奶牛DHI测定系统的设计与实现

奶牛群体改良(DHI)测定是在奶牛生产性能全面记录分析的基础上形成的报告,是奶牛饲养和管理的依据。笔者在传统奶牛DHI测定方法的基础上,设计了一套跨平台的奶牛DHI测定系统,解决了奶牛DHI测定的信息化问题。与其他测定方法相比,该系统应用成本低、操作容易,实现了移动互联网环境下的奶牛DHI测定数据的互通互联,促进了奶牛产业的发展。     

应用奶牛DHI测定数据分析 做好奶牛精细化管理

奶牛DHI测定技术是奶牛养殖业一项科学、成熟、先进的实用技术,是奶牛场实施数据化、精细化管理不可缺少的有效工具。利用奶牛DHI测定提供的数据,管理者可从这些数据的研究分析中,发现奶牛场当前生产中存在的问题和不足,并及时采取针对性措施进行整改,达到提高单产、降低成本、增加效益的目地。离开报告的应用,DHI测定就失去了意义。下面根据近几年山东省奶牛DHI测定的部分数据进行分析解读。     

DHI知识简介

DHI是英文Dairy herd improvement(奶牛牛群改良)的缩写，国际上通常用以代表奶牛生产性能测定体系。奶牛牛群遗传改良的基础工作是对个体牛进行生产性能测定，建立完整的牛奶记录体系。DHI测试即每月一次统一采集每头泌乳牛的牛奶样，进行奶产量记录、乳成分分析以及体细胞计数等，它是奶牛育种工作的基础，通过DHI测试的数据，作为评估公牛遗传素质的依据。同时，通过DHI测试的数据分析，可以了解牛群的饲养管理水平和生奶质量水平，作为改进饲养管理工作的依据。     

浅谈DHI记录的分析

随着奶牛生产的发展和科技的进步，DHI在奶牛场中的应用越来越广泛，也更加精益求精，在解决奶牛场的实际问题和牛群改良中，起着越来越重要的作用。如何能充分利用DHI记录，使其最大限度地提高奶牛群的经济效益，是很多奶牛场非常关心的问题，也是当前急需解决的问题。本文从表面数据和深层数据着手，介绍如何高效率地使用DHI记录。     

开展奶牛生产性能测定的重要意义及存在问题与建议

奶牛群改良计划，也称奶牛生产性能测定，是对奶牛泌乳性能及乳成分的测定，简称为DHI（Dairy Herd Improvement）。开展奶牛生产性能测定首先需要收集奶牛系谱、胎次、产犊日期、干奶日期、淘汰日期等牛群饲养管理的基础数据，其次是每月采集一次泌乳牛个体奶样，通过测定中心的检测，获得牛奶的乳成分、体细胞数等数据，然后将这些数据统一整理分析，形成DHI报告。测定报告反映了牛只及牛群配种繁殖、生产性能、饲养管理、乳房保健及疾病防治等信息。     

浅谈奶牛酮病与DHI数据的关系及其预防措施

酮病是高产奶牛不可避免的营养代谢病,严重制约着奶牛正常泌乳水平的发挥。DHI数据可以有效反映出奶牛群体是否存在酮病风险。依据DHI数据可以科学制定奶牛酮病的检测、治疗方案的预防措施,使牛只发挥出更大的生产潜能。     

奶牛(DHI)生产成绩表的建立与应用

个体奶牛生产成绩汇总报告是奶牛DHI项目的重要组成部分。在我国已全面实施奶牛DHI项目的当今,填报与应用奶牛个体生产成绩汇总表,则显得尤为重要。而我国奶牛DHI项目的全面推广应用,仍处于初级阶段,特别是奶牛生产周期长,部分数据资料的记录与整理,尤其是个体奶牛生产成绩汇总需要较长的时间和准确的记录数据。本文参照发达国家的经验,就个体奶牛生产成绩汇总表的解读、填报与应用,进行举例描述,以期规范记录填报,推进我国奶牛DHI项目的纵深实施和应用。     

湖北奶牛生产性能测定

奶牛生产性能测定，又称奶牛群遗传改良（DairyHerdImprovement，DHI），是目前世界上最为科学、最为有效的奶牛生产管理工具。其主要工艺为：对每头泌乳牛每月采集一天的奶样，在测定其产奶量、乳成分、体细胞数等数据的基础上，收集牛群饲养管理数据（如产犊日期、干奶日期、淘汰日期、年龄、胎次等），再将这些数据加工处理，形成DHI报告，返回牛场用以指导生产、经营和管理。     

如何从DHI数据分析奶牛瘤胃酸中毒

DHI报告为奶牛场饲养管理提供决策依据,指导奶牛生产工作,由于DHI报告提供的数据很多,许多奶牛管理者无法解读DHI报告数据的含义。本文通过DHI报告解读了瘤胃酸中毒的各项指标并提出了预防和治疗措施,为管理者提高奶牛场现代化管理提供参考。     

DHI在奶牛场生产管理中的应用

DHI为英文DairyHerdImprovement的缩写，其意为奶牛牛群改良，也称奶牛记录体系或奶牛生产性能测定。其主要工艺为每头泌乳牛每月采集奶样一次，在测定其产奶量、乳成份和体细胞数等数据的基础上，收集牛群饲养管理数据，如产犊日期、干奶日期、淘汰13期、年龄、胎次等，再将所有这些数据加工处理，形成DHI报告，返回牛场，指导生产经营管理。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.