杜洛克猪MAP3K5基因多态位点与生长、饲料利用性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究MAP3K5基因多态性与杜洛克猪生长、饲料利用性状的关联性。利用Illumina SNP60芯片测序结果比较发现了MAP3K5基因的4个SNPs位点（Ssc1：30769583 A>C;Ssc1：30781169 A>G;Ssc1：30940839 A>G;Ssc1：30962276 G>A）。统计获得MAP3K5基因的4个SNPs位点的基因型频率及等位基因频率,发现4个SNPs为低度－中度的多态突变位点。对MAP3K5基因多态性与生长、饲料利用性状的关联性进行分析,结果表明,杜洛克猪Ssc1：30769583 A>C位点CC基因型个体与AA基因型个体相比剩余采食量（RFI）性状降低了133.08 g/d（P<0.05）;Ssc1：30781169 A>G位点的GG基因型个体与AG基因型个体相比RFI性状降低了116.18 g/d（P<0.05）,ADFI性状降低了0.23 kg/d（P<0.05）;Ssc1：30940839 A>G位点的GG基因型个体与AG基因型个体相比饲料转化率（FCR）性状降低了0.10%（P<0.05）;Ssc1：30962276 G>A位点的AA基因型个体与GG基因型个体相比ADG性状降低了0.04 kg/d（P<0.05）。试验初步认为MAP3K5基因4个SNPs位点的多态性对杜洛克猪的RFI、ADFI、FCR和ADG具有一定影响。     

杜洛克猪HLCS基因多态位点与生长发育性状的相关性分析

本研究旨在明确羧化全酶合成酶（holocarboxylase synthetase,HLCS）基因突变与杜洛克猪生长发育性状的相关性。利用Illumina SNP60芯片测序结果研究HLCS基因的突变位点,分析突变位点的多态性信息、突变位点与生长发育性状的关联性及突变位点的单倍型。结果显示,杜洛克猪HLCS基因具有4个SNPs位点：Ssc13：200455646 T>C、Ssc13：200458655 G>C、Ssc13：200504530 G>T、Ssc13：200551864 T>G,均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P>0.05）,呈现中度多态性。关联分析结果发现,Ssc13：200455646 T>C位点TT基因型100 kg背膘、剩余采食量均显著高于TC和CC基因型（P<0.05）;Ssc13：200458655 G>C位点GG基因型个体100 kg背膘、剩余采食量均显著高于CG和CC基因型（P<0.05）;Ssc13：200504530 G>T位点GT基因型平均日采食量、平均日增重均显著高于TT基因型（P<0.05）,GT基因型个体100 kg日龄显著小于TT基因型（P<0.05）;Ssc13：200551864 T>G位点TG基因型平均日采食量、平均日增重均显著高于GG基因型（P<0.05）,TG基因型个体100 kg日龄显著小于GG基因型（P<0.05）;其余性状各位点不同基因型间无显著差异（P>0.05）。Ssc13：200455646 T>C和Ssc13：200458655 G>C位点呈现高度连锁,Ssc13：200504530 G>T与Ssc13：200551864 T>G位点呈现高度连锁。结果表明,HLCS基因4个SNPs位点的多态性与杜洛克猪的剩余采食量、平均日采食量、平均日增重、100 kg日龄和100 kg背膘均具有显著相关性,可为猪的生长发育遗传改良奠定基础。     

Study on HMGA1 Gene Polymorphism Site and Its Association with Feed Efficiency Related Traits in Duroc Pigs

The objective of this study was to analyze two SNPs of HMGA1 gene,and investigate its association with feed efficiency related traits in Duroc populations.HMGA1 gene SNPs(g.-543 T > C and g.1356 C > T) in Large White pig and Min pig were detected by re-sequencing technology,SNP genotyping of g.-543 T > C and g.1356 C > T sites in Duroc populations were performed using Sequenom mass spectrometry,and the association of HMGA1 gene SNPs with growth and feed efficiency related traits in Duroc populations were analyzed.The results indicated that the individuals of CT genotype in g.-543 T>C increased 2.15 kg on 90 d body weight (P<0.05),decreased 3.21 d at 30 kg weight age (P<0.05),weaning weight was increased and 100 kg age were decreased,residual feed intake,30 to 100 kg average daily gain (ADG),40 to 90 kg average daily feed intake (ADFI) and 40 to 90 kg ADG were decreased,comparing with CC individuals.Moreover the individuals of CC genotype in g.1356 C>T had significantly increased 90 d body weight (0.37 kg,P<0.05),ADFI (less 0.13 kg,P<0.05),back fat (BF, less 0.43 mm,P<0.05),RFI (less 70.40 g,P<0.05),30 kg age (less 0.56 d,P<0.05) and 40 to 90 kg ADFI (less 0.17 kg,P<0.05) were significantly decreased;Weaning weight and 100 kg age were increased;30 to 100 kg ADG,40 to 90 kg ADG were decreased than TT genotype individuals.And the CT genotype individual in g.1356 C>T had the similar results with CC genotype individuals that compared with TT genotype individuals.All in all,the two SNPs of HMGA1 gene would be helpful in feed efficiency related traits in Duroc population.     

杜洛克猪HMGA1基因多态位点与生长、饲料利用性状的关联分析

试验对HMGA1基因的两个SNPs位点进行分析,研究了HMGA1基因核苷酸多态性与生长、饲料利用性状的关联性。利用大白猪和民猪重测序结果比较发现了HMGA1基因的两个SNPs位点（g.-543 T > C和g.1356 C > T）,利用Sequenom质谱测序平台对杜洛克猪g.-543 T > C和g.1356 C > T位点进行基因分型,并分析该位点多态性与生长、饲料利用性状的关联性。结果发现,杜洛克猪群体g.-543 T>C位点,CT与CC基因型相比,90日龄体重升高了2.15 kg（P<0.05）,30 kg体重日龄降低了3.21 d（P<0.05）,断奶重升高,剩余采食量降低,100 kg体重日龄减少,30~100 kg平均日增重、40~90 kg平均日采食量、40~90 kg平均日增重均降低。杜洛克猪群体g.1356 C>T位点,CC与TT基因型相比,90日龄体重升高了0.37 kg（P<0.05）;平均日采食量降低0.13 kg/d（P<0.05）,100 kg背膘厚降低0.43 mm（P<0.05）,剩余采食量降低了70.42 g（P<0.05）,30 kg体重日龄降低了0.56 d（P<0.05）;40~90 kg平均日采食量降低了0.17 kg（P<0.05）,断奶重升高,100 kg体重日龄增大,30~100、40~90 kg平均日增重均降低;CT与TT基因型结果与上结果类似。结果初步表明HMGA1基因两个SNPs位点的突变有利于杜洛克猪的生长、饲料利用效率的提高。     

藏羊BMPRⅡ基因多态性及其单倍型与产羔性状相关分析

【目的】 研究骨形态发生蛋白受体Ⅱ(bone morphogenetic protein receptor Ⅱ, BMPRⅡ)基因多态性及其单倍型与藏羊产羔性状的相关性。【方法】 以433只藏羊母羊为研究对象, 采用改良多重高温连接酶检测反应技术(improved multiple ligase detection reaction, iMLDR)对BMPRⅡ基因9个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点在藏羊群体中的多态性进行检测, 使用Haploview 4.2软件分析其连锁不平衡性并构建单倍型, 应用基因关联分析探究BMPRⅡ基因多态性及单倍型与藏羊产羔性状的关联。【结果】 藏羊BMPRⅡ基因外显子12中存在6个SNPs, 分别为: g.90192 T>C、g.142532 C>T、g.142614 A>G、g.142751 T>C、g.143138 A>G和g.143189 G>A, 外显子3、9和13中各存在1个SNP, 分别为: g.143570 C>G、g.124843 A>C和g.145233 A>G, 这9个SNPs均为同义突变。9个SNPs中, 除g.90192 T>C外, 均存在3种基因型。多态信息含量分析显示, 群体在g.90192 T>C、g.142614 A>G和g.145233 A>G位点处于低度多态(PIC<0.25), 在g.124843 A>C、g.142532 C>T、g.142751 T>C、g.143138 A>G、g.143189 G>A和g.143570 C>G位点均处于中度多态(0.25<PIC<0.5)。χ²适合性检验结果显示, 所有突变位点均未偏离哈代-温伯格平衡状态。相关性分析显示, 不同位点不同基因型与藏羊产羔性状均无显著相关(P>0.05), 但g.142532 C>T位点CT基因型平均产羔数高于CC和TT基因型, g.142751 T>C位点CC基因型平均产羔数高于TT和TC基因型, g.143189 G>A位点GA基因型平均产羔数高于GG和AA基因型, g.143570 C>G位点CG基因型平均产羔数高于CC和GG基因型, g.145233 A>G位点GG基因型平均产羔数高于AA和AG基因型, 差异均不显著(P>0.05)。BMPRⅡ基因中除g.90192 T>C位点外的8个SNPs位点在藏羊群体中共形成14种单倍型(H1~H14), 单倍型与藏羊产羔数间均无显著相关(P>0.05)。【结论】 BMPRⅡ基因g.142532 C>T、g.142751 T>C、g.143189 G>A、g.143570 C>G和g.145233 A>G位点对藏羊产羔数有一定潜在的影响。     

Feed conversion ratio,residual feed intake and cholecystokinin type A receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with feed intake and average daily gain in a Chinese local chicken population

Background: The feed conversion ratio(FCR) and residual feed intake(RFI) are common indexes in measuring feed efficiency for livestock. RFI is a feed intake adjusted for requirements for maintenance and production so these two traits are related. Similarly, FCR is related to feed intake and weight gain because it is their ratio. Cholecystokinin type A receptor(CCKAR) plays an important role in animal digestive process. We examined the interplay of these three parameters in a local Chinese chicken population.Results: The feed intake(FI) and body weights(BW) of 1,841 individuals were monitored on a daily basis from 56 to 105 d of age. There was a strong correlation between RFI and average daily feed intake(ADFI) and a negative correlation between the FCR and daily gain(r_g=-0.710). Furthermore, we identified 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the CCKAR and 4 of these resulted in amino acid mutations. The C334A mutation was specifically associated with FI and the expected feed intake(EFI)(P 0.01) and significantly associated with the average daily gain(ADG)(P 0.05). G1290A was significantly associated with FI and EFI(P 0.05).Conclusion: FCR is apply to weight selecting, and RFI is more appropriate if the breeding focus is feed intake. And C334A and G1290A of the CCKAR gene can be deemed as candidate markers for feed intake and weight gain.     

快速型黄羽肉鸡饲料利用效率性状的基因组选择研究

旨在探究快速型黄羽肉鸡饲料利用效率性状的遗传参数,评估不同方法所得估计育种值的准确性。本研究以自主培育的快速型黄羽肉鸡E系1 923个个体（其中公鸡1 199只,母鸡724只）为研究素材,采用"京芯一号"鸡55K SNP芯片进行基因分型。分别利用传统最佳线性无偏预测（BLUP）、基因组最佳线性无偏预测（GBLUP）和一步法（SSGBLUP）3种方法,基于加性效应模型进行遗传参数估计,通过10倍交叉验证比较3种方法所得估计育种值的准确性。研究性状包括4个生长性状和4个饲料利用效率性状：42日龄体重（BW42D）、56日龄体重（BW56D）、日均增重（ADG）、日均采食量（ADFI）和饲料转化率（FCR）、剩余采食量（RFI）、剩余增长体重（RG）、剩余采食和增长体重（RIG）。结果显示,4个饲料利用效率性状均为低遗传力（0.08~0.20）,其他生长性状为中等偏低遗传力（0.11~0.35）;4个饲料利用效率性状间均为高度遗传相关,RFI、RIG与ADFI间为中度遗传相关,RFI与ADG间无显著相关性,RIG与ADG间为低度遗传相关。本研究在获得SSGBLUP方法的最佳基因型和系谱矩阵权重比基础上,比较8个性状的估计育种值准确性,SSGBLUP方法获得的准确性分别比传统BLUP和GBLUP方法提高3.85%~14.43%和5.21%~17.89%。综上,以RIG为选择指标能够在降低日均采食量的同时保持日均增重,比RFI更适合快速型黄羽肉鸡的选育目标;采用最佳权重比进行SSGBLUP分析,对目标性状估计育种值的预测性能最优,建议作为快速型黄羽肉鸡基因组选择方法。     

猪PLA2G4A基因单核苷酸多态性及其与饲料报酬性状的关联分析

猪肉是世界第一大肉类消费品,通过提高饲料报酬来降低猪的养殖成本有巨大的经济意义。PLA2G4A基因作为早期脂肪分化的重要基因,已经在多个物种上进行研究。本实验以2016年出生于北京中育种猪有限责任公司的166头大白猪为材料,研究PLA2G4A基因与平均日采食量、饲料转化率、剩余饲料采食量和平均日增重4个饲料报酬性状的关系。结果发现:猪PLA2G4A位于外显子1、12、13、21的4个SNP位点;内含子2、2、11、12、16的5个SNP位点,共计9个SNP位点;对这9个SNP和4个饲料报酬相关性状进行关联分析发现,位于内含子16的SNP位点与猪的平均日增重有极显著相关,而其他SNP位点与这4种饲料报酬性状均无显著相关。     

湖羊PLAG1基因5'调控区多态性及其与早期体重的关联分析

旨在克隆湖羊PLAG1基因5'调控区序列,明确PLAG1基因5'调控区多态性与湖羊早期体重的关系,寻找用于湖羊生长性状辅助选择的分子标记。本研究利用5'RACE技术鉴定PLAG1基因转录起始位点,以456只断奶湖羊为对象,利用测序法筛选PLAG1 5'调控区SNP位点,使用SPSS 18.0软件分析不同基因型对湖羊初生体重和断奶体重的影响。结果表明,PLAG1基因转录起始位点均位于g.30535位点,测序发现,PLAG1基因5'调控序列存在15个SNPs位点,在湖羊群体中均有3种基因型,均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。关联分析发现,g.28888A>T位点AA型、g.28901G>T位点GG型、g.30802C>T位点CC型、g.30825A>G位点AA型的初生体重均显著大于相应的杂合基因型（P<0.05）,g.30737T>C位点CC型断奶体重显著小于TC型（P<0.05）。连锁分析发现,g.28888A>T、g.28901G>T、g.28913T>A、g.29717G>C、g.29724A>C、g.29725G>A、g.29768T>C、g.29771A>G、g.30141T>A、g.30144A>G、g.30691C>A、g.30694A>T、g.30737T>C、g.30802C>T、g.30825A>G,15个位点连锁且有18种单倍型。将样本量较多的5种单倍型与湖羊早期体重进行关联分析发现,AAGGTAGGAAGGTTAATTAACCAATCCCAA单倍型初生体重显著大于ATGTTAGCACGATCAGTAAGCAATTCCTAG单倍型（P<0.05）,断奶体重显著大于AAGGAAGGAAGGTTAATTAACCAACCCCAA单倍型（P<0.05）。上述结果表明,湖羊群体中PLAG1基因5'调控区存在15个连锁的SNPs位点,其中g.28888A>T、g.28901G>T、g.30802C>T、g.30825A>G位点与初生体重显著相关（P<0.05）,g.30737T>C位点与断奶体重显著相关（P<0.05）,AAGGTAGGAAGGTTAATTAACCAATCCCAA单倍型与初生体重和断奶体重显著相关（P<0.05）,说明PLAG1基因可作为湖羊生长性状选择的候选遗传标记。     

提高猪饲料效率的测定与选择

为提高猪饲料效率的选择,本试验测定一些与猪饲料效率相关的生产性状并进行遗传评估。方法：测定60头军牧1号白猪后备公猪的采食量、体增重、背膘厚等生产性状,用猪剩余采食量（RFI）和饲料转化率（FCR）作为评价饲料效率的两个指标,并对其遗传参数进行评估。结果：测定期内军牧1号公猪群体FCR均值为2．61,RFI的标准差为77．52。RFI与FCR的遗传力分别是0．35、0．33,RFI与ADFI（日采食量）、ADG（日增重）、BF（背膘厚）的遗传相关分别是0．89、0．12、-0．05,FCR与ADFI、ADG、BF的遗传相关分别是0．55、-0．65、-0．11。结论：军牧1号白猪品种内饲料效率存在较大的遗传差异,由于RFI与ADG遗传相关很低,因此用RFI作为选择性状可有效提高猪的饲料效率。     

UCP2基因遗传多态性与西门塔尔牛生长相关性状的遗传效应分析

本研究旨在分析UCP2基因SNPs及其单倍型与肉牛饲料转化率和体尺等生长相关性状的相关性。以118头西门塔尔牛为试验材料,利用DNA池和PCR-RFLP方法检测UCP2基因G118A、C161T、C215G、C305T位点多态性,构建单倍型并与生长性状进行相关分析。结果表明,G118A、C161T和C305T位点均与饲料转化率显著相关(P<0.05),其中杂合个体均值显著高于纯合个体且料肉比较高,而纯合个体之间差异不显著。位点C161T和C305T对胸围和腹围发挥主要影响作用,在差异显著表型性状中,TT基因型显著大于CC基因型个体。所构建的单倍型与单个SNP分析结果较为一致。综合考虑饲料转化率、平均日增体质量、胸围和腹围,建议将C161T和C305T位点的纯合个体TT基因型作为提高肉牛生长性状的候选分子标记。     

北京油鸡剩余采食量与屠宰性能及肉品质的相关性分析

本研究旨在探讨北京油鸡剩余采食量（RFI）与屠宰性能和肉质性状的关系。试验测定了400只北京油鸡70~98日龄的RFI及98日龄屠宰性能和肉品质,并对RFI与屠宰性能和肉品质的相关性进行了分析。结果显示,试验公鸡的平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）极显著高于母鸡（P<0.01）,饲料转化率（FI/GW,FCR）极显著低于母鸡（P<0.01）。公鸡半净膛率、腿肌率和胸肌红度（a^*）极显著高于母鸡（（P<0.01）。公鸡的RFI与FCR、ADFI极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与腹脂率显著正相关（P<0.05）,与胸肌率和腿肌率极显著负相关（P<0.01）;母鸡RFI与FCR和ADFI极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与ADG显著正相关（P<0.05）,而与腿肌率极显著负相关（P<0.01）。公鸡RFI与胸肌亮度（L^*）极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与色度（C^*）显著正相关（P<0.05）;母鸡RFI与胸肌a^*和C^*极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与色调（H^*）和pH极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与L^*和黄度（b^*）显著正相关（P<0.05）。由以上结果可见,北京油鸡公鸡的饲料利用效率优于母鸡,且部分屠宰性状和肉质性状与RFI存在显著相关性。     

延边黄牛甲状腺球蛋白基因的SNPs及其与生长性状的关联分析

The SNPs of Yanbian Yellow cattles thyroglobulin (TG) gene were detected by cloning and sequencing, confirmed by technique of PCR-RFLP,and studied the association of polymorphisms of TG gene with growth traits. The results showed that there were C218T and A430G two mutations in the exon 48 in TG gene of Yanbian Yellow cattle. The association analysis showed that the chest breadth with TT genotype in C218T locus was significantly higher than that of CT genotype（P＜0.05）. A430G locus polymorphism significantly associated with the body weight, rump length and hucklebone width（P＜0.05）. The body weight of GG genotype was higher than AA genotype（P＜0.05）, the rump length of AA and AG genotypes were higher than GG genotype（P＜0.05）,and the hucklebone width of AG genotype was higher than GG genotype within population（P＜0.05）.In a word, C218T and A430G SNPs might be a good DNA marker to be used in MAS for growth traits.     

大白猪PTGS2基因外显子2多态性及其与繁殖性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2（prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,PTGS2）基因的单核苷酸多态性,并将其与大白猪的繁殖性状进行关联分析,为猪分子遗传标记提供依据。以美系及法系纯种大白猪基因组DNA为模板,构建DNA混合池,通过克隆测序比对,检测猪PTGS2基因的遗传变异;采用PCR-RFLP技术对多态性位点进行基因分型,并与目标性状进行关联分析。结果显示,在猪PTGS2基因外显子2上存在1个g.86A>G碱基突变,并具有Msp Ⅰ酶切位点多态性,且在大白猪群体中检测到AA、AG和GG 3种基因型;哈迪-温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在法系大白猪群体中,PTGS2基因g.86A>G多态性分布达到遗传平衡状态（P>0.05）。关联分析结果表明,在美系大白猪群体中,AA基因型初产母猪弱仔数显著少于AG基因型（P<0.05）,AA基因型经产母猪初生窝重显著高于AG基因型（P<0.05）;在法系大白猪群体中,GG基因型个体总产仔数、健仔数和初生窝重均高于AA和AG基因型,但未达到显著水平（P>0.05）。PTGS2基因外显子2 g.86A>G多态性位点显著影响初生窝重和弱仔数,可作为猪分子标记辅助选择育种的潜在位点。     

不同猪种肉质相关基因Hal、RN和FTO的多态性研究

为了明确肉质相关基因氟烷基因(Hal)、酸肉基因(RN)和脂肪肥胖相关基因(FTO)在国内外不同猪种群体间的遗传变异特性,本研究以大约克、长白、杜洛克和金华猪等猪种群体为研究对象,应用PCR-RFLP技术分别检测了Hal、RN和FTO基因的多态性,并分析了FTO基因上2个多态位点g.276G＞T和c.594C＞G的遗传变异情况.结果表明:(1)在杜洛克猪中发现了Hal的基因型HalN Haln,其频率为0.166,但未发现基因型Haln Haln,其它猪种群体中仅检测到了基因型HalN HalN;(2)在已检测的所有猪种群体中只检测到RN基因的rn/rn基因型,未发现rn/RN和RN/RN基因型;(3)在FTO的g.276G＞T位点上,金华猪呈现单态,其它猪种群体均呈现多态.在FTO的c.594C＞G位点上,4个猪种群体均呈现多态,3个外来猪种群体均以CC基因型频率较高,而金华猪则以GG基因型频率较高.研究结果提示,由于Hal基因在养猪生产中的利弊双重性,因此在某些猪种群体中仍然存在较高频率的HalN Haln基因型.此外,结合FTO基因的生理功能和已有的研究结果,可在特定的猪群中将其作为影响猪肉质性状的候选基因.本研究发现FTO的基因型分布在我国优良地方猪种金华猪与国外3个种猪群间存在较大差异,为深入研究不同品种猪的肉质形成机理提供了基础数据.     

萨×哈杂交母羊GHRH基因与生长性状关联分析

为探讨GHRH基因作为绵羊生长性状候选基因的可能性,寻找与绵羊生长性状相关的分子标记,对萨福克羊与哈萨克羊杂交成年母羊GHRH基因rs400079090和rs419322328位点的多态性及其与生长性状的关联性进行了研究。结果表明：rs400079090位点检测到3个基因型,rs419322328位点TT基因型缺失;rs419322328位点GG基因型个体胸宽显著大于GT基因型个体（P〈0.05）,体斜长极显著小于GT基因型个体（P〈0.01）。说明GHRH基因2个SNP位点多态性对萨福克羊与哈萨克羊杂交成年母羊生长性状有一定的影响,可以作为进行绵羊生长性状分子标记辅助选择的候选基因。     

中国荷斯坦牛PPAR-α基因多态性研究及其与耐热性能的关联分析

本研究采用PCR方法扩增牛过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPAR-α)基因的内含子3,获得589 bp的片段,利用DNA测序技术发现1个新SNP位点,即44087(G/A);同时利用PCR-RFLP技术对这该SNP位点进行基因型分型,分别分析了771头中国荷斯坦牛、136头鲁西黄牛和37头渤海黑牛PPAR-α基因该位点的多态性。结果表明,在这3个群体中PPAR-α基因44087(G/A)位点普遍表现为GG基因型频率最高,优势等位基因为G;χ²适合性检验结果表明,该位点在中国荷斯坦牛和鲁西黄牛群体中都未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.05),在这个基因座位上均有丰富的多态信息含量。对中国荷斯坦奶牛44087(G/A)位点不同基因型与SCS、产奶性能及耐热性能进行最小二乘均值显著性检验结果表明,在PPAR-α基因该位点GA基因型是优良基因型,其个体的SCS值显著低于GG基因型(P<0.05),并且GA基因型乳蛋白率显著高于GG基因型(P<0.05),在炎热环境中产奶下降率显著低于GG基因型(P<0.05)。由此分析GA基因型可能有利于提高中国荷斯坦奶牛的产奶性能。在人工选择的过程中,选择GA基因型的个体,可以降低热应激给奶牛带来的危害,同时又能够提高牛奶品质和产量。     

中国荷斯坦牛DGAT2基因第4外显子与产奶性状的关联分析

本试验以宁夏地区8个公牛家系的各8头女儿共计64头中国荷斯坦母牛为研究对象．利用AB13730测序仪对DGAT2基因Exon4进行了基因型检测后发现三个突变位点474bp（C／G）、48lbp（G／A）、621bp（C／T）,各个位点发现有两种基因型,分别为CC型、GC型,GG型、GA型,CC型和CT型,基因型频率分别为0．484、0．516,0．687、0．313,0．484和0．516。通过SAS软件（8．02）对4个产奶性状与DGAT2基因Exon4的关联分析表明．474bp（C／G）CG型305d产奶量和乳脂率显著高于CC型（P〈0．05）,乳蛋白率、体细胞数影响不显著（P〉0．05）;481bp（G／A）GA型305d产奶量显著高于GG型,与乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数无显著的相关性（P〉0．05）;621bp（C／T）CT型305d产奶量、乳蛋白率、体细胞数都显著高于CC型（P〈0．05）,乳脂率影响不显著（P〉O．05）。     

Selection response and genetic parameters for residual feed intake in Yorkshire swine

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measure of feed efficiency defined as the difference between the observed feed intake and that predicted from the average requirements for growth and maintenance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response in a selection experiment consisting of a line selected for low RFI and a random control line and to estimate the genetic parameters for RFI and related production and carcass traits. Beginning with random allocation of purebred Yorkshire littermates, in each generation, electronically measured ADFI, ADG, and ultrasound backfat (BF) were evaluated during a approximately 40- to approximately 115-kg of BW test period on approximately 90 boars from first parity and approximately 90 gilts from second parity sows of the low RFI line. After evaluation of first parity boars, approximately 12 boars and approximately 70 gilts from the low RFI line were selected to produce approximately 50 litters for the next generation. Approximately 30 control line litters were produced by random selection and mating. Selection was on EBV for RFI from an animal model analysis of ADFI, with on-test group and sex (fixed), pen within group and litter (random), and covariates for interactions of on- and off-test BW, on-test age, ADG, and BF with generations. The RFI explained 34% of phenotypic variation in ADFI. After 4 generations of selection, estimates of heritability for RFI, ADFI, ADG, feed efficiency (FE, which is the reciprocal of the feed conversion ratio and equals ADG/ ADFI), and ultrasound-predicted BF, LM area (LMA), and intramuscular fat (IMF) were 0.29, 0.51, 0.42, 0.17, 0.68, 0.57, and 0.28, respectively; predicted responses based on average EBV in the low RFI line were -114, -202, and -39 g/d for RFI (= 0.9 phenotypic SD), ADFI (0.9 SD), and ADG (0.4 SD), respectively, and 1.56% for FE (0.5 SD), -0.37 mm for BF (0.1 SD), 0.35 cm(2) for LMA (0.1 SD), and -0.10% for IMF (0.3 SD). Direct phenotypic comparison of the low RFI and control lines based on 92 low RFI and 76 control gilts from the second parity of generation 4 showed that selection had significantly decreased RFI by 96 g/d (P = 0.002) and ADFI by 165 g/d (P < 0.0001). The low RFI line also had 33 g/d lower ADG (P = 0.022), 1.36% greater FE (P = 0.09), and 1.99 mm less BF (P = 0.013). There was not a significant difference in LMA and other carcass traits, including subjective marbling score, despite a large observed difference in ultrasound-predicted IMF (-1.05% with P < 0.0001). In conclusion, RFI is a heritable trait, and selection for low RFI has significantly decreased the feed required for a given rate of growth and backfat.     

Sequence variants at the myostatin gene locus influence the body composition of Thoroughbred horses

Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor-β family with a key role in inhibition of muscle growth by negative regulation of both myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Recently, a genomic region on ECA18, which includes the MSTN gene, was identified as a candidate region influencing racing performance in Thoroughbreds. In this study, four SNPs on ECA18, g.65809482T>C, g.65868604G>T, g.66493737C>T, and g.66539967A>G, were genotyped in 91 Thoroughbred horses-in-training to evaluate the association between genotype and body composition traits, including body weight, withers height, chest circumference, cannon circumference, and body weight/withers height. Of these, statistically differences in body weight and body weight/withers height were associated with specific genotypes in males. Specifically, body weight/withers height showed statistically significant differences depending on genotype at g.658604G>T, g.66493737C>T, and g.66539967A>G (P<0.01) in males during the training period. Animals with a genotype associated with suitability for short-distance racing, C/C at g.66493737C>T, had the highest value (3.17 ± 0.05 kg·cm(-1)) for body weight/withers height in March, while those with a genotype associated with suitability for long-distance racing, T/T, had the lowest (2.99 ± 0.03 kg·cm(-1)). In females, the trends in the association of body weight/withers height with genotypes were similar to those observed in males. As the SNPs are not believed to be linked to coding variants in MSTN, these results suggest that regulation of MSTN gene expression influences skeletal muscle mass and hence racing performance, particularly optimum race distance, in Thoroughbred horses.