禽大肠埃希氏菌O78和巴氏杆菌（5∶A）外膜蛋白的免疫研究

用超声裂解、Sarkosyl处理和超速离心法提取禽大肠埃希氏菌O78强毒株(简称O78)、O78耐氯霉素弱毒株(简称O78^r)、禽多杀性巴氏杆菌5：A强毒株C48-1(简称C48-1)、O78^r与C48-1的融合双价弱毒株F4(简称F4)菌体外膜蛋白(OMP)。经SDS-PAGE结果显示，O78、O78^r、C48-1与F4均有1条分子质量为31．0～43．0 ku，分子质量相近的OMP条带；O78与C48-1还有1条分子质量小于31．0 ku且相近的OMP条带。用OMP制备的油乳剂疫苗分别免疫小白鼠15 d和岭南黄鸡后22 d，以O78、C48-1强毒菌攻击。结果表明O78、C48-1的OMP不但对同源菌具有免疫作用。且具有交叉免疫保护作用；用各自的OMP作包被抗原，建立的ELISA方法也能交叉检测到3组OMP免疫鸡产生的抗2种菌OMP的IgG抗体。     

禽霍乱荚膜疫苗对SPF鸡免疫保护效果的研究

为了研究粗提的禽霍乱荚膜抗原对SPF鸡的免疫保护效果,试验选取了禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1株,制备了粗提的荚膜抗原,将荚膜抗原和铝胶生理盐水按4∶1的比例混合,制备了两批疫苗(批号分别为2017001、2017002),在制备过程中检验了菌液的活菌数及荚膜抗原的蛋白质、SDS含量,并进行无菌检验。将制备的两批疫苗分别免疫21日龄SPF鸡,并于免疫后第21天用C48-1株进行攻菌,攻菌后连续观察7 d,每天记录鸡只死亡及发病情况。结果表明:经检验,两批疫苗蛋白质含量均在2. 0 mg/m L以上,SDS含量均为0. 03%,符合疫苗的质量标准。两批疫苗对42日龄SPF鸡的保护率为70%～80%。说明该疫苗对预防禽霍乱具有较好的效果。     

禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病和克雷伯菌病多价蜂胶三联灭活疫苗的研制

利用禽巴氏杆菌C48-1、C48-2强毒株、禽大肠杆菌O78和O1血清型强毒株及克雷伯菌临床分离株制苗,通过疫苗对鸡的免疫效力试验、疫苗最小免疫剂量试验、疫苗产生坚强免疫力时间的测定、疫苗免疫期的测定和疫苗保存期的测定等,研制出禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病和克雷伯菌病多价蜂胶三联灭活疫苗.结果该三联灭活疫苗安全可靠,免疫原性良好,最小免疫剂量为0.5 mL/只,免疫7 d后产生坚强保护力,疫苗对上述疾病的保护率为100%,免疫期为6个月,4 ℃条件下保存期为9个月.     

单表达和共表达NDVF和HN基因重组鸡痘病毒活疫苗的免疫效力比较试验

为评价母源抗体对抗新城疫病毒(NDV)重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV)活疫苗免疫效力的影响,本研究用单表达、共表达NDV基因VII型病毒ZJ1株F、HN基因的rFPV活疫苗rFPV-12LSF、rFPV-12LSHN、rFPV-12LSFHN和油乳剂灭活疫苗分别免疫14日龄商品蛋鸡,rFPV疫苗的免疫剂量均为2×104pfu,免疫后21d分别用106ELD50NDV不同强毒株攻毒。其中F48E8株攻毒的免疫保护率分别为30.3%、73.2%、41.1%;而ZJ1株攻毒的免疫保护率分别为89.3%和35.8%、67.9%、78.6%、100%。用表达鸡IL-2基因的rFPV-12LSIL-2与rFPV-12LSHN联合免疫没有提高rFPV-12LSHN疫苗的免疫保护力。试验结果表明,单表达NDV HN基因的rFPV-12LSHN可作为NDV活疫苗候选株,为NDV重组鸡痘病毒活疫苗的进一步应用性开发奠定了基础。     

鸡病毒性关节炎弱毒苗的研制 Ⅱ.弱毒株的免疫原性

应用具有良好安全性的鸡病毒性关节炎病毒（AVAV）弱毒JN-1株免疫1日龄肉鸡40只,分别用琼脂扩散试验、间接ELISA和中和试验（NT）检测免疫鸡血清中的AVAV抗体。中和抗体于免疫后7d开始出现,14d后全部阳转;ELISA抗体也于免疫后7d开始显示阳性,21d后全部阳转;琼脂扩散抗体于免疫后14d开始阳转,28d以后全部显示阳性。分别在免疫后7、14、21和 28d于足掌皮下用强毒攻击免疫鸡,临床保护率分别为2/10、9/10、10/ 10、10/10,病理保护率分别为0/10、7/10、9/10、10/10。体外抗病毒谱试验显示,弱毒株的免疫血清能中和AVAV J-1株、S_(1133)株、FDO株和H_(9307)株。上述实验结果表明,AVAV弱毒株具有良好的免疫原性。     

新城疫F－Ⅶ型－－鹅源禽副粘病毒灭活疫苗的研制与免疫效力试验

用GPV-SF02株作为抗原液,经福尔马林灭活后,与油佐剂混合,制成SF02灭活疫苗。同时将ND灭活疫苗、ND弱毒疫苗和SF02灭活疫苗按不同剂量分别免疫川白鹅和AA鸡,结果用1羽份SF02灭活疫苗免疫的鹅与鸡,能100%抵抗SF02株和F48E9株的攻击;用1羽份ND灭活疫苗免疫的鸡能100%抵抗F48E9株的攻击,而免疫的鹅对F48E9株的抵抗力为60~80%;用1羽份ND弱毒疫苗免疫的鹅,其保护率在0~50%,免疫的鸡则有100%的保护率。     

较高母源抗体对雏鸡ND Ⅳ系苗首次免疫效果的影响

8日龄雏鸡 70只随机分为 A、B组 ,每组 35只。A组 ,转移因子稀释 ND 系苗。B组 ,生理盐水稀释 ND 系苗。免疫途径为点眼、滴鼻。分别在免疫前 (0 d)和免疫后 2 ,4 ,6 ,8,10 ,12 ,14 d和 16 d采用 β-微量法测各组鸡 ND抗体效价。免疫后 2 6 d用 F48E9毒株攻击各组鸡。试验结果表明 ,各组鸡免疫后的抗体水平均呈下降趋势 ,且 A组鸡与 B组鸡免疫后抗体效价在整个免疫期间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。攻毒试验结果显示 :A组的死亡率为 4 2 .3% ,B组的死亡率为 5 9.3%。 A组与 B组的保护率呈极显著差异 (P <0 .0 1)。     

鸡大肠杆菌病和新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗研制与应用

本研究采用致病性大肠杆菌O1,O2,O78 三个血清型菌株接种适宜培养基 ,收获菌液 ,经浓缩后 ,与灭活的鸡新城疫Lasota株鸡胚尿囊液混合 ,制备成油乳剂二联灭活疫苗。应用二联灭活疫苗免疫18日龄鸡 ,0.25ml/只 ,皮下注射 ,免疫后21天攻毒测保护力 ,新城疫保护率100 %,大肠杆菌病保护率80 %～100 %,免疫持续期可达4个月 ,产蛋鸡在开产前2～3周免疫二联苗0.5ml/只 ,免疫后6个月ND保护率为100 %,大肠杆菌病保护率为80 %,免疫期可达8个月。安全试验结果 :18日龄雏鸡0.5ml/只 ,120日龄成鸡2ml/只 ,试验鸡全部健活。疫苗在4～8℃保存期为12个月 ,10℃保存期为4个月 ,1998～1999年在全省不同地区、不同品种鸡应用20万羽份 ,取得良好的应用效果     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗对1日龄低母源抗体水平雏鸡免疫效果的研究

将鸡传染性法代囊病病毒(IBDV)BX株抗原和IBDV高免血清按一定比例混合,初步制备了无菌的鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗1~5(分别含有32、8、4、0.5及0.125单位IBDV中和抗体),用鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗1~5及BX株活疫苗分别免疫1日龄低母源抗体水平雏鸡,免疫后9 d观察法氏囊病变,免疫后28 d采血测定IBDV中和抗体,并用强毒攻击,计算各组疫苗保护率。结果显示,免疫后9 d,复合物疫苗1~3免疫组鸡法氏囊正常,复合物疫苗4、5免疫组和BX株活疫苗免疫组分别有2/10、4/10和5/10的试验鸡法氏囊出现了病变;免疫后28 d,复合物疫苗1~5免疫组和BX株活疫苗免疫组IBDV中和抗体效价分别为8.34log2、9.60log2、9.21log2、7.88log2、9.50log2和9.12log2,攻毒保护率分别为90%、100%、100%、80%、90%和80%。试验结果表明鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗2、3(分别含8、4单位IBDV中和抗体)免疫1日龄低母源抗体水平的雏鸡效果最好,攻毒保护率能达到100%。     

携带NDV HN基因疫苗的重组减毒鸡白痢沙门菌口服免疫原性研究

为研究携带新城疫病毒(NDV)血凝素-神经氨酸酶(HN)基因疫苗的重组减毒鸡白痢沙门菌的口服免疫原性,将携带NDV HN基因的重组质粒pcDNA3-HN电转化减毒鸡白痢沙门菌ΔcrpC79-13,构建重组疫苗菌株ΔcrpC79-13(pcDNA3-HN)。将重组菌株ΔcrpC79-13(pcDNA3-HN)以1×10~9 CFU·只-1口服免疫7日龄雏鸡,同时设PBS、ΔcrpC79-13(pcDNA3)和NDVⅣ系疫苗免疫对照,于免疫后7、14、21、28、35d测定免疫雏鸡诱导的抗NDV的HI抗体、鸡白痢沙门菌IgG抗体和肠道黏膜IgA抗体动态水平,同时测定免疫雏鸡的外周血淋巴细胞增殖水平并进行攻毒试验。结果表明,成功获得携带NDV HN基因疫苗的重组菌株Δcrp C79-13(pcDNA3-HN);在免疫后14~35d,可诱导产生抗NDV的HI抗体,且在免疫后21d时达到最高值;可诱导产生抗鸡白痢沙门菌的IgG抗体,且在免疫后28d达到最高值;Δcrp(C79-13pcDNA3-HN)组肠道黏膜IgA抗体含量最高值略高于Δcrp C79-13(pcDNA3)组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。在免疫28d以后,Δcrp(C79-13pcDNA3-HN)组外周血淋巴细胞刺激指数极显著高于PBS对照组(P0.01),显著高于ΔcrpC79-13(pCDNA3)组(P0.05)。用103EID50 NDV F48E9株攻毒,保护率达67%(10/15),用108 CFU鸡白痢沙门菌C79-13攻毒,保护率为100%。本研究结果表明重组减毒鸡白痢沙门菌ΔcrpC79-13(pcDNA3-HN)具有良好的口服免疫原性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.