碎甘薯秧离散元仿真参数测量与标定*

针对甘薯秧蔓机械化回收过程中离散元仿真研究缺乏准确参数值的问题,采用直接测量和虚拟标定相结合的方法对碎甘薯茎秆和叶片离散元仿真参数进行研究。采用物理试验法获得碎甘薯秧的本征参数、碰撞恢复系数等参数值及碎甘薯秧颗粒的静摩擦系数参数范围,并为离散元法仿真设计了不同的参数组合。通过堆积角优化仿真试验确定甘薯叶片本征参数及其他不易直接测量的离散元仿真参数。Plackett-Burman试验表明,甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—45钢的静摩擦系数、甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—甘薯叶的滚动摩擦系数均显著影响堆积角。运用最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken优化试验标定了对碎甘薯秧堆积角有显著影响的参数值,以得到的参数进行颗粒堆积仿真试验,测得堆积角平均值为40.51°,与实测值相对误差为0.972%,说明物理试验加优化仿真试验来标定离散元参数是可行的,标定所得的参数可作为甘薯秧茎叶离散元仿真参数。     

丛生竹林下竹荪富硒菌棒覆土栽培技术

在丛生竹林下对不同基质配方和硒浓度菌棒进行埋棒栽培以及覆土方式栽培试验，结果表明，菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪产量及其营养成分有显著影响，而且三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式有利于提高竹荪产量。改良基质配方菌棒竹荪产量比常规配方提高约50%；在添加外源硒质量分数为0~2.0 mg/kg的浓度范围内，竹荪子实体产量先随着硒浓度的增加而逐渐增加后再有所降低，基质中添加1.5 mg/kg硒肥比不添加产量提高了195.30%。基质中添加硒质量分数为1.0~2.0 mg/kg的硒肥可以较显著地提高竹荪花的硒含量，其干物质中硒含量平均值从约2.50 mg/kg提高到8.05~13.30 mg/kg，外源硒肥利用率达到9.70%~15.36%。菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪子实体的粗蛋白及粗多糖含量有明显影响，改良配方竹荪蛋与竹荪花的粗蛋白含量是常规配方的1.21和1.29倍，其粗多糖含量是常规配方的4.81和1.35倍；基质中添加硒肥与不添加硒肥相比，竹荪蛋与竹荪花中粗蛋白含量分别增加了40.90%和14.30%。在硒质量分数为1.0 mg/kg的竹荪菌棒林下覆土栽培试验中，三列浅沟形覆土方式单位面积鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，为10.27 kg/m²；双列龟背形覆土方式单个菌棒的鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，达1.40 kg。三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式基质生物转化率分别为93.00%和94.14%，达到了较高水平。     

基于距离相关系数和KNN回归模型的森林蓄积量估测研究

【目的】探究Landsat8 OLI数据和KNN算法在森林蓄积量估测中的潜力。【方法】以湖南省湘潭县为研究区,采用Landsat8 OLI数据和同时期的二类调查数据,通过距离相关系数筛选特征,分别采用线性回归模型(MLR)、K-近邻模型(KNN)、距离加权KNN模型(DW-KNN)和优化欧式KNN模型(FW-KNN)对森林蓄积量进行估测。使用十折交叉方法进行精度检验,对检验结果进行对比分析。【结果】3种KNN模型的估测结果均高于传统的线性模型,并且在3种KNN模型中,FW-KNN算法效果最好,决定系数达到0.69,为3种模型中最高;3种KNN模型中,本研究优化欧氏距离KNN模型的估测精度最高,其均方根误差为30.3%,相比于传统KNN模型的均方根误差降低了5.1%,相比于DW-KNN模型降低了3.3%。【结论】采用DW-KNN蓄积量估测结果明显优于其他两种模型,说明通过特征与蓄积量的相关性优化样本间的距离是一种可行的KNN优化方法。     

内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量

为了给内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）测土施氮奠定科学基础，本研究采用“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡-地力差减法”新应用公式，开展了该自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量研究。结果表明：内蒙古高原生长第1年紫花苜蓿土壤碱解氮第1~6级丰缺指标为≥48，20~48，8~20，4~8，2~4和<2 mg·kg^-1，土壤全氮第1~5级丰缺指标为≥1.4，0.8~1.4，0.4~0.8，0.2~0.4和<0.2 g·kg^-1，土壤有机质第1~6级丰缺指标为≥17，10~17，6~10，3~6，2~3和<2 g·kg^-1。当紫花苜蓿目标产量9~18 t·hm^-2、氮肥利用率40%时，内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿第1~6级土壤推荐施氮量分别为0，68~135，135~270，203~405，270~540和338~675 kg·hm^-2。     

青海省祁连圆柏天然林单木生物量模型构建

利用祁连圆柏整株生物量与生长指标数据，为估算祁连圆柏林的生物量估算提供参考。通过野外调查，共获取了63株祁连圆柏天然林样木生物量与生长指标实测数据。用其中50株样木数据进行回归模拟，用其余的13株样木数据对模型可靠性进行检验，构建器官生物量与生长指标间的回归模型。结果表明，祁连圆柏单木水平下，树干生物量模型的R²_adj为0.96，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.50、0.85和0.05；枝条生物量模型的R²_adj为0.897，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.69、0.80和-0.66；叶生物量模型的R²_adj为0.61，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.54、0.86和0.15；根生物量模型的R²_adj为0.93，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.12、0.997 和-0.01。在调查数据范围内构建的模型较好地反映了祁连圆柏生物量与生长指标间的关系，形式简单、使用方便；与实测值相比，树干与叶生物量模拟值偏小，枝和根偏大。     

基于BP神经网络的人机联合率定SWMM研究

为解决雨洪管理模型(SWMM)在率定过程中参数复杂、过程繁琐等问题。以西宁市某地块为例建立SWMM模型,利用Morris筛选法进行参数灵敏度分析,并根据灵敏度分析的结果进行人工率定;另外利用BP神经网络对模型进行率定,并结合参数灵敏度对其进行优化。对3种率定方案进行分析,结果表明:水文水力模块参数的相对灵敏度基本一致,其中灵敏度较大的参数为子汇水区面积(Area)、不透水率(Imperv)和不透水区洼地蓄积量(Destore-Imperv),并且不同降雨条件下模型参数的灵敏度存在差异。经过优化后的BP神经网络参数率定方法的模型模拟效果最好,纳什系数最大。结合灵敏度优化BP神经网络的人机联合率定方法一方面能提高BP神经网络率定的准确性,另一方面又能提高传统人工率定的效率。     

Age estimation of different tree species using a special kind of an electrically recording resistance drill

The determination of tree age is an important issue for urban green planning, forestry and dendrology; finding non-destructive and quasi-non-destructive methods for this purpose is of great theoretical and practical importance. The resistance drilling method is quasi-non-destructive because the average diameter of an opening that remains after drilling does not exceed 3 mm. Do electrically recording resistance drills allow precise assessment of tree age? The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of determining the number of tree rings based on an examination of this special kind of drilling resistance profiles for three tree species, the pine Pinus sylvestris L., the oak Quercus robur L., and the birch Betula pendula ROTH. In 2015 and 2016, 15 pine trees, 15 oak trees, and 15 birch trees were randomly selected. For each studied tree, a measurement was conducted using the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 with a flat-tipped 1.5/3 mm steel needle (research sample), and an increment core was taken (reference sample). The drill used was not a real Resistograph^®. The analysis of the E400-profiles underestimated the number of tree rings; the mean bias error (MBE) values were –6.5, –2.5, and –6.0 years for pine, oak, and birch, respectively. The proportion of investigated trees with less than five years difference between the research and reference samples varied from 38.4 (birch) to 66.7 (oak) percent. The accuracy of tree age determination was lowest for birch and highest for oak. The binomial generalised linear model (GLM) revealed that the most accurate tree age assessments were obtained from tree rings wider than 2 mm. The measurements clearly showed that the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 enables a quick, although approximate, tree age assessment. Future research should concentrate on electronically regulating and recording drills, providing a higher spatial and signal resolution, and a stronger correlation to wood density.     

Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

菠萝蜜种子淀粉制备香草兰微胶囊的工艺研究

以菠萝蜜种子淀粉为壁材,采用饱和水溶液法制备香草兰精油微胶囊,以包埋产率为指标,采用响应面分析法对微胶囊的包埋条件进行优化探讨。结果表明:5个单因素中,影响最显著的因素为壁芯材比例、包埋温度和包埋时间。响应面优化得到香草兰精油微胶囊的最佳工艺条件为壁芯材比例为7.5∶1;包埋时间72 min;包埋温度54℃,此条件下的包埋产率为(95.46±0.2)%,包埋率为(76.35±0.6)%,载油量为(27.73±0.3)%。试验证明,此条件结果与模型预测值相吻合,此工艺条件可为菠萝蜜种子淀粉包埋香草兰精油微胶囊工艺提供理论依据。     

畜牧养殖污染现状及综合治理对策

畜牧养殖业污染问题是畜牧养殖生产过程中的常见问题,对于养殖业也有一定的影响,直接影响畜牧产品质量及动物疫病防治工作。该文针对畜牧养殖业污染现状进行分析研究,阐述畜牧养殖污染问题现状,并综合新疆地区的畜牧养殖业发展状态,提出畜牧养殖污染问题综合治理的有效对策。