春季养鸡疾病防治与养殖管理

自2018年8月受到非洲猪瘟疫情影响,生猪养殖产业受到巨大打击,直接促进家禽养殖产业的发展。随国家对畜禽养殖结构的调整力度不断加大,规模化鸡养殖场的建设数量不断增加。依托规模化鸡养殖产业,带来更多经济收入的同时,也面临较高的疫情防范风险。初春季节外界温度忽高忽低,昼夜温差较大,该时期的鸡身体免疫功能出现下降的现象,造成各种传染性疾病频发。因此做好春季传染性疾病的防治工作,成为需要重点攻克的难题。该文主要结合地区的鸡养殖现状,探讨春季鸡疾病的发生情况,并提出相应的养殖管理措施,更好地控制春季传染性疾病的发生蔓延。     

Distribution of Salmonella Serovars and Antimicrobial Susceptibility from Poultry and Swine Farms in Central Vietnam

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and their antimicrobial susceptibilities on poultry and swine farms, sampled in 2 regions in Central Vietnam. A total of 67 poultry farms and 46 swine farms were sampled in a period of 5 months (from September 2012 to January 2013). Salmonella spp. was prevalent in 46.3% and 71.7% of poultry and swine farms, respectively. Altogether, 99 non‐typhoidal Salmonella were isolated and the most common serovars were Salmonella Weltevreden (19%), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (12%) and Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:‐ (11%). Overall, 71 of 99 (72%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobial agents tested. Both in poultry and swine farms, high levels of resistance were observed for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline. The presence of Salmonella isolates from poultry and swine farms which were resistant to different classes of antimicrobials suggests that alternative control measures to antimicrobials should be implemented. Moreover, an effective policy should be promoted to encourage a prudent use of these agents in animal farming in Vietnam.     

宜兴畜禽粪便污染负荷时空变化研究

江苏省宜兴市濒临太湖,是太湖流域水污染控制的重点区域.论文以镇区为单位,研究了宜兴市1990～2011年间畜禽粪便污染负荷的时空变化规律.结果表明,宜兴市的耕地畜禽粪便负荷由1990年的9.0 t/hm2上升至2006年的14.0 t/hm2,后下降至2011年的13.3t/hm2.2011年,宜兴市的畜禽粪便处理警报值为0.22,对环境尚不构成威胁.然而,宜兴各镇的畜禽粪便污染负荷差异明显,并日趋呈现空间集聚之势.2011年,在宜兴的西北部形成一个畜禽养殖密集的带状区域,其畜禽粪便处理警报值已超过了0.4的警戒值.在该区域,除推行粪便还田以外,可建立区域畜禽粪便收集处理中心,利用规模效应,降低利用粪便生产生物质能的成本,促进畜禽粪便的高效利用.     

畜禽维生素需要量的影响因素

畜禽维生素需要量是指畜禽维持正常生命活动、生长发育和繁殖活动所需的维生素。但随着畜牧场的规模化和集约化发展,饲料供应商或畜禽生产者对畜禽维生素的供给可能不适应实际畜禽对维生素的需要量。本文综述了影响畜禽维生素需要量的因素,即畜禽体因素、药物与饲料中的成分和维生素的稳定性,为畜禽的维生素供给提供参考。     

猪场重要虫媒及其传播病原研究进展

近年来,非洲猪瘟、牛结节性皮肤病等外来可由虫媒传播的疫病肆虐中国,而一些已在国外流行的虫媒传播病原如非洲马瘟等传入中国的风险也越来越高,严重危害中国畜牧养殖业的发展和公共卫生安全。特别是2018年8月以来非洲猪瘟在中国的流行给养猪业带来重要警示信息,即防止猪场媒介生物进入并阻断其携带病原的传播将成为猪场生物安全的重点。蚊、蝇、蠓及蜱等是猪场和发病猪群传播疫病的重要虫媒因素,虫媒种类及从虫媒中分离到的病毒、细菌、寄生虫等病原种类繁杂,虫媒生物特性的差异对病原的传播方式和传播能力也不尽相同。鉴于此,作者详细归纳了猪场存在的主要虫媒种类及其传播的重要猪病病原,包括猪乙型脑炎病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、非洲猪瘟病毒、盖塔病毒、猪肠道冠状病毒、大肠杆菌、猪链球菌等,并探讨其危害性和传播风险,以降低猪场虫媒传播疾病所带来的经济损失。     

霉菌毒素对畜禽的危害及削减方法研究进展

霉菌毒素是由不同种属真菌产生的次级代谢物,其对多种动物（包括人在内）具有显著毒性效果,如降低畜禽生产性能、损害脏器功能、影响机体免疫功能、造成细胞和DNA氧化损伤,甚至导致动物死亡等。饲料及其原料霉菌毒素污染是一个广泛的、全球性的问题,既可在作物田间生长时产生,也可在仓储期间产生,给畜禽养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失,防控霉菌生长及去除饲料中霉菌毒素已成为国内外研究的热点。实际上,不同霉菌毒素对不同动物的损害具有差异性,而在畜禽养殖过程中添加适当物质（如蒙脱石和酶制剂等）可有效抑制霉菌毒素活性,缓解霉菌毒素的毒性。作者详细论述了玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素、黄曲霉毒素和烟曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害,并从物理、化学、生物角度介绍了削减饲料及其原料中霉菌毒素的方法,旨在为合理有效防控霉菌毒素毒害及保障畜禽健康养殖提供参考。     

Challenges and opportunities for smallholder livestock production in post-conflict South Kivu, eastern DR Congo

A survey on smallholder livestock production with emphasis on monogastric animals was conducted in 20 villages of seven so-called 'groupements' of South Kivu province in DR Congo, situated along a north to south-west axis with the town of Bukavu in the center. This land adjacent to Lake Kivu is located at elevations ranging around 900- 1900 m asl, experiencing tropical highland climate. A diagnostic survey helped to rapidly obtain in-depth knowledge of constraints and opportunities in this environment. Correspondence analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to investigate the association of production constraints with particular livestock species and to understand the factors that govern the number of livestock that people owned (converted to tropical livestock units [TLU]), respectively. Responses of 112 informants demonstrated that livestock is an integral part of the region's mixed farming systems. Low livestock numbers per household at present reflect the poverty as a consequence of recent violent conflicts. Currently, farmers focus on small livestock, like poultry, swine, cavies (i.e., Guinea pigs) and rabbits. Families keep livestock to accumulate household reserves that are strongly invested in children's education. Major issues of animal husbandry were related to animal diseases and lack of feed resources, particularly in the dry season. Lack of feed or forages were unrelated to a particular livestock species. Livestock holdings depended on animal diversity, location, land size available and respondents' education level. The potential introduction of improved forages is challenged by their dry-season tolerance, compatibility with cropping on small farms; and people's readiness to cultivate forages.     

有机铁在猪和鸡营养中的研究与应用

铁是猪和鸡必需的微量元素之一,具有维持动物生长和调节新陈代谢的功能。无机铁在畜禽体内吸收率低,化学性质不稳定,粪尿中排泄多且污染环境。与无机铁相比,有机铁具有较高的生物利用度、良好的化学稳定性和环保性,已成为国内外畜禽营养研究和开发的热点。本文简要回顾了有机铁在猪和鸡生产中的应用,为有机铁科学合理地利用提供理论依据。     

规模养猪场粪便和污水治理模式的调查与思考

随着畜牧业和畜禽规模化养殖迅速发展,粪便和污水对农村环境造成的影响越来越大,粪便资源化利用及污水的有效治理问题日益受到社会关注。畜禽养殖污水尤其以规模养猪场、养牛场治理难度较大,为摸清养猪场粪便利用、污水治理现状,探索可行的治理方式,笔者对辽宁省内一些规模养猪场进行了专题调研和分析,提出了一些治理和发展建议。     

江苏省太仓市规模猪场疫病综合防控风险现状评估及对策

2018年我国首次发生非洲猪瘟疫情,并在短时间之内迅速蔓延,对全国生猪产业健康发展以及国民经济平稳运行构成了一定的威胁。对江苏省太仓市规模猪场疫病综合防控风险现状进行了评估,阐述了非洲猪瘟疫情发生以来存在的防控难点,提出了完善疫病防控体系、强化畜禽养殖专项整治及生猪调运车辆监管等防控对策,以期为提高该地区规模猪场疫病综合防控水平提供参考。     

Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome on swine production in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the annual cost of infections attributable to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus to US swine producers. DESIGN: Economic analysis. SAMPLE POPULATION: Data on the health and productivity of PRRS-affected and PRRS-unaffected breeding herds and growing-pig populations were collected from a convenience sample of swine farms in the midwestern United States. PROCEDURE: Health and productivity variables of PRRS-affected and PRRS-unaffected swine farms were analyzed to estimate the impact of PRRS on specific farms. National estimates of PRRS incidence were then used to determine the annual economic impact of PRRS on US swine producers. RESULTS: PRRS affected breeding herds and growing-pig populations as measured by a decrease in reproductive health, an increase in deaths, and reductions in the rate and efficiency of growth. Total annual economic impact of these effects on US swine producers was estimated at dollar 66.75 million in breeding herds and dollar 493.57 million in growing-pig populations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PRRS imposes a substantial financial burden on US swine producers and causes approximately dollar 560.32 million in losses each year. By comparison, prior to eradication, annual losses attributable to classical swine fever (hog cholera) and pseudorabies were estimated at dollar 364.09 million and dollar 36.27 million, respectively (adjusted on the basis of year 2004 dollars). Current PRRS control strategies are not predictably successful; thus, PRRS-associated losses will continue into the future. Research to improve our understanding of ecologic and epidemiologic characteristics of the PRRS virus and technologic advances (vaccines and diagnostic tests) to prevent clinical effects are warranted.     

广西畜禽现代生态养殖场认证存在问题及对策

为深化生态文明建设成效,推动生态养殖业的整体发展,广西自2016年开始实施畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作,要求2020年全区90%规模养殖场都需要与现代生态养殖标准所符合。目前广西畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作成效显著,在较大程度上推动现代生态养殖业的整体发展。但依然有一些问题存在于畜禽现代生态养殖场认证工作中,相关部门及人员需加强重视,及时探索针对性的对策。     

Simulated financial losses of classical swine fever epidemics in the Finnish pig production sector

Rapid structural change and concentration of pig production in regions with most intensive production has raised concerns about whether the risk of large-scale disease losses has increased in Finland. This paper examines the pig industry's losses due to classical swine fever (CSF) epidemics. The work is based on economic and epidemiological models providing insights to the consequences of epidemics to infected and uninfected farms, government and meat processing. The economic analysis was carried out by use of a sector model, which simulated the recovery of pig production, starting from the recognition of the disease in the country and ending at a steady-state market equilibrium about 12 years later. The model explicitly took into account profit-maximising behaviour of producers and the effects of decrease in export demand.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that under the current spatially diversified structure of Finnish pig farming and related industries, the probability of a severe disease epidemic counting dozens of infected farms is small. Even for epidemics considered large in Finland (5–33 infected farms) combined with a major reduction in export demand, the median loss was simulated to be only €19.2 million. The majority of these losses were due to loss of exports corresponding almost 20% of pig meat production in Finland. While the current structure of pig farming in Finland incurs higher production costs than the most intensive structures in Europe, it also seems to decrease the probability of ‘catastrophic’ economic losses. The results suggest that the response of export markets and the number of uninfected farms affected by preventive measures are critical to the magnitude of losses, as they can amplify losses even if only few farms become infected.     

Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study

Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as “mixing vessels” for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non‐abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small‐scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at‐risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.     

规模化猪场仔猪腹泻的发病特点与防治

仔猪腹泻是猪场常见疾病之一,其病因复杂,常给猪场造成巨大的经济损失。2011年1月—4月,对安徽、河南和江苏3省12个基础母猪存栏数在400头以上的规模化猪场发生仔猪腹泻的情况进行调查,分析了这些猪场仔猪腹泻的发病特点,并对不同的防治方法进行总结,以供广大兽医工作者参考。     

Risk factors for highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus infection in poultry during the 1999-2000 epidemic in Italy

In 1999-2000, Italian poultry production was disrupted by an H7N1 virus subtype epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The objectives of the present study were to identify risk factors for infection on poultry farms located in regions that had the highest number of outbreaks (Veneto and Lombardia) and the impact of pre-emptive culling as a complementary measure for eradicating infection. A Cox regression model that included spatial factors, such as the G index, was used. The results confirmed the relationship between risk of infection and poultry species, production type and size of farms. The effectiveness of pre-emptive culling was confirmed. An increased risk of infection was observed for poultry farms located near an infected farm and those at altitudes less than 150m above sea level. The measures for the control and eradication of AI virus infection need to consider species differences in susceptibility, the types of production and the density of poultry farms in the affected areas.     

湖南省畜禽粪污排放量估算与环境效应

了解湖南省畜禽粪便及其污染物排泄情况,为畜禽养殖业污染物防控与治理提供依据。本论文以《2011湖南农村统计年鉴》中畜禽出栏数作为统计基数,根据畜禽粪便排放系数和粪污含量,估测了2011年湖南省畜禽粪污排泄情况。结果表明,2011年湖南省畜禽粪便产生总量为6680.29万t,COD 327.49万t,BOD 302.39万t,NH₃-N 26.04万t,总磷30.78万t,总氮64.45万t;畜禽粪便中重金属排泄量分别为Zn 3802.54 t,Cu 2772.43 t,Cr 335.67 t,Pb 265.06 t,Cd 51.11 t,Ni 240.60 t,As 47.63 t,Hg 2.16 t;2011年湖南省畜禽粪便发酵生产沼气总量约为572088万m³。畜禽养殖业粪污排泄量巨大,危害之大,应坚持减量化、无害化和资源化三原则,倡导畜牧健康养殖理念。     

浅析夏季畜禽养殖场恶臭污染及控制

随着畜牧业生产规模的扩大和集约化程度的提高,畜禽养殖场产生的恶臭所造成的危害已经引起人们的普遍关注。恶臭的发生具有明显的季节性。对于畜禽养殖场来讲,夏季的恶臭污染程度要高于其它时节。本文针对夏季恶臭发生的特点,提出了相应的控制措施。     

畜禽场微生物除臭技术的研究进展

畜禽场排放的氨气、硫化氢、挥发性有机物等恶臭污染严重危害人畜健康和周边环境,恶臭污染问题亟待解决。目前,畜禽场除臭方法多样,包括物理法、化学法和生物法。本文论述了微生物除臭技术的原理及在畜禽场以微生物添加剂的形式用于源头除臭、以生物过滤和喷洒的形式用于过程除臭、以发酵液等形式用于末端除臭的应用和研究进展,对微生物除臭技术现状和发展趋势进行简要分析。