郏县红牛养殖场秋冬季的饲养管理

在郏县红牛养殖业发展的过程中,由于秋冬季节的昼夜温差比较大,经常会导致郏县红牛患病。秋冬季节郏县红牛的肠道功能比较差,易出现营养吸收不良和抗病力下降的问题,导致母红牛的生产性能降低,其犊牛的成活率下降,而郏县红牛群也会出现各种传染性疾病。因此在气温下降的背景下,秋冬季节的饲养管理对促进郏县红牛场养殖业的健康发展尤为重要。     

牛结节性皮肤病的预防及治疗

牛结节性皮肤病是一种新型的皮肤传染病,主要是有牛结节性皮肤病病毒引起。该病的主要临床症状为皮肤出现结节,各品种的牛都易感。该病影响牛的正常生长发育,对牛养殖业的危害比较大。本文主要阐述了牛结节性皮肤病的病原、流行病学特点和发病的症状,重点论述了该病的诊断方法和预防治疗对策,供参考。     

牛结节病流行趋势及防治措施

近几年来我国养殖业的飞速发展让牛养殖户的规模也越来越大,不过在牛养殖的过程中,传染性疾病的入侵成为了影响养殖牛健康繁殖以及牛养殖户经济利益的重要因素,为此,加强传染病防控成为了牛养殖户必须要重视的工作之一。其中牛结节病是近几年来较为常见的牛皮肤传染性疾病,感染牛结节病的病牛皮肤表面会出现结节,同时伴随着诸如发热等症状,这对于牛的生长以及繁衍都会带来严重地影响,与此同时,牛结节病的死亡率也相对较高。为了能够提高牛结节病的治疗和防疫措施,本文对牛结节病的危害和流行趋势进行了分析,并且探讨了牛结节病的临床特征、病理变化以及诊断方式,同时提出了牛结节病的治疗和防疫措施,以供参考。     

挪威红牛杂交奶公牛与普通杂交牛牛肉指标比较研究

为了解挪威红牛与荷斯坦奶牛杂交对后代牛肉性状的影响,本实验通过选取挪威红牛杂交奶公牛与普通杂交牛牛肉进行比较,通过选取牛的半膜肌、臀中肌、背最长肌部位,测定牛肉的失水力、系水力、熟肉率、嫩度、色度等指标。结果显示,挪威红牛样品各项检测指标总体优于普通杂交牛样品,表明挪威红牛杂交奶公牛在牛肉的生产性能方面有一定的优势。     

杂交肉牛背最长肌PPARγ基因与脂肪代谢的研究

为了阐明过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)对脂肪代谢的影响,试验选择红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、草原红牛和夏洛莱牛各6头,分为4组,在相同饲养条件下育肥180 d,屠宰,采样,采用实时荧光定量技术测定背最长肌PPARγ基因mRNA表达量,用索氏提取法测定背最长肌脂肪含量。结果表明:草原红牛肌内脂肪含量显著高于其他3个品种牛(P0.05),顺序为草原红牛夏洛莱牛西门塔尔牛红安格斯牛;草原红牛PPARγ基因mRNA表达量显著高于其他3个品种肉牛(P0.05),顺序为草原红牛夏洛莱牛西门塔尔牛红安格斯牛。说明PPARγ基因对脂肪合成代谢有正向调控作用。     

草原红牛与天一冈山黑牛背最长肌IGFBP-1、IGFBP-2、IGFBP-3、IG-FBP-4及IGFBP-5基因表达差异

本研究采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测了IGFBP-1、IGFBP-2、IGFBP-3、IGFBP-4及IGFBP-5基因在草原红牛与天一冈山黑牛背最长肌中的表达情况,旨在探求这些基因在草原红牛与天一冈山黑牛背最长肌中的表达规律。结果表明,所有5个基因在草原红牛与天一冈山黑牛背最长肌中均有表达;同时,IGFBP-1基因的mRNA在2种牛背最长肌中的相对表达量存在极显著的差异（P〈0.01）,其在草原红牛中的相对表达量是在天一冈山黑牛中的1.42倍;IGFBP-2基因的mRNA在2种牛背最长肌中的相对表达量存在显著的差异（P〈0.05）,其在草原红牛中的相对表达量是在天一冈山黑牛中的3.55倍;其他3个基因的相对表达量没有显著差异。本研究为深入研究IGFBP-1、IGFBP-2、IGFBP-3、IGFBP-4和IGFBP-5基因的生物学功能、了解这些基因对肉质性状的影响,以及对我国肉牛的改良提供理论依据。     

牛螨虫病的诊断与防治

在牛养殖业中,螨虫病是一种较为常见的体外寄生虫病,可引起病牛出现瘙痒、皮肤增厚以及炎症,严重影响牛的身体健康和动物福利,可造成牛生产性能降低甚至死亡,对牛养殖业危害较大。本文对牛螨虫病的病原特点、生活史、流行特点、诊断和防治措施进行论述,为牛螨虫病的防治提供参考。     

牛布鲁氏菌病的防治

随着养殖业的发展,牛养殖业受到广泛重视,然而,目前部分养殖业在牛养殖的过程中,经常会受到布鲁氏菌病的影响,难以提升其经济效益,甚至会出现一些难以解决的问题。基于此,针对牛布鲁氏菌病分析,提出几点防治措施,以供相关人员参考。     

利木赞牛杂交改良对草原红牛肉质的影响

将纯种草原红牛和含1/2利木赞血缘的改良草原红牛各16头在相同营养水平和饲养条件下进行10个月的集中舍饲育肥，研究了2组牛生长速度、产肉率及眼肌面积、大理石花纹和嫩度等肉质水平。结果显示, 改良牛的体高、体长、胸围、体质量、增重、屠宰率和净肉率等极显著或显著地高于草原红牛（P<0.01或P<0.05），改良牛的眼肌面积比草原红牛增8.39%，大理石花纹等级和嫩度剪切力值也略大于草原红牛，但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。试验结果表明，利木赞牛对草原红牛的肉用性能改良效果显著，且对草原红牛的肉质没有明显影响,草原红牛保持了其原有肉质好的品种特性。     

牛高热症诊断与防治

在牛养殖产业发展中,传染病对牛养殖业的危害巨大,不但会直接影响牛的正常生长,同时对整个畜牧养殖业的影响也非常明显。高热症状疫病是一个比较典型的传染病类型,这种疾病具有发病率高、传播速度快以及流行面较广等特性,在较短的时间内可能会对牛养殖产业造成重大的影响。该文重点阐述了高热症状疫病在牛养殖产业中的诊断与防治。     

郏县红牛开发利用和产业化发展的措施和建议

郏县红牛是产于河南省平顶山市郏县的全国八大良种黄牛之一,因其毛色多呈红色,故称郏县红牛。郏县红牛具有适应性强、抗病力强、牛肉品质好等诸多特性,是不可多得的肉牛资源,在上世纪80年代曾达到养殖高峰。随着后来的诸多原因,整个产业不断萎缩,面临着良种繁育体系不健全、种质资源开发不足、种群数量逐年减少、产品开发落后等诸多问题。现今为了更好地实现乡村振兴,郏县政府大力推动郏县红牛产业的发展,为了郏县红牛的进一步开发和产业化发展,本文基于生产要素从几个方面提出思路,为郏县红牛产业的发展提供思路基础。     

Detection of trichomonad species in the reproductive tracts of breeding and virgin bulls

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease of cattle and a large bowel diarrheal disease of cats caused by Tritrichomonas foetus. Recently, other species of trichomonads have been identified from the prepuce of virgin bulls. It is not clear whether these non-T. foetus isolates are common (nor) or is it clear whether they are also present on the prepuce of breeding bulls. To answer these questions, we first developed an immunofluorescent assay (IFA) with T. foetus-specific monoclonal antibodies for comparison with a T. foetus-specific PCR assay. Results showed that all PCR positive isolates were also IFA positive, whether the isolates were from cats or cattle and PCR negative isolates were IFA negative. Bovine non-T. foetus (non-Tf) trichomonad isolates were detected by both assays in 14 virgin bulls, 10 breeding bulls, 21 bulls of undetermined breeding status (presumably breeding bulls) and 2 cows. These isolates from virgin bulls were mostly Tetratrichomonas spp. whereas the non-Tf isolates from most breeding bulls and the two cows were Pentatrichomonas hominis. All T. foetus isolates were from breeding bulls or bulls of undetermined breeding status. This IFA test which discriminates between T. foetus and non-Tf may be useful as a diagnostic assay, since no effective legal treatment is available, bulls positive for T. foetus are culled. With increasing reports of T. foetus large bowel infection in cats, these monoclonal antibodies may also be useful for diagnosis of feline infection. Since two isolates of non-Tf trichomonads were obtained vaginas of breeding cows, it may be that these parasites are sexually transmitted like pathogenic T. foetus.     

基因芯片技术在晋南牛种公牛选育中的应用

为了更好的保护开发利用晋南牛,确保晋南牛的遗传多样性,本研究应用基因芯片技术,对晋南牛进行群体遗传特性的检测及后备种公牛的遗传评估,为晋南牛的分子辅助选育与保种提供理论与技术支持。采集18月龄健康、体重相近（（350±20）kg）的荷斯坦牛、和顺肉牛、西门塔尔牛、延边牛及利木赞牛血样各10份,及晋南牛后备公牛血样25份,根据不同牛品种分为6组,其中前5组每组10个重复,晋南牛后备公牛25个重复。应用Illumina SNP 50K高密度牛SNP芯片进行基因型检测,分析比较晋南牛的群体遗传特征,运用亲缘矩阵计算晋南牛后备公牛的亲缘系数,同时用BLUP进行遗传评估。结果表明,晋南牛在遗传结构上与荷斯坦牛、和顺肉牛、西门塔尔牛及利木赞牛关系较远,与延边牛较近,为中国地方品种群体;对晋南牛后备公牛进行遗传评估,得出了牛的基因组胴体重方差育种值排名,JN23的胴体重倍数性状标准差最大,从基因组水平可选作肉用种公牛;应用亲缘分析对晋南牛后备公牛家系进行分类,避免群体间的近交。本研究对晋南牛后备公牛进行了遗传评估、近交家系分析、传统表型选择及遗传疾病检测,最终选留的种公牛为JN07、JN23、JN05、JN08、JN02、JN13、JN19、JN14,通过多种选育方法结合提高了公牛的选择准确性,为晋南牛的群体选育提高奠定了基础。     

宁夏海原肉牛品种改良的实践与探索

近年来,海原县肉牛产业得到快速发展。为支撑未来肉牛产业发展需求,迫切需要从品种改良技术层面破解当前育种工作中遇到的问题,为今后高端肉牛产业发展指明方向。本文分析了海原县当前繁育母牛资源现状,从肉牛产业发展目标以及制约产业发展的瓶颈问题出发,探索高端肉牛产业的内在含义,提出以西门达尔牛为母本,安格斯公牛为父本的“海原黑牛”育种方向及其在实践基础上的现实可能性。同时通过现有安格斯纯种繁育扩大母牛和选育良种安格斯公牛,为大量杂交提供优秀的公牛基因资源。希望对当前海原肉牛产业发展具有一定指导意义。     

Surveillance for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in four artificial insemination centers

Four large bovine artificial insemination centers implemented a program of surveillance of resident and newly acquired bulls for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Infection was identified in 12 of 1,538 bulls. Several clinical abnormalities, including acute and chronic mucosal disease, were evident among the persistently infected bulls. Semen produced by such bulls consistently contained bovine viral diarrhea virus, and such contamination was not always accompanied by diminished seminal quality. Infected bulls were detected by means of virus isolation tests performed on blood specimens, but not by use of serologic testing. Ten of the 12 persistently infected bulls were results of embryo transfer. Virologic surveillance of breeding herds, artificial insemination and embryo transfer centers, and the cattle trade is necessary to prevent spread of this virus by modern cattle breeding practices. Attention is also necessary to prevent contamination by this virus of the fluids used for recovery, in vitro manipulation, and transfer of bovine embryos.     

Economic evaluation of breeding strategies for improvement of dairy cattle in Kenya

Cost-benefit analysis using net present value (NPV) as the economic evaluation criterion was used to investigate the economic merits of four breeding strategies used for genetic improvement of dairy cattle in Kenya. The breeding strategies were evaluated over a 25-year period. The costs involved in setting up and running each strategy were obtained from large-scale dairy cattle farms, and government and private institutions involved in genetic improvement of dairy cattle. Only benefits from genetic improvement were considered. The impact on NPV due to changes in genetic and economic parameters was investigated. The ranking of the breeding strategies greatly differed with genetic ranking. Among the local selection programs, a strategy utilizing young bulls, sons of local bulls, was more profitable than one utilizing old progeny tested bulls. Continuous semen importation was not an economically viable alternative. The strategy utilizing young bulls progeny of imported bulls (PIB) was only viable if imports were from countries which are >2.00 SD in genetic merit above the local dairy cattle population. The ranking of strategies was not sensitive to changes in genetic parameters but to economic parameters. The use of local semen from young bulls progeny of local proven bulls is recommended. Alternatively, PIB can be utilized but the semen will have to be imported from countries which are >2.00 SD above the local dairy cattle population or the cost of imported semen should be?≤?US$40 per straw.     

Genetic evaluation of breeding strategies for improvement of dairy cattle in Kenya

Cost-benefit analysis using net present value (NPV) as the economic evaluation criterion was used to investigate the economic merits of four breeding strategies used for genetic improvement of dairy cattle in Kenya. The breeding strategies were evaluated over a 25-year period. The costs involved in setting up and running each strategy were obtained from large-scale dairy cattle farms, and government and private institutions involved in genetic improvement of dairy cattle. Only benefits from genetic improvement were considered. The impact on NPV due to changes in genetic and economic parameters was investigated. The ranking of the breeding strategies greatly differed with genetic ranking. Among the local selection programs, a strategy utilizing young bulls, sons of local bulls, was more profitable than one utilizing old progeny tested bulls. Continuous semen importation was not an economically viable alternative. The strategy utilizing young bulls progeny of imported bulls (PIB) was only viable if imports were from countries which are >2.00 SD in genetic merit above the local dairy cattle population. The ranking of strategies was not sensitive to changes in genetic parameters but to economic parameters. The use of local semen from young bulls progeny of local proven bulls is recommended. Alternatively, PIB can be utilized but the semen will have to be imported from countries which are >2.00 SD above the local dairy cattle population or the cost of imported semen should be ≤ US$40 per straw.     

牛肺疫的诊断与防控对策研究

牛肺疫是比较常见的一种牛接触性传染病症,严重危害着牛机体。随着近些年国内畜牧业的迅猛发展,牛养殖场规模与数量随之不断扩大,我国养殖业呈现繁荣发展局面。然而,牛养殖期间也会突发各种疫病,带给畜牧生产巨大的经济损失。所以,有效的牛肺疫诊断防控措施对我国养殖业的发展极具重要意义。     

牛结节性皮肤病疫苗的研究进展

牛结节性皮肤病是由牛结节性皮肤病病毒引起的一种急性、亚急性或慢性传染病。患病牛的临床症状主要为发热、消瘦、淋巴结肿大、皮肤水肿、局部形成结节或溃疡,影响肉牛增重、奶牛产奶量等,对牛养殖业可造成严重经济损失。疫苗防控动物疫病是一种高效、可控措施,对疫病的预防发挥重要作用。近年国内外研究人员对牛结节性皮肤病疫苗进行研究,取得一定成绩。本文对牛结节性皮肤病疫苗研究进行综述,为后续牛结节性皮肤病疫苗研发提供参考。     

Prospects and strategies for genetic improvement of the dairy potential of tropical cattle by selection

The import of genetic material and the use of crossbreeding to improve the dairy merit of tropical cattle has been criticized for eroding the livestock genetic resources of the tropics. An alternative is genetic improvement of the indigenous cattle through selection. The objective of the present paper is to examine the feasibility of this alternative.Constraints to genetic improvement of tropical cattle through selection are discussed. Low reproductive rates and high calf mortality reduce the intensity of selection. The generation interval, which is long in cattle, is further prolonged by the late sexual maturity and the long calving intervals in most tropical breeds. The most serious constraint is, however, that the extensive milk recording schemes which support dairy cattle breeding programmes in many temperate countries are almost non-existent in the tropics. In this situation, the most realistic approach to improvement through selection is to start with a single nucleus herd (or a group of cooperating herds).Two alternative selection programmes (with and without progeny testing) for a closed herd of 500 cows are outlined. The alternative which assumed no progeny testing, i.e. selection of bulls on pedigree information only, gave the fastest genetic improvement (predicted at 36 kg/year).By distributing breeding bulls from the herd the genetic progress can be disseminated to the outside population with a time lag of about two generations. A nucleus herd can supply about 15 selected bulls per 100 cows in the herd per year, enough for a population of several thousand cows.