NaCl胁迫下5种牧草种子萌发的比较研究

对碱茅、黑麦草、野大麦、盐爪爪、碱蓬等５种耐盐及盐生牧草种子在浓度为０、２１、６６、１１０、１５５、２００、２６７、３３４和４４５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ溶液中的萌发进行了研究，分别观测盐溶液对发芽率、发芽指数、相对子叶长和胚根长等萌发指标扔影响。结果表明：盐胁迫下，５个种的发芽率均随盐分浓度的增加而显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１），５个咱在ＮａＣｌ溶液中萌发的临界浓度分别为２６７、２２０、８０、２６７和１６     

外源物质浸种对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬发芽的影响

用不同浓度的CaCl2（5.0、10.0、20.0、40.0 mmol·L-1）、水杨酸（0.05、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol·L-1）和甜菜碱（5.0、10.0、20.0、40.0 mmol·L-1）3种外源物质对盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）种子进行浸种处理,通过分析400 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬种子的发芽势、发芽率、平均发芽天数、发芽指数、幼芽长、幼根长、幼苗鲜质量等指标,探究外源物质对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,400 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫显著降低了盐地碱蓬种子的发芽率和发芽速度,严重抑制了盐地碱蓬幼苗生长。适宜浓度范围的外源物质浸种,均可显著提高盐地碱蓬种子的发芽率和发芽速度,促进盐地碱蓬幼苗生长,明显缓解植物受到的盐胁迫伤害。NaCl胁迫下,CaCl2、水杨酸和甜菜碱的最佳浸种浓度分别是20.0、1.0和20.0 mmol·L-1,3种外源物质对比分析结果显示,选用甜菜碱对盐地碱蓬种子进行浸种处理的应用效果最好。     

盐胁迫对多年生黑麦草和草地早熟禾种子萌发影响的对比研究

用不同浓度地下盐水胁迫多年生黑麦草和草地早熟禾种子萌发，观察发芽率和萌发后幼苗的生长，并计算发芽指数（Ｇｉ）和活力指数（ＶＩ），对它们进行对比分析。结果表明：多年生黑麦草种子萌发对盐水生境的适应性比草地早熟禾强。多年生黑麦草种子萌发盐胁迫适宜值为０．７７ｇ／１００ｃｍ＾３，而草地早熟禾种子萌发盐胁迫适宜值为０．０９ｇ／１００ｃｍ＾３。     

的响应

以蚕豆品种临蚕２号为试验材料,采用土培法,研究了在镉胁迫期间蚕豆幼苗抗氧化酶（ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ 和ＰＯＤ）活性、脯氨酸、丙二醛和活性氧含量的动态变化过程,以探讨外源ＮＯ 和Ｈ_２Ｏ_２ 对镉毒害下蚕豆幼苗的保护效应。结果表明,０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＳＮＰ（外源ＮＯ 供体）和０．０１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｈ_２Ｏ_２ 单独处理均可缓解０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 镉对蚕豆幼苗的氧化损伤,而二者互作处理存在正协同效应,主要表现在增强了蚕豆幼苗的保护酶活性,其中ＳＯＤ 在镉胁迫７２ｈ后活性达到峰值,比对照提高５７．８９％,ＣＡＴ 和ＰＯＤ 均在镉胁迫４８ｈ 后活性达到最大值,分别比对照提高６９．６０％和１０１．１８％;镉胁迫１２０ｈ时,与单镉胁迫处理相比,互作处理的脯氨酸含量提高了１３４．８８％,而ＭＤＡ 含量、内源Ｈ_２Ｏ_２ 含量和体内Ｏ_２· － 的产生速率下降,有效地增强了蚕豆幼苗在镉胁迫期间的抗氧化能力。     

NaCl胁迫对四种荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

试验以采自内蒙古阿拉善荒漠4种优势植物:梭梭、红砂、驼绒藜和碱蓬种子为材料,在0～1.8 mol/L的NaCl范围内,研究了盐分胁迫对种子萌发的影响,探讨了经NaCl浸种预处理后种子的萌发恢复能力。结果表明,随NaCl浓度的升高,梭梭、红砂、驼绒藜和碱蓬种子的萌发和初生根生长均受到不同程度的抑制,总体来看,盐溶液浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。但轻度的NaCl胁迫可提高碱蓬种子的发芽率、发芽指数,促进驼绒藜种子的萌发。4种荒漠植物种子萌发的盐度阈值分别为1.8,0.6,0.9和0.5 mol/L,说明梭梭种子萌发的耐盐性最强,而碱蓬的耐盐性最弱。经NaCl浸种预处理的种子在适宜条件下可以恢复萌发,但浸种时间越长,种子受盐胁迫的影响越大,甚至其萌发完全被抑制。短时间的NaCl浸种预处理提高了红砂种子的发芽率,并显著提高了其发芽指数,刺激了梭梭、红砂和驼绒藜的初生根生长,而碱蓬的初生根生长则一直受到NaCl浸种预处理的抑制。     

CoCI2 对NaCl 胁迫下大麦生长及幼苗生理指标的影响

 为了明确钴对ＮａＣｌ胁迫的缓解作用,本研究就ＣｏＣｌ_２对不同浓度ＮａＣｌ胁迫下大麦种子的萌发、幼苗生长及内源激素与相关生理指标的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,随着ＮａＣｌ胁迫程度的加重,大麦种子发芽势、发芽率显著降低,芽与根的生长受到显著抑制。幼苗脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）与丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）大量积累,抗氧化酶活性提高。加入０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＣｏＣｌ_２显著提高了ＮａＣｌ胁迫下大麦种子的发芽势与发芽率,促进了芽与根的生长,抑制了幼苗ＡＢＡ的积累,同时提高了抗氧化酶活性,降低了ＭＤＡ 的含量,且在较严重ＮａＣｌ胁迫下作用更明显。ＣｏＣｌ_２提高了ＮａＣｌ胁迫下幼苗（ＩＡＡ＋ＧＡ_３）／ＡＢＡ 的值,减缓了活性氧（ＲＯＳ）的积累与膜脂过氧化进程,对种子萌发及幼苗生长起到了促进作用,在一定程度上提高了大麦幼苗对ＮａＣｌ胁迫的适应能力。     

盐胁迫对牧草种子萌发及其恢复的影响

观察了７种牧草种子在８个ＮａＣｌ浓度;０（０Ｍｐａ）,２１－９－０．１Ｍｐａ）,６６（－０．３Ｍｐａ）,１１ｐ（－０．５Ｍｐａ）,１５０（－０．７０Ｍｐａ）,２００（－０．９Ｍｐａ）,２６７（－１．２Ｍｐａ）,３３４（－１．９５Ｍｐａ）,４４５（－２．６０３Ｍｐａ）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ下的发芽率及胚根和胚芽的生长,将盐胁迫下未萌发种子移入营养液中,观测它们在解除发芽率呈下降趋势,但长穗偃麦草的发芽率几乎不     

镉胁迫下蚕豆幼苗抗氧化能力对外源NO和H2O2 的响应

 以蚕豆品种临蚕２号为试验材料,采用土培法,研究了在镉胁迫期间蚕豆幼苗抗氧化酶（ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ 和ＰＯＤ）活性、脯氨酸、丙二醛和活性氧含量的动态变化过程,以探讨外源ＮＯ 和Ｈ_２Ｏ_２ 对镉毒害下蚕豆幼苗的保护效应。结果表明,０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＳＮＰ（外源ＮＯ 供体）和０．０１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｈ_２Ｏ_２ 单独处理均可缓解０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 镉对蚕豆幼苗的氧化损伤,而二者互作处理存在正协同效应,主要表现在增强了蚕豆幼苗的保护酶活性,其中ＳＯＤ 在镉胁迫７２ｈ后活性达到峰值,比对照提高５７．８９％,ＣＡＴ 和ＰＯＤ 均在镉胁迫４８ｈ 后活性达到最大值,分别比对照提高６９．６０％和１０１．１８％;镉胁迫１２０ｈ时,与单镉胁迫处理相比,互作处理的脯氨酸含量提高了１３４．８８％,而ＭＤＡ 含量、内源Ｈ_２Ｏ_２ 含量和体内Ｏ_２· － 的产生速率下降,有效地增强了蚕豆幼苗在镉胁迫期间的抗氧化能力。     

河西内陆盐渍区碱茅属植物建植及草地对生长条件的反应

在河西走廊地区建植碱茅（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｌｉａｔｅｎｕｉｆｌｏｒａ－Ｐ．ｃｈｉｎｕｍｐｏｅｎｓｉｓ）人工草地，做收种和刈割兼用。撒播方式下，播量达２２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时，种子落种数为２０００／ｍ２，田间出苗数７９４／ｍ２，出苗率为１３％，定苗数受地表积盐程度的影响（Ｐ＜０．０１），地表盐斑为５０％，９０％的幼苗数为９８８株／ｍ２和３０１株／ｍ２；碱茅草地盖度，种子产量和牧草产量均与土壤全盐含量呈负线性关系（ｒ－－０．８０５１，ｒ＝－０．８１５８，ｒ＝－０．９２９２），但种子发芽率和千粒重似乎不受立地土壤盐分的影响。由于受田间管理措施和碱茅自身发育节律的影响，生长第３年的草地盖度、种子产量和牧草产量均比第２年有不同幅度的下降，据此，适时灌水，加强施肥等田间管理措施对维持草地基况良好，获得高产有重要作用。     

铝处理对苜蓿种子萌发及其幼苗生理生化特性的影响

在种子萌发试验中,低于０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾３＋处理对苜蓿种子的萌发无明显的影响,高于０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾３＋处理则明显降低种子的发芽数量,速度和质量,降低萌发种子的蛋白酶活性和自由氨基酸的含量,加速种子的电解质外渗。在幼苗生长的试验中,低于０．０５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和Ａｌ＾３＋处理对苜蓿幼苗的生长略有促进作用,０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾３＋处理对其无明显的影响,高于０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾     

Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone and growth hormone-releasing factor

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of human growth hormone-releasing factor [hpGRF-(1-44)-NH2] on growth performance in pigs and whether this response was comparable to exogenous porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment. Preliminary studies were conducted to determine if GRF increased plasma GH concentration after iv and im injection and the nature of the dose response. Growth hormone-releasing factor stimulated the release of pGH in a dose-dependent fashion, although the individual responses varied widely among pigs. The results from the im study were used to determine the dose of GRF to use for a 30-d growth trial. Thirty-six Yorkshire-Duroc barrows (initial wt 50 kg) were randomly allotted to one of three experimental groups (C = control, GRF and pGH). Pigs were treated daily with 30 micrograms of GRF/kg body weight by im injection in the neck. Pigs treated with pGH were also given 30 micrograms/kg body weight by im injection. Growth rate was increased 10% by pGH vs C pigs (P less than .05). Growth rate was not affected by GRF; however, hot and chilled carcass weights were increased 5% vs C pigs (P less than .05). On an absolute basis, adipose tissue mass was unaffected by pGH or GRF. Carcass lipid (percent of soft-tissue mass) was decreased 13% by GRF (P less than .05) and 18% by pGH (P less than .05). Muscle mass was significantly increased by pGH but not by GRF. There was a trend for feed efficiency to be improved by GRF; however, this was not different from control pigs. In contrast, pGH increased feed efficiency 19% vs control pigs (P less than .05). Chronic administration of GRF increased anterior pituitary weight but did not affect pituitary GH content or concentration. When blood was taken 3 h post-injection, both GRF- and pGH-treated pigs had lower blood-urea nitrogen concentrations. Serum glucose was significantly elevated by both GRF and pGH treatment. This was associated with an elevation in serum insulin. These results indicate that increasing the GH concentration in blood by either exogenous GH or GRF enhances growth performance. The effects of pGH were more marked than for GRF. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose of GRF to administer in growth trials and the appropriate pattern of GRF administration in order to determine whether GRF will enhance pig growth performance to the extent that exogenous pGH does.     

AA肉仔鸡潜在生长性能预测及其生长曲线拟合的研究

本文采用Gompertz模型对处于不同日粮代谢能水平下0～8周龄AA肉鸡的生长曲线进行分析和非线性曲线拟合研究。结果显示:1周龄前公鸡、母鸡均生长缓慢,1周龄后生长速率开始增加,5周龄左右达到增重高峰,对公鸡而言,7周龄后日粮中14.23、13.39MJ/kg和11.72MJ/kg代谢能组生长速率均较7周前变缓。母鸡与公鸡具有相似的生长趋势,但1～2周龄时母鸡比公鸡有较大的生长速率,表现在母鸡体重比公鸡体重较大(P0.05),3周龄后同一水平下母鸡的生长速率显著慢于公鸡生长速率(P0.05)。Gompertz方程能较好地拟合公鸡与母鸡的生长曲线,其中13.39MJ/kg代谢能组的极限体重最高,拟合度分别达到99.9%、99.6%,拟合效果最好。采用Gompertz模型对0～8周龄公鸡与母鸡生长曲线拟合的方程分别为:BWt=5262.19×e{-e[-0.044×(t-36.093)]}和BWt=4823.04×e{-e[-0.045×(t-34.960)]}。该模型可用于肉仔鸡潜在生长性能的预测。     

蛋氨酸对动物生长发育及毛发生长调控作用的研究进展

蛋氨酸(Met)是动物生长必需氨基酸中唯一含硫氨基酸,其可参与机体内众多代谢途径,为动物提供甲基,合成动物生长所需要的蛋白质和生物活性物质,是动物生长和毛发生长的第一限制性氨基酸。日粮中必须添加适量的蛋氨酸才能满足动物生长需要,对毛皮动物,蛋氨酸还会影响毛发的生长和品质,所以蛋氨酸又被称为"生命性氨基酸"。本文综述了蛋氨酸在动物生长发育及毛发生长中的调控作用,以期为蛋氨酸在畜牧生产中的科学应用提供参考。     

Initiation and growth of uroliths

The urinary concentrating capacity of terrestrial animals often results in a high degree of urinary supersaturation. Supersaturation provides a driving force for rapid precipitation of solids. For some minerals in urine, the balance between supersaturation and presence of inhibitors determines whether crystal growth will occur. If crystals are delayed in their transit through the urinary tract, they may grow to such a size that they cannot readily pass through the ureters or urethra.     

Effects of breed and wintering diet on growth, puberty and plasma concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in heifers

Twenty-five Brangus (BR) and 15 Angus (AN) heifers were used to study the effects of breed and wintering diet on average daily gain (ADG), onset of puberty and plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Wintering diets (fed for 107 days beginning November 15) consisted of the following: 1) native grass hay (NGH), 2) ammoniated NGH, 3) NGH plus cottonseed meal, 4) Diet 3 plus corn and 5) Diet 4 plus monensin. After wintering, heifers were transferred to ryegrass pasture for 70 days. Mean ADG during the wintering phase were -.20, -.10, .17, .29 and .39 kg for heifers fed Diets 1 through 5, respectively (P less than .01). ADG was greater (P less than .05) for BR than for AN heifers. Plasma concentrations of GH were higher (P less than .05) in heifers fed Diets 1 and 2 than in heifers fed Diets 3, 4 or 5. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 were lowest in heifers fed Diet 1 and highest in heifers fed Diets 4 and 5. During ryegrass grazing, GH concentrations were similar for all groups. However, concentrations of IGF-1 were higher (P less than .05) in heifers fed Diets 3, 4 and 5 than in heifers fed Diets 1 and 2. Age at puberty (onset of cyclic progesterone concentrations) was greatest in heifers fed Diet 1 and lowest in heifers fed Diet 5. Weight at puberty was not affected (P greater than .10) by wintering diet but was greater (P less than .01) in BR than in AN heifers. Therefore, negative ADG appears to be associated with elevated plasma GH concentrations in heifers, and plasma IGF-1 concentration appears to be a more accurate indication of nutritional status than plasma concentrations of GH.     

Reproductive and growth responses of gilts to exogenous porcine pituitary growth hormone

Forty gilts (mean wt = 72 kg) were administered daily either vehicle (C = control) or 70 micrograms porcine growth hormone (pGH)/kg BW. After 30 d of treatment, eight gilts per group (Exp. 1) were slaughtered and blood, uteri and ovaries were collected. Follicular fluid (FFl) was collected and granulosa cells (GC) were cultured. The remaining gilts (Exp. 2) were treated for up to 35 additional days and examined twice daily for estrus. Estrusal gilts were removed from the experiment. Noncyclic gilts (n = 9 of 12 pGH; n = 4 of 12 C) were slaughtered on d 66 and their ovaries were examined. Ovarian weights were not different for pGH and C gilts in either Exp. 1 (P greater than .1) or Exp. 2 (P = .09). Uterine weights were greater for pGH-treated than for C gilts (P less than .007) in Exp. 1, but not in Exp. 2. Concentrations of estradiol (E2) in plasma and FF1 and of progesterone (P) in plasma and FF1 were not different for pGH and C gilts. Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in FF1 and in serum were greater for pGH than for C gilts (P less than .01). Concentration of P in serum-free medium of cultured GC was lower for GH than for C (P less than .05) in the presence or absence of gonadotropins in Exp. 1. The FSH-stimulated secretion of P was also lower for GC of pGH-treated gilts in Exp. 2, indicating a failure of GC to differentiate in culture. Only one pGH gilts in Exp. 2 manifested estrus, compared with seven C gilts (P less than .025). In Exp. 1, ADG was higher (P less than .03) and feed/gain lower (P less than .07) for pGH gilts. Longissimus muscle area (LMA) was not different (P = .19) between groups. Backfat thickness (BF) was lower (P less than .005) in pGH than in C in both Exp. 1 and 2. We conclude that exogenous pGH increased growth rate, improved feed efficiency and altered carcass traits in gilts. However, these effects were associated with impaired ovarian development of prepubertal gilts and a low incidence of estrus.     

Responses to betaine and inorganic sulphur of sheep in growth performance and fibre growth

Sulphur‐containing amino acids (SAA) are essential and usually the first limiting amino acids for growth, milk and wool production. The keratin fibre that grows from epidermal tissue is rich in SAA. The rate of fibre growth and its S content are influenced by the availability of SAA. Betaine is a dietary source for a labile methyl group and actively participates in methionine metabolism by donating methyl groups for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Ruminants are capable of synthesizing SAA from inorganic S sources, and most bacteria in the rumen can use inorganic S to meet their requirements for growth. The objective of this study was to examine whether betaine and an inorganic sulphur supplement could provide methyl groups and sulphur amino acids in a way that growth performance and wool production of ewes and lambs are improved. Treatments performed included betaine supplementation, sulphate supplementation and betaine plus sulphate supplementation with five replications for each treatment. The dry matter intake of the ewes was affected by betaine plus sulphate supplementation (p < 0.05). In the ewes, betaine plus sulphate supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the wool growth rate, wool yield, staple length and wool sulphur concentration, while decreasing wool wax and wool yellowness (p < 0.05). In the lambs, wool growth rate, wool yield, fibre diameter, staple length, staple strength, wool sulphur concentration, wool wax and fibre percentage did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. In the ewes, plasma methionine concentration increased (p < 0.05) with betaine plus sulphate treatment. No corresponding difference (p > 0.05) was observed in plasma methionine concentration in the lambs. It can be concluded that betaine plus sulphate supplementation has the potential to change wool characteristics in the ewes, while these compounds were without any effect on growth and wool production of the lambs. Combining the two supplements was advantageous.     

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ对动物生长发育的调节作用

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)是一种与胰岛素原高度同源的生长调节激素,既有胰岛素样代谢作用,又是一种多功能的细胞增殖调控因子。IGF-Ⅰ依赖生长激素(GH),通过GH-IGF-Ⅰ轴对胚胎及出生后机体的生长发育起重要作用。