籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对孵化效果影响的研究

本试验旨在研究不同水平蛋重与蛋形指数对籽鹅种蛋孵化效果的影响,进而总结出种蛋筛选的最佳方案,为籽鹅个体、家系种蛋的选留及籽鹅的繁衍、孵化、生产提供科学参考。选取二年籽鹅种蛋2 469枚,蛋重为94.8~154.4 g,平均蛋重（123.3±9.5）g;蛋形指数为1.24~1.63,平均蛋形指数1.45±0.05。采用2因素4水平试验设计,将所有种蛋按蛋重与蛋形指数分成16个孵化组（蛋重与蛋形指数分别分为4个水平）,测量每枚种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数,并在蛋壳上做好编号,在相同孵化条件、同一孵化设备中进行两次孵化试验。结果表明,①蛋重<118.0 g组种蛋受精率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,125.0~131.9 g组次之,且受精蛋孵化率随着蛋重增大升高;125.0~131.9 g组种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重最大。②蛋形指数在1.47~1.51组种蛋受精率及种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>1.51组次之;1.47~1.51组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,1.42~1.46组次之。分析以上结果可得出：籽鹅种蛋蛋重对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重有显著影响（P<0.05）,以籽鹅蛋重在125.0~154.4 g为宜;蛋形指数对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率亦有显著影响（P<0.05）,对种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重无影响（P>0.05）,以蛋形指数在1.47~1.51为宜。籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重的影响均存在交互作用。其中,蛋形指数对种蛋孵化健雏率的影响较蛋重强,其作为单一因素对鹅雏出生重无影响。以上结果表明,以蛋重或蛋形指数任一因素作为种蛋筛选的依据都不科学,应综合考虑以达到种蛋优选的目的。     

蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响及相关分析

为了研究蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,在相同孵化条件下,选用3世代47周龄拉萨白鸡种蛋,按蛋形指数分组进行孵化,并对蛋形指数与孵化效果的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.68~0.72时,0胚龄蛋重、纵径均值、头照(第11日胚龄)蛋重、二照(第20日胚龄)蛋重最大,分别为:(51.92±5.27)g、(57.71±1.97)mm、(48.95±4.67)g、(45.47±3.97)g;蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.73~0.77时,入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率和雏鸡的初生重最大,分别为:82.65%、86.60%、(36.31±4.71)g;蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.78~0.82时,头照(第11日胚龄)失重、头照(第11日胚龄)失重率、二照(第20日胚龄)失重、二照(第20日胚龄)失重率最大,分别为:(3.35±0.93)g、(6.64±1.54)%、(6.70±1.47)g、(13.47±2.56)%;蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.83~0.87时,橫径均值、受精率、健雏率、雏鸡初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比最大,分别为:(42.82±1.23)mm、97.26%、95.96%、(70.23±3.58)%;雏鸡初生重与雏鸡初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。该研究为拉萨白鸡今后的选育提供了理论依据。     

孵化期间鹅种蛋失重及其孵化效果的研究

本试验通过对不同品种鹅种蛋在孵化过程中的失重及孵化效果进行研究。结果表明,种蛋1 d~28 d平均失重率以莱茵鹅最高,与豁鹅、籽鹅比较差异显著(p<0.05),而豁鹅与籽鹅比较,差异不显著(p>0.05)。受精率以莱茵鹅最高,与豁鹅比较差异达到了显著水平(p<0.05),与籽鹅比差异极显著(p<0.01)。受精孵化率籽鹅与豁鹅、莱茵鹅比较,差异分别达到了极显著水平(p<0.01)和显著水平(p<0.05)。入孵蛋重与28d胚蛋重呈强正相关,失重率随蛋重增加而降低;蛋重越大,初生重也随之增大。     

外源肌苷酸对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及种蛋孵化性能的影响

本试验通过在种鸡的基础饲粮中加入肌苷酸(IMP)来研究其对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和种蛋孵化性能的影响。选择遗传背景相同、体重相近,产蛋率达到5%的20周龄健康AA种鸡864羽,随机分为2组(对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.5%肌苷酸),每组6个重复,每个重复72羽,试验期30 d。测定试验期间所有种蛋的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率;每组随机选取部分种蛋进行蛋品质测定;于孵化开始第17天,通过照蛋处理统计种蛋受精率,第21天出雏时,计算受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组种鸡的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋形指数显著升高(P<0.05),蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色显著降低(P<0.05);受精率、受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率显著升高(P<0.05),健雏率和雏鸡体重有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,0.5%外源肌苷酸对种鸡的产蛋性能和种蛋孵化性能均有促进作用。     

鸡的人工授精与自然交配种蛋孵化对比试验

该试验选用鸡的人工授精种蛋９４０枚及自然交配种蛋９６０枚,做了鸡的人工授精与自然资本种蛋孵化试验,结果表明：鸡人工授精后６ｄ内种蛋受精率平均为９４．５％,７ｄ后,受经极显著降低;人工授精后的种蛋受经及入孵种蛋孵化率均极显著高于自然交配组,两两者的受精种蛋孵化率无明显差异;另外,在试验过程中,还研究了种蛋贮存时间与化结果的关系,发现种蛋贮存期越短,孵化效果越好,贮存期最长不应超过７ｄ。     

外源肌苷酸对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及种蛋孵化性能的影响

本试验通过在种鸡的基础饲粮中加入肌苷酸（IMP）来研究其对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和种蛋孵化性能的影响。选择遗传背景相同、体重相近,产蛋率达到5%的20周龄健康AA种鸡864羽,随机分为2组（对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验组饲喂基础饲粮＋0.5%肌苷酸）,每组6个重复,每个重复72羽,试验期30 d。测定试验期间所有种蛋的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率;每组随机选取部分种蛋进行蛋品质测定;于孵化开始第17天,通过照蛋处理统计种蛋受精率,第21天出雏时,计算受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组种鸡的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;蛋形指数显著升高（P<0.05）,蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色显著降低（P<0.05）;受精率、受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率显著升高（P<0.05）,健雏率和雏鸡体重有升高的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,0.5%外源肌苷酸对种鸡的产蛋性能和种蛋孵化性能均有促进作用。     

The Productive Performance and the Correlation Analysis Between Hatchability and Egg Quality in Jiangxi Green-eggshell Layers

The purpose of this study was to provide the reference to Jiangxi Green-eggshell breeding through the analysis of laying performance, hatchability and egg quality in the first generation of Jiangxi Green-eggshell layers at 300-days old. 306 Jiangxi Green-eggshell layers and 80 eggs were selected to determine the laying performance, hatchability and egg quality among families, and the correlation between the hatchability and egg quality were analyzed also. The results were as fellows:The average body weight of these hens was 1 596.99 g, the average egg weight was 50.57 g, the average egg-laying number was 14.53, the average fertility rate was 93.69%, the average dead fertile egg rate was 5.55%, the average healthy chick rate was 84.3%, the average dead embryo egg rate was 13.9%, the average egg shape index was 1.28, the average Haugh unit was 71.77, and the average eggshell strength was 4.44 kg/cm². The healthy chick rate and the egg weight had significant correlation,as well as the eggshell color and the egg shape index (P < 0.05). The healthy chick rate had extremely significantly correlation with the dead fertile egg rate(P < 0.01), as well as the eggshell strength and the eggshell thickness (P < 0.01). Generally, the first generation of Jiangxi Green-eggshell layers had good egg quality, higher laying performance and hatchability, but they still need to be further selected.     

江西绿壳蛋鸡生产性能及孵化性能与蛋品质的相关性分析

本研究通过对江西绿壳蛋鸡F1代产蛋性能、孵化效果和蛋品质进行分析,为江西绿壳蛋鸡选育提供参考。试验选取300日龄江西绿壳蛋鸡306只及其鸡蛋80枚,分别测定、分析蛋鸡产蛋性能及种蛋孵化效果和蛋品质,并对这些指标进行相关性分析。经测定,试验蛋鸡平均体重为1 596.99 g,平均蛋重为50.57 g,平均产蛋数为14.53枚;群体平均受精率为93.69%,平均死精率为5.55%,平均健雏率为84.3%,平死胚率为13.9%。群体平均蛋形指数为1.28,平均哈氏单位为71.77,平均蛋壳强度为4.44 kg/cm²。相关分析显示,健雏率与蛋重、蛋壳颜色与蛋形指数间呈显著相关（P < 0.05）;健雏率与死胚率、蛋壳强度与蛋壳厚度间呈极显著相关（P < 0.01）。以上结果表明,江西绿壳蛋鸡F1代蛋品质优良,产蛋性能、孵化效果较好,但仍需进一步选育。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、孵化性能和氮排放的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡生产性能、蛋品质、孵化性能和氮排放的影响。选用30周龄健康的快大型岭南黄羽肉种母鸡288只,根据体重和产蛋率相近原则,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。各组饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)水平分别为16%(对照组)、15%、14%、13%,各组的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸及异亮氨酸水平一致。试验期10周。结果表明:1)低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡末重、平均日增重、平均日产蛋量、料蛋比、平均蛋重、产蛋率、破蛋率和不合格蛋率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡鸡蛋的蛋形指数、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄重、蛋壳重和蛋壳厚度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。13%CP组的蛋黄颜色显著高于16%CP组(P<0.05)。3)低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡的雏鸡初生重、受精蛋孵化率、弱雏率和受精率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)13%、14%CP组的血浆尿素氮含量显著低于16%CP组(P<0.05),13%CP组的血浆尿酸含量显著低于16%CP组(P<0.05),13%CP组的粪便氮含量显著低于16%CP组(P<0.05)。由此可见,低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡的生产性能、蛋品质和孵化性能无负面影响,但能够降低血浆尿素氮、尿酸含量和粪便氮含量。本试验条件下,黄羽肉种鸡产蛋高峰期的饲粮CP水平可以降低至13%(补充7种必需氨基酸)。     

蛋重和蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的研究

为研究拉萨白鸡种蛋蛋重和蛋形指数（纵径/横径）对孵化效果的影响,在相同孵化条件下,选用3世代47周龄拉萨白鸡种蛋,按蛋重分组进行孵化,Ⅰ组（≤45.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.27±0.05）,Ⅱ组（45.1-50.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.27±0.05）,Ⅲ组（50.1-55.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.27±0.05）,Ⅳ组（55.1-60.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.28±0.05）,Ⅴ组（〉60.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.31±0.05）。结果表明,种蛋的蛋重越大,其纵径均值、横径均值、蛋形指数均值、受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率和雏鸡初生重越大,即Ⅴ组（〉60.0 g）种蛋的蛋重均值、纵径均值、横径均值、蛋形指数均值、受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率和雏鸡初生重均最大,分别为（61.03±0.82）g、（58.13±1.68）mm、（44.59±0.79）mm、（1.31±0.05）、98.15%、85.19%、86.79%和（42.48±1.98）g;Ⅱ组（45.1-50.0 g）的健雏率最高,为96.09%;Ⅰ组（≤45.0 g）的雏鸡初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比最大,为（69.91±2.71）%;蛋重与纵径、横径、蛋形指数呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。因此,蛋重和蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋的孵化率影响较大,应选择较大种蛋（〉45.0 g）,蛋形指数的范围则较宽,在≥1.27时即可以达到较理想的孵化效果。     

Comparison of hatchability and some egg quality characteristics in spotted and unspotted partridge (Alectoris chukar) eggs

The current research was conducted to determine the comparison of hatchability and some egg quality characteristics in spotted and unspotted partridge (Alectoris chukar) eggs. The research was carried out on 51 male and 102 female chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) aged 50 wk, which were raised at the Research and Application Farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Selcuk University. In total, 244 spotted and 261 unspotted eggs were used in the research. The hatching eggs were stored at 75% RH and 13°C for 14 d. Thirty spotted and 30 unspotted eggs laid on the same day were used for the evaluation of egg quality characteristics. Egg weight, chick weight, egg weight loss during the hatching period, shape index, hatchability, and some egg quality characteristics were evaluated at the end of the research. Spotted eggs exhibited a higher fertility and hatchability, as well as a lower percentage egg weight loss and embryonic mortality when compared with unspotted eggs. No significant differences were observed between spotted and unspotted eggs for egg weight, chick weight, shape index, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk color green-red chromaticity (a*), albumen pH, and yolk pH. Spotted eggs had higher eggshell color a*, eggshell color blue-yellow chromaticity (b*), and eggshell strength, as well as a lower eggshell color light-dark chromaticity (L*), yolk color L*, and yolk color b* scores when compared with unspotted eggs. It was demonstrated that spots on the eggshells of chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) improved their hatchability by affecting various quality characteristics of their eggs. It was concluded that spotted eggs are more suitable for hatching.     

种蛋清洗消毒对孵化性能的影响试验

种蛋经机器清洗消毒处理后,与未处理的对照组相比较,入孵蛋孵化率提高了2.68个百分点,受精蛋孵化率提高了1.42个百分点,健雏率提高了0.7个百分点,经统计检验,两者差异极显著(P<0.01)。对照组死胚蛋中大肠杆菌检出率9.09%、沙门氏菌检出率54.55%,处理组大肠杆菌或沙门氏菌检出率均为零。种蛋清洗消毒后能显著提高孵化效果及雏鸡质量。     

北京鸭蛋重与受精率、孵化率、蛋形指数及出雏重的关系

本研究将北京鸭Z1系种蛋分为小蛋组(82～92g)、中蛋组(92～105g)和大蛋组(106～124g),分别研究蛋重与受精率、孵化率、蛋形指数及初出重等性状的关系.结果表明蛋重对受精率的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着蛋重增大,受精率有增大的趋势;孵化率随蛋重的增加而显著减小(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);蛋重对蛋形指数的影响不显著(P＞0.05);雏鸭出生重受蛋重的正向影响差异极显著(P＜0.01).综合以上结果,本文得出北京鸭Z1系适宜孵化的蛋重范围是82～105g.     

两种孵化方法对泥鳅孵化效果的比较研究

为比较孵化方式对泥鳅孵化效果的影响,试验采用4mg DOM＋3μg LHRH-A2对泥鳅进行催产,将所产卵子进行人工授精后,采用西北农林科技大学安康水产试验示范站自制溢水式孵化桶与水泥池置入40目绢纱布网箱两种方法对泥鳅受精卵进行去巢流水式孵化和鱼巢附卵孵化。在pH7.0~7.5、水温24~26℃的条件下,以孵化时间和孵化率探讨两种孵化方式对泥鳅孵化的影响。结果去巢流水孵化的孵化时间和孵化率为（30.52±0.89）h、（92.25±0.84）%;鱼巢附卵孵化的孵化时间和孵化率为：（38.56±1.04）h（、88.97±0.78）%。表明去巢流水孵化显著优于鱼巢附卵孵化。     

植酸酶对种鸡生产性能及种蛋孵化性能影响的研究

种鸡在生产条件下，利用植酸酶水解饲料中植酸的原理，观察商品植酸酶替代磷酸氢钙对种鸡生产性能和种蛋孵化性能的影响和评价其实际可应用性。选用２８～３６周龄的肉用黄种鸡（ＮＫ２７１），在饲料中添加３００单位植酸酶替代磷酸氢钙（ＤＣＰ）提供的１．８ｇ无机磷。结果表明：植酸酶使种鸡的产蛋率（＋０．６６％）、日耗料量（－０．７１％）、破蛋率（－９．３％）、不合格种蛋（－４．９５％）、种蛋受精率（＋０．２９％）和１２天活胚率（＋０．７８％）均得到改善，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；而入孵种蛋健雏率（＋１．８９％）、１２天活胚蛋健雏率（＋１．６６％）和残次雏率（－１６．１１％）则优于对照组，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。因此，可以认为不仅在种鸡饲料中可用商品植酸酶替代磷酸氢钙，而且对种鸡和种蛋的几乎全部重要生产和繁殖指标，都有不同程度的良好作用。根据目前市场上磷酸氢钙的品质（含氟量）状况，使用植酸酶能够大幅度减轻以至于杜绝由磷酸氢钙导致的氟中毒问题。同时能够预见，使用植酸酶可以大幅度降低排泄物中的含磷量，并能减少对自然环境的污染。可见，植酸酶在种鸡饲料中具有重要的实际应用价值。     

添加有机硒对种鸡繁殖性能和蛋品质的影响

选择190日龄健康开产贵州黄母鸡96只,公鸡12只,随机分为两组(每组母鸡48只,公鸡6只),组1为对照组,饲以基础日粮;组2为试验组,饲以含有机硒基础日粮(含硒量为0.5mg/kg)。试验结果表明:含硒日粮对种鸡的受精率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率、早期死胚率和健雏率均有所改善,但组间差异不显著(P>0.05);后期死胚率组2极显著低于组1(P<0.05);试验组蛋重和哈氏单位均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

修补破损种蛋提高种蛋利用率试验

破损种蛋一般认为不能用于孵化,而被废弃。笔者对三种较为简单易行的修补破损种蛋的方法进行了试验,证明了破损种蛋通过修补可与正常种蛋一样用于常规孵化。将破损种蛋按不同破损程度和形状、不同修补时间、不同修补材料、破损蛋与完好蛋、破损蛋修补与不修补分成五组进行对比试验,每组重复三次。经修补的破损种蛋,孵化率为80.15%,与正常种蛋孵化率(87.14%)差异不显著(P>0.05)。修补的破损种蛋孵化率显著高于未修补的破损种蛋孵化率,分别为81.24%和33.91%。用胶水、浆糊、透明胶带修补的破损种蛋孵化率分别为81.01%、80.16%、68.98%。将破损种蛋分成第二天修补、第四天修补、第六天修补三类,同时入孵,结果为第二天、第四天、第六天修补的孵化率分别为81.06%、76.28%、62.54%。由此可见,破损种蛋在内壳膜没有破裂的情况下,完全可以用来孵化。     

高海拔环境下不同品种鸡种蛋孵化效果研究

为评价不同品种鸡种蛋在高海拔地区的孵化性能,选取4个品种蛋鸡的种蛋在海拔3 780 m的环境条件下开展孵化试验,观察并比较高海拔环境下各品种鸡种蛋的孵化效果。结果表明,拉萨白鸡种蛋的受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率都是最高的,分别为94.32%、76.70%、81.33%、94.41%;北京藏鸡种蛋的受精率最低,为74.00%;北京油鸡种蛋的入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率都是最低的,分别为0.84%、1.00%、50.00%。     

不同饲养方式对鹅繁殖性能影响的比较研究

比较分析传统池塘养殖和新型戏水池养殖扬州鹅的产蛋性能和孵化性能,探讨两种饲养方式的优劣,以期证明新型戏水池养殖方式的可行性。研究结果表明,池塘养殖开产略迟（比戏水池养殖晚4d）,但高峰产蛋率达到了43.30%（比戏水池养殖高5%）,产蛋率〉35%维持的天数达到了59d,入舍母鹅产蛋数达到58.70个（比戏水池养殖入舍母鹅产蛋数56.24个高2.46个）,池塘养殖鹅群产蛋性能更好一些。受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率,池塘养殖（88.97%、89.58%、97.90%）与戏水池养殖（87.92%、87.69%、98.05%）均无显著差异。综合考虑土地利用率、节水、养殖效率等因素,新型戏水池饲养方式可以在鹅养殖业中大面积推广使用。     

Egg production,fertility, hatchability and immune responses of some chicken strains under high ambient temperatures

This experiment was designed to investigate and compare the egg production, fertility, hatchability and immune responses of some local developed Egyptian chicken strains under high ambient temperatures. A total of 108 (26 weeks old) laying hens of Matrouh, Silver Montazah, Mandarah and Inshas (9 hens × 3 replicates × 4 strains) were used to evaluate the impact of thermal stress (24-34ºC) during summer season (June, July and August) on egg production, fertility, hatchability and immune responses. The obtained results revealed that final body weight (FBW/g) and body weight change (BWC/g) among different chicken strains were not affected. The daily feed consumption (FC/g) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) for Silver Montazah and Inshas strains were significantly (p ≤ .05) higher than those of Matrouh and Mandarah strains. The mean egg production (EP/%) and egg mass (EM) for Silver Montazah and Inshas strains were significantly (p ≤ .05) higher than those of Matrouh and Mandarah strains. The highest percentages of hatchability of total eggs (HTE) and fertile eggs (HFE) were recorded in Inshas chickens, while the lowest value was recorded in Mandarah chickens. Also, the highest embryonic mortalities (p ≤ .05) and lowest chick weight at hatch (CWH/g) were recorded in Mandarah chickens compared with the other strains. The highest values for antibody titres against phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) were recorded in Mandarah chickens, while the least values were recorded in Inshas chickens.