宁夏地区荷斯坦牛泌乳性状的变化规律及影响因素分析

为探究影响宁夏地区荷斯坦牛泌乳性状变化的非遗传因素,以2008—2021年间56个牧场135 533头荷斯坦牛DHI数据为研究材料,运用SAS 9.2软件GLM过程分析场规模、胎次、产犊年份、采样年份、产犊季节和采样季节对9项泌乳性状的影响。结果表明：上述因素对9项泌乳性状均有极显著影响。日产奶量随场规模、胎次（≤4胎）、产犊年份增加极显著递增,奶牛秋、冬季产犊日产奶量高于夏季（P<0.01）。乳脂率随场规模、产犊年份增加呈先升后降趋势;乳蛋白率、体细胞评分（SCS）和泌乳高峰日随场规模增加呈先升后降趋势,随产犊年份逐年递降;高峰奶量、305 d产奶量和乳糖率在场规模>5 000头最高;乳糖率、脂蛋比和高峰奶量随产犊年份逐年上升。乳脂率和SCS逐胎上升;乳蛋白率和高峰奶量随胎次增加呈先升后降趋势;1胎次乳糖率高于其他胎次（P<0.01）。春、秋、冬季产犊的奶牛脂蛋比、高峰奶量和305 d产奶量高于夏季（P<0.01）,但乳蛋白率、SCS夏季最高。本研究结果为研究荷斯坦牛产奶量、乳成分及相关指标变化规律提供了理论依据。     

娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛泌乳性状的比较分析

荷斯坦牛和娟珊牛作为目前分布广泛的主要奶牛品种,其泌乳性能各有优势。为了比较二者泌乳性能的差异,收集了江苏某大型牧场2015年9月至2016年12月间共25489条DHI记录,用多因素方差法分析不同胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节娟珊牛与荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的差异。结果表明:娟珊牛与荷斯坦牛泌乳性状之间存在极显著差异,娟珊牛乳脂率和蛋白率极显著高于荷斯坦牛,而荷斯坦牛产奶量相关性状(日产奶量、校正奶量、高峰奶量、305天奶量以及成年当量)极显著高于娟珊牛(P0.01)。不同胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛的泌乳性能比较结果总体上也符合上述趋势,但头胎娟珊牛校正奶量极显著高于头胎荷斯坦牛(P0.01),三胎娟珊牛的高峰日极显著大于荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。该结果表明娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛泌乳性能各有优势。     

产犊季节对荷斯坦牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响

[目的]为了研究不同产犊季节对荷斯坦奶牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响,以便为长江中下游地区荷斯坦奶牛合理安排配种时间提供科学依据。[方法]利用海丰奶牛场有限公司2009年引进2480头澳系进口荷斯坦牛产犊季节及其第一胎泌乳性能的数据,分析不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数、全泌乳期实际产奶量、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量和305d蛋白产量的影响。[结果]表明:不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量影响极显著(P0.01),显著影响305天脂肪产量(0.01P0.05),春季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最长(358±10d),而冬季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最短(299±18d),春季与夏季产犊奶牛的全泌乳期产奶量显著高于秋季、冬季产犊奶牛(P0.05),夏季产犊奶牛305d脂肪产量最高。[结论]综合各产犊季节样本量及相应泌乳性能,认为该场澳系进口荷斯坦牛最适宜产犊季节为夏末秋初,此时泌乳性能最好。该结果对同类地区引进澳系进口荷斯坦牛繁殖与生产管理有借鉴作用。     

江苏某奶牛场荷斯坦牛和娟姗牛泌乳性能的比较分析

[目的]研究旨在比较荷斯坦牛和娟姗牛泌乳性能的差异。[方法]收集了江苏某奶牛场2020年1—12月间共896条DHI记录,用多因素方差法分析不同测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节荷斯坦牛和娟姗牛泌乳性能的差异。[结果]结果表明,不同测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节对荷斯坦牛和娟姗牛泌乳性能有极显著影响。不同测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节荷斯坦牛产奶量极显著高于娟姗牛(P0.01),而娟姗牛乳脂率和蛋白率极显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。1胎和春季产犊的娟姗牛SCS极显著高于相应的荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。[结论]该结果表明娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛泌乳性能各有优势。     

荷斯坦牛泌乳早期体重与产奶量变化规律研究

本研究利用最小二乘模型对江苏省某奶牛场50头二胎泌乳早期荷斯坦牛体重、日产奶量、平均日增重和周平均日产奶量进行分析,旨在研究荷斯坦牛泌乳早期体重与产奶量变化规律。结果表明:(1)不同泌乳周对2胎牛体重影响显著(P0.05),奶牛体重在第6泌乳周达到最低值;(2)不同泌乳周对2胎牛平均日增重影响极显著(P0.01);(3)不同泌乳周对2胎牛平均日产奶量影响极显著(P0.01),在第5泌乳周达到产奶高峰;(4)泌乳早期荷斯坦牛平均日增重和日产奶量呈显著正相关(P0.05),前4周奶牛体重和产奶量呈负相关。该结果为提高奶牛健康水平和牛场经济效益提供了科学依据。     

荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患隐性乳房炎次数对各泌乳月SCS的影响

荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患隐性乳房炎（SCM）次数反映了泌乳牛产后乳房的生理健康状况。本研究旨在探究荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM次数对各泌乳月体细胞评分（somatic cell score,SCS）的影响,以期为牧场及时采取相关措施进行隐性乳房炎防控提供科学依据。本研究收集江苏地区12个奶牛场2017—2019年荷斯坦牛365 105条DHI测定日记录,并利用一般线性模型分析荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM次数对不同胎次、牧场规模、测定季节、产犊季节各泌乳月SCS的影响。结果表明,荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM次数对不同胎次、牧场规模、测定季节和产犊季节各泌乳月SCS均有极显著影响（P<0.01）;5胎及以上和夏季产犊的荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM的比例较高;中小规模牧场和夏、秋季节产犊的荷斯坦牛各泌乳月SCS随产后前60 d患SCM次数的增加极显著增加（P<0.01）;随着泌乳月的增加,产后前60 d SCS与各泌乳月SCS的相关系数逐渐下降,头胎牛产后前60 d SCS与第3~7泌乳月SCS的相关系数最低,4胎牛较高;秋季产犊的荷斯坦牛产后前60 d SCS与第3~5泌乳月SCS相关系数均大于0.43,高于其他产犊季节。该结果有利于牧场根据奶牛产后前60 d患SCM次数乳对泌乳中后期SCS进行预测,从而指导牧场及时采取相关措施进行隐性乳房炎防控。     

江苏地区荷斯坦犊牛初生重影响因素分析

为探索影响犊牛初生重的因素,收集了江苏省某奶牛场2021年度正常健康产犊的荷斯坦牛产犊记录共6 515条。分析不同出生季节、胎次、母牛BCS、在胎天数对初生重的影响。结果表明：夏季出生的犊牛体重最高;头胎牛产的犊牛初生重最低;产母犊群体中,BCS4分及以上的牛所产犊牛初生重显著高于3分牛只（P<0.05）;随着在胎天数的增加,犊牛初生重显著增加（P<0.05）。初生重与在胎天数和母牛BCS呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线拟合及其影响因素分析

本研究收集宁夏地区1997—2018年63个奶牛场16.9万头荷斯坦牛的生产性能测定数据，从个体和群体水平拟合泌乳曲线，旨在探析我国高产奶牛群的泌乳性能特征及其影响因素。使用WOOD不完全伽马模型对奶牛的个体泌乳曲线进行拟合，并获得模型参数a、b、c以及二级参数泌乳持续力、高峰奶量、高峰日和305 d产奶量，进而采用线性模型分析胎次、产犊季节、初产月龄、出生年份和牧场规模等因素对泌乳曲线参数的影响。结果表明，高峰奶量为42.18±8.66 kg（平均值±标准差，下同），高峰日为86.15±42.88 d,305 d产奶量为10 023.98±2 139.89 kg。胎次、产犊季节、初产月龄、出生年份和牧场规模对宁夏奶牛泌乳曲线参数均有极显著影响。头胎牛产奶量极显著低于经产牛，夏季产犊奶牛的产奶量显著低于其他季节，初产月龄为22～24月龄时产奶量最高，牧场规模低于500头与高于500头奶牛产奶量存在极显著差异，高峰奶量与305 d产奶量随出生年份的增加而增加。这些研究结果为规模化牧场精细化管理和群体遗传改良提供了有用信息。     

湖南地区荷斯坦牛与娟珊牛泌乳性能及经济效益比较分析

试验利用湖南某奶牛规模养殖场2022年1～12月份2339条DHI测定数据，比较分析荷斯坦牛与娟珊牛泌乳量、乳成分、体细胞数水平及饲料成本之间的差异。结果表明：荷斯坦牛全年及夏季日产奶量、高峰奶量、305 d奶量极显著高于娟珊牛（P<0.01）；娟珊组全年及夏季乳脂率、乳蛋白率均极显著高于荷斯坦牛（P<0.01）；娟姗牛体细胞数0～20万/m L的群体比例与荷斯坦牛无显著性差异（P>0.05），夏季娟姗牛健康牛群的下降比例低于荷斯坦牛群；经济效益分析结果显示，娟姗牛每生产1 kg牛奶的饲料成本为2.11元，比荷斯坦牛节省0.25元。由此可见，荷斯坦牛的产奶量具有明显优势，但娟珊牛乳脂率、乳蛋白率等乳品质优于荷斯坦牛，而且在夏季热应激环境下，娟珊牛泌乳稳定性更强，单位产奶量饲料成本更低。     

非遗传因素对新疆地区荷斯坦奶牛在群寿命的影响

为探究非遗传因素影响荷斯坦奶牛在群寿命的规律,了解奶牛利用情况,本研究收集了新疆昌吉地区规模化牛场2011-2018年4 057头荷斯坦奶牛的离群、生产性能数据。运用SAS 9.2软件分析了场、离群年份、离群季节、淘汰类型对荷斯坦奶牛离群胎次、在群天数的影响,并进行最小二乘及多重比较分析。结果表明,离群年份和淘汰类型均对离群胎次和在群天数有极显著影响（P<0.01）;场、离群季节对离群胎次和在群天数影响不显著（P>0.05）。随着离群年份的增加,离群胎次呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,2016年的离群胎次最高,为3.222胎,高于其他年份（P<0.01）;2018年的离群胎次最低,且极显著低于其他年份（P<0.01）;2015年在群天数高于其他年份,2018年的在群天数最低,为1 890.692 d,且极显著低于其他年份（P<0.01）;根据季节的不同,春季的离群胎次低于其他季节,在群天数极显著或显著低于秋季和冬季（P<0.01;P<0.05）;淘汰类型中肢蹄类疾病的离群胎次和在群天数极显著高于其他各类疾病（P<0.01）,乳房类疾病极显著低于其他各类疾病（P<0.01）。因此,通过分析上述各非遗传因素对离群胎次和在群天数的影响,可以为规模化牧场奶牛日常管理提供理论依据,从而提高奶牛综合使用效率,延长奶牛寿命。     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛淘汰情况及长寿性影响因素分析

试验通过收集出生、产犊和离群的记录,探究宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰情况,分析影响该地区奶牛长寿性的因素。对15 523头荷斯坦牛的生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次进行描述性统计,分析淘汰时的胎次、季节和泌乳阶段的分布情况;计算生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间的表型相关,利用固定模型分析场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性的影响。结果显示,宁夏地区荷斯坦牛的平均利用胎次为2.36胎,平均生产寿命为736.59 d。荷斯坦牛成母牛在产后第1个月内的淘汰风险最高,随着泌乳阶段的延长,成母牛在每个胎次内的淘汰风险均逐渐降低;随着淘汰胎次的增加,奶牛淘汰更加集中发生在产后泌乳早期;生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间存在较高的表型相关（均>0.9）,场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性有显著影响（P<0.05）,春季出生和22月龄头胎产犊的奶牛长寿性表现更好。本研究初步揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰规律和长寿性的影响因素,为宁夏地区牛群选育成母牛长寿性状奠定了基础。     

Effect of Amino Acid Balance Diet on Production Performance,Serum Biochemical Indexes and Economic Benefits in Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of amino acid balance diet on production performance,serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits in dariy cows.36 healthy Holstein cows in the early lactation period were selected,the average number of lactation (DIM) was (39.69±12.48) d,the average parity was 3.02±0.64.Principle of experiments using single factor randomized experimental design accroding to age,milk yield,parity identical same or similar,the 36 Holstein cows were assigned by random block design to 3 groups,and each group were 12 cows.The control group cows were fed with TMR diets only adding rumen-protected methionine (HMBi);Diets of group 1 and 2 were on the basis of control group,respectively adding two kinds of rumen-protected lysine levels in order to balance the amino acid in diet.The results showed as follows:① Compared with control group,the feeding conversion ratio in groups 1 and 2 were increased by 10.60% and 11.26% (P>0.05),respectively,while the dry matter intake had no significantly changed (P>0.05),the 4% average daily milk yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly increased by 8.65% and 10.58% (P<0.05),respectively,and the milk fat and milk protein yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01),respectively.Adding amino acid balance diet had no significantly effects on reproductive performance and health conditions in dariy cows (P>0.05).② When feeding the amino acid balance diets for 60 days,the contents of GLU and TAA in serum of dairy cows were significantly increased (P<0.05),while the BUN content was significantly decreased (P<0.05).③ Compared with control group,the economic benefits of groups 1 and 2 were increased by 15.09 and 16.36 yuan/(head·d).The results indicated that feeding the amino acid balance diets could significantly improve production performance of dairy cows,and there was a tendency to improve metabolic conditions.     

氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响。选择36头体况良好的泌乳初期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,平均泌乳天数(DIM)为(39.69±12.48) d、平均胎次为(3.02±0.64)胎。采用单因素随机试验设计,按年龄、产奶量、胎次相同或相近的原则,将36头荷斯坦奶牛区组配对后随机分为3组,每组12头奶牛,其中对照组奶牛饲喂仅添加有瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸(HMBi)的TMR日粮;试验1、2组日粮在对照组的基础上分别添加2种水平的瘤胃保护性赖氨酸,以平衡日粮中的氨基酸。结果表明,①与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛饲料转化率分别提高10.60%和11.26%(P>0.05),而干物质采食量没有显著变化(P>0.05),平均每日4%校正乳产量分别显著提高了8.65%和10.58%(P<0.05),并可显著或极显著增加乳脂和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05;P<0.01);饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛繁殖性能、健康状况无显著影响(P>0.05)。②饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮60 d时,奶牛血清中葡萄糖、总氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛经济效益分别增加了15.09和16.36元/(头·d)。综上所述,饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮能显著提高奶牛的生产性能,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

Locomotion Score and Its Impacts on Production Performance and Blood Routine Indexes in Chinese Holstein

To investigate the influencing factors of locomotion score (LS) and its impacts on production performance and blood routine index in Holstein,body condition score (BCS),LS and DHI (dairy herd improvement) of 1 486 lactating cows from two dairy farms,and the blood routine indexes of 101 lactating cows from one farm in Beijing were measured.The fixed model was used to analyze the impacts of herd,parity and lactation stage on LS,and the impacts of LS and BCS on daily milk yield,somatic cell score,milk composition and blood routine indexes in dairy cows.The results showed that both parity and lactation stage had significant impacts on LS.The LS increased with the increase of parit,the LS increased by 0.71 from first lactation to fifth and above lactation.The LS of cow in lactation stage Ⅲ(100-199 d) and Ⅵ (after 350 d) were significantly higher than cow in stage Ⅱ (45-99 d)(P<0.05),and both were higher than 2.The LS had no significant impacts on daily milk yield,milk composition and somatic cell score (P>0.05).However,the milk yield of the cow with LS≥4 was the lowest,and a decrease of 2.29 kg was found compared with the cow with LS=1.Among the various blood routine indexes,LS had significant impacts on red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count (P<0.05),and had no significant impacts on white blood cell count (P>0.05).With the increase of LS,the red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count of cows decreased with different extents.There were some problems on the body immunity and hematopoiesis of cows with poor LS.In dairy farm,regular evaluation of LS could be used to find the management problems of feet and legs,which had a great significance to reduce the loss of production performance and early culling caused by hoof disease.     

中国荷斯坦牛步态评分及其对生产性能和血常规指标的影响

为探究荷斯坦牛步态评分（locomotion score,LS）影响因素及其对生产性能和血常规指标的影响,本研究收集测定了北京地区2个规模化牧场1 486头泌乳牛的体况评分（body condition score,BCS）、LS和DHI（dairy herd improvement）数据,并测定了101头泌乳牛的血常规指标。采用固定模型分析了牧场、胎次和泌乳阶段对LS的影响,以及LS和BCS等因素对日产奶量、体细胞评分、乳成分和血常规指标的影响。结果表明,试验牛的胎次和泌乳阶段均对LS有极显著影响,LS随胎次的升高而增加,从1胎至5胎及以上,LS升高了0.71分;泌乳阶段Ⅲ（100~199 d）、Ⅵ（350 d以后）的LS均显著高于阶段Ⅱ（45~99 d）（P<0.05）,且均高于2分。LS对日产奶量、乳成分和体细胞评分均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但LS≥4分的奶牛日产奶量最低,较LS=1分的奶牛日产奶量降低了2.29 kg。各项血常规指标中,LS对奶牛红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度、淋巴细胞数均有显著影响（P<0.05）,而对白细胞数无显著影响（P>0.05）。随LS升高,奶牛红细胞数、淋巴细胞数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度均表现出不同程度的降低。LS较差的奶牛,其机体的免疫力和造血功能会受到不同程度的影响。在规模化牧场中,定期评估牛群的LS能及时发现牛群肢蹄管理的问题,对减少因肢蹄问题引起的生产性能损失和过早淘汰等具有重要意义。     

影响荷斯坦牛产奶量差的因素分析

产奶量差是奶牛个体同一胎次前后2个泌乳月产奶量的差值,可准确反映产奶量变化情况。为探究影响荷斯坦牛产奶量差的因素,本研究收集整理了江苏省某大型奶牛场2015-2018年55 193头次荷斯坦牛生产性能测定记录,并利用最小二乘法分析胎次、测定年度、产犊季节、泌乳月4个因素对荷斯坦牛产奶量差的影响。结果显示:胎次、测定年度、产犊季节、泌乳月及其交互作用对产奶量和产奶量差均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。其中,不同胎次、测定年度和产犊季节的荷斯坦牛总产奶量在第2个泌乳月增加最快,产奶量差为8.79kg;头胎第6泌乳月、二胎第7泌乳月和三胎及以上第6泌乳月产奶量下降最大,产奶量差分别为-2.86kg、-4.59kg和-6.13kg;2015-2018年4个测定年度中,第10、第6、第7、第6泌乳月产奶量降低最大,产奶量差分别为-2.26kg、-4.98kg、-4.44kg和-3.56kg;春季产犊的荷斯坦牛第4泌乳月、夏季产犊的荷斯坦牛第12泌乳月、秋季产犊的荷斯坦牛第9泌乳月、冬季产犊的荷斯坦牛第6或第7泌乳月产奶量下降最大,产奶量差分别是-4.34kg、-4.71kg、-5.36kg和-5.40kg。此外,产奶量差与泌乳持续力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与产犊间隔呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与泌乳天数、高峰奶、乳脂率、蛋白率、305d产奶量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。因此,产奶量差作为衡量奶牛产奶量变化的指标之一,可为牧场进行科学饲养管理提供参考。     

Culling of dairy cows. Part III. Effects of diseases, pregnancy status and milk yield on culling in Finnish Ayrshire cows

The effects of 15 diseases, pregnancy status and milk yield on culling were studied in 39 727 Finnish Ayrshire cows that calved in 1993 and were followed until culling or next calving. Survival analysis, using the Cox proportional hazards model, was performed with diseases, pregnancy status and milk yield as time-dependent covariates. Effects of parity, calving season and herd were also accounted for.

Pregnancy status was the single most influential factor affecting culling decisions, followed by milk yield. Several diseases also had a significant effect on culling, the most influential ones being mastitis, lameness, teat injuries, and milk fever. The effects of all of these factors varied according to the stage of lactation.

Milk yield had a significant effect on culling decisions, depending on the stage of lactation. At the beginning of lactation, milk production did not have any effect on culling decisions, but later on, the highest producers were at the lowest risk of being culled and the lowest producers had the highest risk. Adjusting for milk yield modified the effects of parity, most diseases and also pregnancy status on culling. Effects of parity increased after including milk yield in the model, indicating that milk yield and parity are interrelated in their effects on culling. The effects of pregnancy status also increased towards the end of lactation when milk yield was accounted for in the model. The effects of mastitis, teat injuries and lameness decreased after adjusting for milk production. These diseases lower milk yield and thus, part of their effect on culling was mediated through milk production. The effects of anestrus and ovarian cysts were mainly modified by pregnancy status, but not by milk yield. The effects of milk fever on culling increased at the beginning of lactation after including milk yield in the model. This suggests that even though cows with milk fever tend to be higher producers, it is the disease as such that triggers the culling decision early in the lactation. The changes in the effects of other diseases after adjusting for milk yield varied, depending on the disease and the stage of lactation.     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛淘汰情况及长寿性影响因素分析

试验通过收集出生、产犊和离群的记录,探究宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰情况,分析影响该地区奶牛长寿性的因素。对15523头荷斯坦牛的生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次进行描述性统计,分析淘汰时的胎次、季节和泌乳阶段的分布情况;计算生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间的表型相关,利用固定模型分析场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性的影响。结果显示,宁夏地区荷斯坦牛的平均利用胎次为2.36胎,平均生产寿命为736.59 d。荷斯坦牛成母牛在产后第1个月内的淘汰风险最高,随着泌乳阶段的延长,成母牛在每个胎次内的淘汰风险均逐渐降低;随着淘汰胎次的增加,奶牛淘汰更加集中发生在产后泌乳早期;生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间存在较高的表型相关(均>0.9),场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性有显著影响(P<0.05),春季出生和22月龄头胎产犊的奶牛长寿性表现更好。本研究初步揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰规律和长寿性的影响因素,为宁夏地区牛群选育成母牛长寿性状奠定了基础。     

Early lactation dairy cows: Development of equations to predict intake and milk performance at grazing

The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of parity and days in milk (DIM) on dry matter intake (DMI) and actual milk yield (MY_Act) of grazing spring calving dairy cows in early lactation (< 100 DIM) and to develop equations to predict DMI and milk yield for grass based systems of milk production. A dataset containing 335 observations from 134 Holstein Friesian dairy cows was assembled from two early lactation grazing studies. Observations were available for primiparous (n = 130) and multiparous (n = 205) cows during periods of DMI measurement using the n-alkane technique. Animal performance was divided into two classes of DIM: less than 50 DIM (< 50 DIM) or between 51 and 100 DIM (> 50 DIM). Parity and DIM had a significant effect on grass DMI (GDMI), total DMI (TDMI), MY_Act and milk composition. TDMI increased with parity and DIM and ranged from 13.4 kg/cow per day (primiparous animals, < 50 DIM) to 20.1 kg/cow per day (multiparous animals, > 50 DIM). Actual MY increased with parity and decreased with DIM (range: 24.1 kg/cow per day (primiparous animals, > 50 DIM) to 33.0 kg/cow per day (multiparous animals, < 50 DIM)). Multiparous cows had greater bodyweight (BW) and lower BCS than primiparous cows. In the early lactation period a number of variables had a significant effect on GDMI, TDMI and milk yield. These predictor variables included BW, BCS, potential milk yield (MY_Pot), DIM, daily herbage allowance (DHA; > 4 cm), concentrate level and parity. The equations accounted for 79%, 83% and 86% of the variation in GDMI, TDMI and milk yield, respectively. Actual milk yield was always below the MY_Pot of the cows, the mean difference was 5.8 kg/cow per day. As DHA and concentrate level increased, the difference between MY_Act and MY_Pot reduced. This study supports the concept that immediately post-calving offering a grass based diet with a medium level of concentrate supplementation is sufficient to support high milk production in grazing dairy cows.     

荷斯坦青年牛初次配种妊娠月龄对头胎和二胎产奶量和繁殖性能的影响

旨在研究母牛初次配种妊娠月龄（age at first pregnancy,AFP）对其泌乳性能和主要繁殖性能的影响。本研究以我国北方地区2个规模化奶牛场13 927头荷斯坦母牛（A牧场8 091头,B牧场5 836头）的生产数据为基础,统计了母牛AFP、头胎和二胎的产奶量、产后首次发情时间、首次配种时间和首次受孕时间,然后将母牛根据AFP的早晚（12~19月龄）分为8组,对各试验组母牛的头胎和二胎产奶量和主要繁殖性能的数据进行比较分析。结果表明：1）2个规模化奶牛场荷斯坦青年牛AFP以13和14月龄为主（总占比70.1%）;2）AFP可显著影响荷斯坦青年牛头胎和二胎的305 d产奶量（P<0.05）,其中AFP为14月龄时A牧场头胎和二胎305 d产奶量均最高,分别为15 102和15 534 kg;3）AFP可显著影响荷斯坦青年牛头胎和二胎产后首次发情时间和受孕时间（P<0.05）,AFP为14月龄时头胎产后首次发情和受孕情况最优;4）对于产后首配时间,除A牧场头胎AFP为16月龄时产后首次配种时间显著高于AFP为17月龄时（P<0.05）外,其余各组间均无显著性差异（P ≥ 0.05）,并且各组间配种时间相差≤ 5 d;5）通过对A牧场在场牛（2 703头）与淘汰牛（660头）的AFP记录数据分析发现,在场牛的AFP为14.52月龄,显著高于淘汰牛的AFP（P<0.05）。因此,在北方地区现有的生产管理水平下,14月龄可能是荷斯坦青年牛最适宜的初次配种妊娠月龄,这对我国规模化奶牛场选择荷斯坦青年牛适宜的初次配种月龄具有一定参考价值。