的硒肥可以较显著地提高竹荪花的硒含量，其干物质中硒含量平均值从约2.50 mg/kg提高到8.05~13.30 mg/kg，外源硒肥利用率达到9.70%~15.36%。菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪子实体的粗蛋白及粗多糖含量有明显影响，改良配方竹荪蛋与竹荪花的粗蛋白含量是常规配方的1.21和1.29倍，其粗多糖含量是常规配方的4.81和1.35倍；基质中添加硒肥与不添加硒肥相比，竹荪蛋与竹荪花中粗蛋白含量分别增加了40.90%和14.30%。在硒质量分数为1.0 mg/kg的竹荪菌棒林下覆土栽培试验中，三列浅沟形覆土方式单位面积鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，为10.27 kg/m²；双列龟背形覆土方式单个菌棒的鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，达1.40 kg。三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式基质生物转化率分别为93.00%和94.14%，达到了较高水平。     

Impact of land‐use intensity on the relationships between vegetation indices,photosynthesis and biomass of intensively and extensively managed grassland fens

Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non‐destructive estimation of biomass and photosynthesis, but there have been few validation studies of the underlying relationships. To test their applicability on temperate fens and the impact of management intensity, we investigated the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), brown and green above‐ground biomass and photosynthesis potential (PP). Only the linear relationship between NDVI and PP was management independent (R² = 0·53). LAI to PP was described by a site‐specific and negative logarithmic function (R² = 0·07–0·68). The hyperbolic relationship of LAI versus NDVI showed a high residual standard error (s.e.) of 1·71–1·84 and differed between extensive and intensive meadows. Biomass and LAI correlated poorly (R² = 0·30), with high species‐specific variability. Intensive meadows had a higher ratio of LAI to biomass than extensive grasslands. The fraction of green to total biomass versus NDVI showed considerable noise (s.e. = 0·13). These relationships were relatively weak compared with results from other ecosystems. A likely explanation could be the high amount of standing litter, which was unevenly distributed within the vegetation canopy depending on the season and on the timing of cutting events. Our results show there is high uncertainty in the application of the relationships on temperate fen meadows. For reliable estimations, management intensity needs to be taken into account and several direct measurements throughout the year are required for site‐specific correction of the relationships, especially under extensive management. Using NDVI instead of LAI could reduce uncertainty in photosynthesis models.     

Relationships of Spectral Reflectance with Plant Tissue Mineral Elements of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Salinity Stresses

ABSTRACT

Salinity and drought stresses are critical for Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and development. They affect plants in various ways, including tissue mineral element content. Micro- and macro-elements in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Blue lake’ and cv. ‘Terli’) subjected to deficit irrigation and salinity treatments were investigated, both analytically and with regards to their effect on the leaves’ spectral reflectance. B (boron), K (potassium), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), Si (silicon) and Zn (zinc) appeared to be influenced by stress factors, mainly responding to salinity increase. The leaf spectral reflectance of the plants appeared to be significantly correlated with most of the elements under investigation. Multivariate regression identified a relationship of the reflectance at particular regions of the spectrum with phosphorus and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and indicated a significant correlation with B, Fe (iron), K, Mn, P (phosphorus) and Zn. Moreover, customized spectral indices, exhibiting significantly high correlation with B, Fe, K, Mg (magnesium), Mn, Na, P, Zn and N (nitrogen), were developed.     

基于遥感指数的草原火后植被恢复研究

草原火是草原生态系统重要的干扰因子，严重影响着系统的结构与功能。基于遥感数据，以2015年“4·16”特大草原火灾为例，利用ENVI和ArcGIS等软件，分别对NDVI和GPP指数及火烧严重度下的植被恢复过程进行定量分析。结果表明，基于NDVI和GPP指数的火后植被恢复过程表现相似，不同年份植被恢复情况存在一定差异。火灾发生当年（2015年）火烧迹地植被恢复状况高于未发生火灾区域，而在火后第1年（2016年）却又稍低于未发生火灾区域，直到火后第2年（2017年），火烧迹地植被基本恢复到火前状态。同时，不同火烧严重度下的植被恢复过程在存在明显差异。草原火灾发生后当年（2015年），中强度火烧下植被恢复最好，其次是轻度，重度表现最差。草原火烧严重度对植被恢复的影响，主要表现在火后第1个植被生长季。在之后的年份里，由于草原更新能力强大，不同火烧严重度对草原植被的影响不明显。本研究可丰富草原火灾及火烧迹地植被恢复等相关研究成果，同时为草原火灾管理和草原生态系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

关中-天水经济区人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响

为探究植被覆盖变化及人类活动对改善关中地区及西北地区的生态环境影响,利用植被覆盖和地表温度数据,结合Sen趋势与Mann-Kendall检验分析关中-天水经济区2001—2016年的植被覆盖变化趋势,并根据估算的土壤湿度因子,应用残差法评价人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响程度及影响方向。结果表明:1)从时间变化维度来看,2001—2016年关中-天水经济区植被覆盖变化总体呈良好趋势,且整体表现为在不断波动中递增,表明关天经济区进行的生态环境建设工程正在慢慢凸显它的生态效应。2)从空间变化维度来看,关中-天水经济区植被覆盖显著增长的区域面积占35.87%,主要集中在研究区南北两侧。而显著下降的面积区域占3.21%,主要分布在城市中心,即经济发展活跃的地区,如西安市区,宝鸡市区,天水市区,铜川市区等。3)关中-天水经济区植被覆盖受自然因素影响较小,受其他因素影响大。其正相关区域占13.43%,不显著相关区域占85.26%。4)关中-天水经济区人类活动对植被覆盖变化的正作用大于负作用。其中,正作用区域主要分布在研究区北部和东南地区,其主要原因是人类活动不频繁,建设生态屏障、加强退耕还林、三北防护林保护以及水土保持等生态工程促进植被NDVI增长。负作用区域主要分布在渭河沿线、经济活动较高地区,其主要原因有:人类活动频繁、过度城市化、工业化等抑制植被生长。5)植被覆盖的增长和下降区域与人类活动对植被影响的正作用和负作用区域大致相同。这也从侧面反映了关天经济区植被覆盖情况受人类活动影响大。总之,在负作用区域,在经济建设发展的同时也要注重植被建设、以及对植被乃至生态环境的保护。     

天山云杉林冠层结构对草本物种多样性的影响

为研究天山云杉林冠层特征与林下草本物种多样性的相互关系，以新疆天格尔森林公园天山云杉林的4个龄级的林分（幼林龄、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林）为研究对象，以冠层分析仪获得的冠层结构特征和林下光环境指数等野外实际调查数据为依据，通过计算 α 多样性指数分析4个龄级的草本物种多样性，利用多元统计方法研究冠层结构对草本多样性的影响。结果表明，各个指标在不同龄级间均有一定的差异，且随着林分的生长和更新，天山云杉林呈现林冠开度逐渐减小、叶面积指数增大、林下光辐射均减弱、物种多样性指数均减小的趋势；典型模型表明林冠开度对冠层结构起到主要作用（呈极显著正相关P<0.01），叶面积指数次之（呈极显著负相关P<0.01）；在林下辐射中，林下总辐射对林内光环境起主要作用；相比冠层结构，林下光照对草本层物种多样性的作用更大，其中林冠开度和丰富度指数之间呈显著正相关，林下总辐射、林下直射辐射和多样性指数、均匀度指数之间均呈显著正相关。     

高原鼠兔对草地植被的危害及防治阈值研究

对高原鼠兔在不同时期的危害特征进行了研究，针对该鼠在补偿危害期和非补偿危害期的危害量提出了一种估算方法，得出其群体全年平均危害量β（干重）为4．94kg／只。同时根据春季灭鼠率（k）、秋季种群数量变化的预测值（λ）以及群体平均危害量（β）等参数估算可挽回损失值y。当可挽回损失值与成本参数（c）相等时，春季防治的经济阈值（x）为19．09只／hm^2或63．6个洞口／hm^2。     

新建县沙生植被的保护与开发利用

以农业生产为支柱产业的新建县地处鄱阳湖流域，区域内沙生植被较脆弱。随着经济与人口的快速增长及农、林、旅游业的大发展，如何保护县域内沙生植被、更好的开发和利用这种资源十分重要。在分析新建县沙生植被现状及影响其生长的主要因素的基础上，就该地区内沙生植被的保护和开发利用提出建议。     

高等级公路植被护坡工程技术发展初探

依据恢复生态学原理,在探讨植被护坡技术现状的基础上,对高等级公路植被护坡工程技术中的生物治理和工程治理进行分析,提出了植被护坡工程设计原则、技术发展趋势和建议.     

Rural depopulation and recent landscape changes in a Mediterranean region: Consequences to the breeding avifauna

We studied the vegetational and avifaunistic changes following rural depopulation in an area covering 2,600 ha north of Montpellier (Southern France). The study area is covered by a mosaic of Mediterranean habitats that includes cultivation, grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands and is representative of the natural features present and of the human usage practiced so far in this part of the Mediterranean. We sampled the vegetation and the bird fauna in the same 193 census plots in 1978 and in 1992. At both the habitat and landscape scales the cover of woody plants increased significantly. Open habitats tend to disappear. As a consequence the abundance of open-habitat bird species decreased significantly whereas the abundance of forest birds increased significantly. These changes favor a pool of forest species widespread in western Europe and reduce habitat availability for open habitat and shrubland species. Many of the latter are Mediterranean species whose distribution in Western Europe could become reduced under current landscape dynamics. Our observation of more woodlands and their typical birds and of less open habitats and their associated avifauna is not consistent with the traditional worry shown by the public and the managers about the regression of forests and woodlands in the Northern Mediterranean as a consequence of fire.