畜禽配合饲料生产中的药物交叉污染与控制研究

试验的目的是获得典型畜禽配合饲料厂产品生产中的药物残留与交叉污染数据,研发出交叉污染的有效控制措施。选择典型配合饲料厂的生产系统的混合机底部、混合机下刮板输送机头部、斗提机底座和打包口处为检测点,以金霉素和吉他霉素为试验检测药物,进行了药物残留与交叉污染水平测定,并研究了降低药物交叉污染的冲洗技术。研究结果表明:典型畜禽配合饲料生产线的加药饲料生产能引起设备中药物残留和后续生产的饲料产品的药物交叉污染。污染水平可能超出安全限量;采用冲洗技术能够有效降低生产线中的残留量和饲料的交叉污染水平,冲洗料量应为混合机容量的80%~100%;对饲料产品进行科学排序和定期清扫是防止交叉污染的必要手段。     

饲料厂设备降残技术及标准作业程序研究进展

饲料加工设备的残留问题是造成饲料产品交叉污染的主要原因,因而降低加工设备残留的技术研发成为饲料设备技术创新的主要方向之一。文章综述了饲料输送设备、配料设备、混合设备、调质设备、除尘系统以及饲料加工标准作业程序的研究进展。     

饲料加工中交叉污染的原因、处理及度量分析

饲料交叉污染存在于所有饲料厂中,降低饲料交叉污染是保证饲料安全的关键措施。为某种目的而添加到目标饲料中的药物,在加工过程中因各种原因而出现在非目标饲料中,即为药物交叉污染。对交叉污染的度量已引起很大的关注。笔者从饲料加工的角度分析出现药物污染的原因,并提出建议性的改进措施以及交叉污染度量措施。     

对几种药物在饲料加工中引起交叉污染的评估

目前．饲料中药物的交叉污染问题在饲料加工中普遍存在，而且相当严重。本文对几类药物（磺胺类、四环素类、硝基呋喃类、硝基咪唑类和抗球虫类）在饲料加工中的交叉污染研究现状进行简要论述。     

饲料加工中微生物交叉污染与防控技术研究进展

饲料安全是食品安全的基础。饲料的有害微生物交叉污染会引起饲料生物危害,而控制这一生物危害需要采取综合技术措施。文章综述了饲料原料、饲料产品中有害微生物的污染研究进展,饲料厂易发生有害微生物残留污染的主要场所和物料的研究进展,饲料中有害微生物的杀菌技术研究进展以及防控饲料中有害微生物交叉污染的综合措施。     

饲料加工和输送过程中的药物遗留污染

21世纪人类面临着环境污染加剧,生态环境恶化的严重问题。在众多污染源中,养殖业所造成的环境污染不容忽视,而且有愈演愈烈之势,已到了亟待解决的地步。不科学地在饲料中滥加药物、滥用饲料添加剂的问题,已为有关部门高度重视。但在饲料加工和输送过程中的药物遗留污染问题,还没有引起人们足够的重视。药物遗留污染可能发生于饲料的加工和输送过程中,如牛饲料产品中的莫能菌素,遗留在加工的马饲料中,可能导致马的死亡。 药物的类别、品种、数量和饲料输送系统,决定药物遗留污染的程度。单品种饲料生产厂家遗留污染(交叉污染)风险较小,多品种动物饲料生产厂家,比单品种动物饲料生产厂家,承担的交叉污染风险大。     

一起饲料药物交叉污染事件引发的反思

通过对一起典型的因交叉污染造成的饲料药物残留事件的调查,笔者分析了产生药物残留污染的原因,并提出建设性的纠正措施及几点反思。     

生产现场控制交叉污染的措施与方法

产品多系列、品种多规格是饲料企业的一个特点，由此引发的交叉污染已经成为制约产品质量提升的障碍。生产现场是控制交叉污染发生的主要场所，原料转运、生产加工和成品仓储等过程中均可能发生交叉污染，设备残留、计划失误、操作失误也都是引发交叉污染的重要因素。合理调控人机料法环，有效避免交叉污染成为饲料企业生产现场管理的重要内容。     

加工过程中如何确保饲料安全

(一)尽量避免分级在饲料加工过程中,饲料组分的密度差异、载体颗粒度的不同以及添加剂等微量组分与饲料中的其他用量较大组分之间混合的不充分,是产生分级的重要原因。原料的输送、装料和卸料等加工流程也会造成分级,手工操作和加工工艺流程设计不当也易造成分级。减少分级的措施是合理设计饲料加工工艺流程和选择优质精密的设备;通过调整原料的组成和粉碎的粒度来保证原料混合均匀等。 (二)避免加工过程中的残留污染 许多因素可造成饲料在设备中的残留,从而导致交叉污染。在工艺设计上,输送过程中尽量利用分配器和自流的形式,少用水平输…     

饲料加工过程安全控制技术研究

本文简要进行了饲料加工危害分析,对加工过程中应采取的安全控制技术包括成品饲料均匀度保证技术、残留和交叉污染控制技术及饲料预防性杀菌处理技术进行了详细介绍,有助于安全饲料生产。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.