奶牛子宫复旧的B-超影像学研究

应用连续直肠检查法和Ｂ型实时超声断层扫描仪（Ｂ－ 超）监测法,对３８ 头中国荷斯坦奶牛的子宫复旧过程和复旧规律进行研究。实验结果表明：经连续直肠检查法监测,受试牛子宫孕角、空角和子宫颈复旧的平均时间分别为（３７．４±３１） 、（３１４±４９）和（３６．８ ±４９） ｄ;用Ｂ－ 超监测则为（３５．５ ±４．５）、（３０．８ ±５．９） 和（３７ ．５ ±５．０） ｄ。并且Ｂ－超监测还发现,分娩当天子宫肌层平均厚度为１．６５ ｃｍ ,产后第２３ 天时减少到１．３５ ｃｍ ;产后第５ 天在超声影像上可见子宫内膜,平均厚度为０．３ｃｍ ,第１５ 天为０ ．６ｃｍ ,而到产后２３ ｄ 平均增厚到１．０２ｃｍ ,子宫复旧完成时,子宫壁平均厚度为１．０ ｃｍ ;两子宫角的横切面轮廓清晰,大小基本相同,超声影像变白。     

雌性银黑狐生殖器官形态观察

对两例银黑狐雌性生殖器官形态的观察，卵巢呈两端大小一样的蚕豆形，长１．１－１．３ｃｍ，宽０．７－０．８ｃｍ，厚０．５－０．７ｃｍ。两侧输卵管全长３．０－４．０ｃｍ，有３－１０个弯曲，输卵管有系膜固定。子宫角呈圆筒形，平均长度６．４ｃｍ，外壁直径０．４ｃｍ。子宫体亦为圆筒状，比子宫角粗，长１．４－１．５ｃｍ，直径０．５－０．６ｃｍ，平均体与两子宫角之间形成“丫”状，子宫角内未发现子宫阜。阴道呈扁圆筒     

青海444燕麦在高山牧场的生长性能及适应性

试验地设在青海省果洛州达日县,平均海拔３９６７５ｍ,年均温－１３℃,青海４４４燕麦鲜草产量达１６１６７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,干草产量５６００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,较当地推广的巴燕３号燕麦分别高３４７％和４３６％。青海４４４最高生长量为０７２ｃｍ／ｄ,生育期平均生长量为０４５ｃｍ／ｄ;收获时叶面积指数为１１０,日平均叶面积增长量为１２０４ｃｍ２／ｍ２;日均干物质增长量最高达到１６９６ｇ／ｍ２;地上与地下生物量比率为３５８。７月下旬到８月上旬近二十几天,是光合叶面积、地上、地下生物量的重要增长期,也是干物质积累的关键时期。     

猪的不同生长阶段日增重及料肉比的遗传参数估计

利用北京花猪Ⅱ系二至四世代的个体测定资料,估计了猪的不同生长阶段日增重和料肉比的遗传参数。结果表明,０～２１日龄日龄日增重,２月龄日增重,３月龄日增重,４月龄日增重,５月龄日增重和６月龄日增重的遗传力分别为０７８、０７４、０４７、０５５、０３１和０２４;２月龄料肉比,３月龄料肉比,４月龄料肉比,５月龄料肉比和６月龄料肉比的遗传力分别为０４９、０１２、０２１、０１０和０２１;２月龄料肉比与６月龄日增重的遗传相关为－０３４５,６月龄料肉比与６月龄日增重的遗传相关为－０７４（Ｐ＜００１）。     

考湖杂交绵羊西迁洞庭湖地区后羊毛品质的变化

对１９９０年５月从浙江海宁引入湖南洞庭湖地区华容县的考湖绵羊毛品质变化的分析表明,１９９０年和１９９７年其指标分别为：细度２０．３５μｍ±５．３５μｍ和２２．７９μｍ±４．８４μｍ（Ｐ〈０．０５）,单纤维强力７．７５ｃＮ±３．７５ｃＮ和８．３３ｃＮ±３．４６ｃＮ（Ｐ〉０．０５）,油脂含量１１．５３％和１２．１９％（Ｐ〉０．０５）,毛纤维自然长度８．５２ｃｍ±３ｃｍ和１０．６３ｃｍ±２．６ｃｍ（Ｐ,     

三至七月龄小尾寒羊营养代谢中甲烷气产量和能值的初步研究

取３月龄断奶小尾寒羊９只随机分为３组（每组１只去势公羊，２只母羊）进行气体能量代谢试验。试验表明，日粮代谢能浓度为２３００～２７００ｋｃａｌ／ｋｇＤＭ、食入代谢能２６００～４８００ｋｃａｌ／ｋｇＤＭ时，甲烷气（ＣＨ４）呼出量２４～３３Ｌ／ｄ，ＣＨ４能（ＣＨ４Ｅ）２２０～３１０ｋｃａｌ／ｄ，甲烷能占食入总能的６％～９％，呼出气体甲烷浓度约为０１０％～０１７％。甲烷能与食入总能回归关系为：３～５月龄：ＣＨ４呼出量（Ｌ／ｄ）＝８７１０６＋０００５２ｘ；ＣＨ４Ｅ（ｋｃａｌ／ｄ）＝７８９７２７＋００５００ｘ；ＣＨ４Ｅ／ＧＥＩ（％）＝１０１５０４－００００８ｘ。５～７月龄：ＣＨ４呼出量（Ｌ／ｄ）＝１１５２１５＋０００４５ｘ；ＣＨ４Ｅ（ｋｃａｌ／ｄ）＝１０８８８３０＋００４２８ｘ；ＣＨ４Ｅ／ＧＥＩ（％）＝１１９４４１－０００１２ｘ。     

吡喹酮治疗鱼类头槽绦虫病的试验

在我省,头槽绦虫对体长４．０～８．０ｃｍ草鱼和３．３～４．５ｃｍ的建鲤感染率最高,分别为９６．０％～１００．０％和８５．７％。感染强度为草鱼每尾寄生虫数２５～１８条,建鲤每尾寄生虫数１～１４条。作者从吡喹酮、人用肠虫清、精制敌百虫、槟榔等驱虫药物中,通过对比试验,筛选出吡喹酮（用量为每千克鱼２０～４８ｍｇ）对治疗绦虫病有特效（Ｐ＜０．０１）,并在我省和两广部分地区的生产中得到验证。     

不同品种肉兔肉用性能综合研究

本试验对３品种肉兔的胴体及其肌肉理化特性进行了测定与分析,结果新西兰兔,比利时兔和青蓝兔全净膛率分别为５１．７２％,５０．７２％和４９．８３％,眼肌面积分别为３．９８ｃｍ＾２,３．０９ｃｍ＾２和３．３２ｃｍ＾２,品种间差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,宰后１ｈ背最长肌ｐＨ值依次为６．４５,６．５６,６．５５,渗水率和熟肉率分别为１．２８％,６２．６１％,０．８９％,６４．４５％,１．１５％,６５．３３％     

甜菜碱促进猪生长的机理

９６ 头“杜长大”生长猪按饲养试验要求分成 ４ 组（每组 ３ 个重复）,分别饲 以添加 ０、１ ０００、１ ５００、２ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ甜菜碱的基础日粮,试验期 ６２ ｄ。结果表明,１ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 剂量组试验猪生长性能最佳,日增重较对照组提高了 １３２０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 料重比降低了 ７９３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。该组猪血清 Ｇ Ｈ、 Ｉ Ｇ Ｆ Ｉ、 Ｔ３ 、 Ｔ４ 水平分别升高了 １０１７６％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１）, ４４７５％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, ２６５３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１） 和 １６８３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００５）; 血清游离丝氨酸含量提高了 １４２８％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）; 血清总蛋白上升了 ２１６９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 血清尿素氮含量降低 了 ４７６７％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）; 背最 长肌 和 肝脏 中 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 含量 及 背最 长肌 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ／ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 比 率分 别升 高了１２６０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）, １７８０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２） 和 １９７９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２）; 肝脏 和腺 垂体 ｃ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ 含 量提 高了４７５３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１） 和 ６５２１％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。研究结果提示,甜菜碱似作用     

日粮中添加浓缩大豆磷脂对肉鸡生产性能的影响

选出壳重相近、发育正常的４００只１日龄的爱拔益加（ＡｒｂｏｒＡｃｒｅ）雄性肉仔鸡，随机分为４组，研究近似能量和等蛋白情况下用改性浓缩大豆磷脂（ＳＬ，丙酮不溶物含量为６２％）替代基础日粮（对照组）中豆油的２５％、７５％和１００％对肉仔鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响。在１周～３周，对照组、２５％ＳＬ、７５％ＳＬ和１００％ＳＬ组改性浓缩大豆磷脂的添加量分别为０％、１％、１５％和２５％，大豆油添加比例分别为２５％、１５％、１％和０％。在４周～６周，４组改性浓缩大豆磷脂的添加量分别为０％、１５％、２５％和３５％，大豆油添加比例分别为３５％、２０％、１％和０％。在第７周，４组改性浓缩大豆磷脂的添加量分别为０％、２％、３５％和４５％，大豆油添加比例分别为４５％、２５％、１％和０％。结果表明，利用改性浓缩大豆磷脂替代肉仔鸡日粮中大豆油的２５％具有较好的饲料转化效率。用改性浓缩大豆磷脂替代肉仔鸡日粮中大豆油的２５％、７５％和１００％，对７周龄体重和饲料转化效率、腿肌比例和胸肌比例无显著影响。用大豆磷脂完全替代肉仔鸡日粮中的大豆油对７周龄体重和饲料转化效率无显著影响，而且有提高屠宰率、降低腹脂、改善肉质的?     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.