高效液相色谱法测定麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法研究

为完善麻杏石甘口服液质量标准,采用高效液相色谱法对麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定方法进行了研究。色谱柱为C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(含0.1%三乙胺)(3∶97),检测波长为207 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。盐酸麻黄碱进样浓度在0.005～0.06 mg/mL(0.05～0.6μg范围内,峰面积盐酸麻黄碱含量呈良好的线性关系(R~2=0.999 9),样品平均回收率为100.22%(n=6),RSD为1.47%。本方法简便、准确度高、重复性好,为进一步控制麻杏石甘口服液的质量标准提供了依据。     

HPLC法测定麻杏石甘散中甘草酸的含量

建立HPLC法测定麻杏石甘散中甘草酸含量的方法。色谱柱为Waters XBrigeTMC18（4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm）;以甲醇-0.2 mol/L醋酸铵溶液-冰醋酸（45∶55∶1）为流动相;流速：1.0 mL/min;柱温：30℃;检测波长：250 nm。甘草酸铵的线性范围为43.47-217.40μg,R=0.999 6,平均回收率为92.44%（RSD=1.6%）。本方法快速、简便、准确,能有效测定麻杏石甘散中甘草酸的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中4种成分含量

建立高效液相色谱法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸含量的方法。采用Welchrom?C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.5),梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL,检测波长258 nm。结果表明,芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸分别在13.600～217.550μg/mL、9.410～150.560μg/mL、35.670～570.690μg/mL、40.910～654.560μg/mL范围内线性关系均良好(r>0.999 0),平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为102.88%、102.60%、99.50%、100.77%,RSD分别为0.49%、0.91%、0.49%、0.41%。该方法快速简便、精密度好、灵敏度高,可用于清胃润肠合剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸的含量。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为252 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果显示,黄芩苷和甘草酸的进样浓度分别在61.84~618.4、8.256~82.56μg/mL(R 2=0.9999,0.9999)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;精密度、重复性和稳定性试验的RSD均小于2.0%;平均加样回收率分别为100.0%、99.2%,回收率的RSD分别为1.0%、0.6%(n=6)。本方法操作简便、准确,可用于芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸含量的同时测定。     

UPLC-PDA法测定甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的含量

建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定甘草浸膏中主成分甘草苷和甘草酸的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱法对甘草苷和甘草酸进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC^TM T 3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%冰乙酸+5 mmol/L醋酸铵)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为232 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对甘草苷和甘草酸进行定性定量检测。甘草苷在1~20μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为0.5μg/mL,定量限为1μg/mL;甘草酸在10~200μg/mL范围内线性良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为5μg/mL,定量限为10μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的定性定量检测。     

HPLC测定宫衣净酊中葛根素含量

为了建立宫衣净酊中葛根素的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定方法,应用色谱柱为安捷伦Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(25∶75),流速为1mL/min,检测波长为250nm,柱温为30℃。结果表明,在此色谱条件下,葛根素的线性范围为18.25μg/mL~584.00μg/mL(r=0.999 9,n=6),平均回收率为108.83%(RSD=1.03%)。说明本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可以作为宫衣净酊的质量控制方法。     

梯度洗脱HPLC法同时测定4种解热镇痛类药物的含量

建立梯度洗脱HPLC法同时测定4种解热镇痛类药物的含量方法。采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.05 mol/L醋酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长254 nm。结果表明,在该色谱条件下,对乙酰氨基酚、安乃近、安替比林、氨基比林分离良好;对乙酰氨基酚在50～500μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.2%(n=9),RSD为0.6%;安乃近在10～250μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 8,平均回收率为100.6%(n=9),RSD为0.8%;安替比林在10～100μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.4%(n=9),RSD为1.0%;氨基比林在10～250μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 7,平均回收率为98.9%(n=9),RSD为0.8%。本测定方法操作简便,结果准确、可靠,可用于同时测定以上4种解热镇痛类药物的含量。     

板芪口服液定性与定量方法的研究

为了研究板芪口服液定性与定量的方法,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)定性鉴别板芪口服液中的黄芪、丹参、黄芩与连翘;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定板芪口服液中黄芩苷的含量。色谱柱:ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-水-磷酸(47∶53∶0.2);流速:1.0 mL/min;检测波长:280 nm。TLC结果显示供试品色谱在与对照品、对照药材相应位置上显相同颜色斑点。HPLC结果显示黄芩苷的含量在0.1531～1.225μg(r=0.999)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,低中高浓度的平均加样回收率分别为96.99%、98.06%、98.96%,RSD值分别为2.02%、1.81%、1.29%。结果表明,方法操作简单,重复性、准确性好,精密度高,可作为板芪口服液的质量标准。     

高效液相色谱法测定麻杏石甘颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱含量

为完善麻杏石甘颗粒质量标准,采用高液相色谱法对麻杏石甘颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定进行研究。采用Thermo scientific BDS C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(含0.1%三乙胺)(3∶97),检测波长207 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果表明,盐酸麻黄碱进样浓度在5~60μg/mL范围内,峰面积与盐酸麻黄碱含量呈良好线性关系(R^2=0.9999)。样品平均回收率为96.62%(n=6),RSD为1.30%。本方法简便、准确度高、重复性好、耐用性强,为进一步提高该制剂的质量标准,保证临床效果,提供了检测依据。     

HPLC法同时测定板青败毒口服液中(R-S)告依春、绿原酸、咖啡酸的含量

建立了板青败毒口服液中(R-S)告依春、绿原酸、咖啡酸的高效液相色谱检查方法。使用C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm,)色谱柱,样品前处理用50%乙醇稀释,乙腈∶0.05%磷酸(8∶92,V/V)梯度洗脱,采用光二极管阵列检测器(PAD),波长采集范围为200～400 nm,流速为0.8 mL/min,进样量为10μL,柱温30℃,提取波长是245 nm。结果表明:绿原酸、咖啡酸在5.0～400μg(R~2=0.9998、R~2=0.9993)呈良好的线性关系,(R-S)告依春在2.5～300μg(R~2=0.9991)呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为91.1%、92.9%、91.3%(n=6);RSD分别为1.0%、1.5%、1.4%。本方法简单、准确、重复性好,适用于板青败毒口服液的质量控制。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.