奶牛粪污资源化利用模式推广

我国奶牛粪污产量高、成分复杂、处理难度大、污染风险高,对大气、土壤和水环境具有巨大危害。奶牛粪污的科学处理和资源化利用是处理好农牧业生态循环发展的重要一环,能减少病原菌传播和对自然环境的破坏。本文梳理了奶牛场粪污资源化利用模式,主要包括奶牛粪污全量收集还田利用、专业化能源利用、粪便垫料回用、异位发酵床、污水肥料化利用,以期提高奶牛粪污的利用价值,实现变废为宝。     

基于玉米种植的生长育肥猪粪污农田承载力

本研究旨在以生长育肥猪和玉米种植农田为模型,准确评定生长育肥猪粪肥养分的产生量和不同施肥量下玉米的生物产量及养分需求量,以此为基础建立基于粪肥还田利用的玉米种植农田粪肥承载系数。试验选取8头13周龄胎次和体重（（33.2±3.5）kg）相近的"杜×长×大"生长育肥猪进行饲养试验,分别于16和25周龄各进行一次消化试验,测定其粪、尿产量及粪肥氮、磷产生量。玉米种植试验设6个处理组,对照组施用化肥,负对照组不施肥,4个试验组分别按玉米种植全期氮标准需要量的100%、130%、160%和磷标准需要量的100%施用猪粪有机肥,分别在乳熟后期和完熟期测定玉米种植的氮、磷需求量,与猪粪肥氮、磷产生量拟合,测算粪肥农田承载系数。结果表明,按130%氮需求量施用猪粪有机肥,一季玉米种植乳熟后期和完熟期收获,对氮、磷的需求量分别为122.1、53.0 kg·hm^-2和190.2、62.8 kg·hm^-2,按130%氮施肥量下乳熟后期和完熟期收获的玉米农田承载系数,以N为基础为61.1头·hm^-2和95.2头·hm^-2,以P为基础为90.5头·hm^-2和107.3头·hm^-2,而且施用猪粪有机肥还可增加玉米生物产量,一定程度上增加玉米中氮、磷含量。因此,分别基于玉米对氮和磷的需求,单季玉米种植每公顷土地生长育肥猪的承载参数分别为95.2头和107.3头。     

Methane emission from stored dairy manure slurry and slurry after digestion by methane digester

To examine the effect of storage temperature on the emission of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and on recovery of nutrients from raw dairy manure slurry (RS) and slurry digested in a methane digester (DS), both slurries were stored in closed 100 L steel tanks under psychrophilic conditions (5, 10, 15 and 20°C) for a 150 day period. As the storage temperature increased, total methane emission increased in both types of slurry. The amount of methane emitted per unit of volatile solids of the RS and DS was 0.19 L/g and 0.10 L/g, respectively. The respective carbon dioxide emissions were 0.20 L/g for RS and 0.12 L/g for DS at 20°C of storage temperature. At temperatures greater than 15°C, the methane concentration in the emitted gas remained more than 40% of the total gas. During the experimental period, in excess of 90% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen in these slurries was recovered (91.4–93.7% for RS and 93.7–98.4% for DS) after storage, and ammonium nitrogen was recovered in excess of 100% (100.1–143.2% for RS and 106.7–143.2% for DS storage tanks) because of the mineralization of organic nitrogen in the influent. These results indicate that manure slurry characteristics and storage temperature have significant impacts on methane emission. It can be concluded that on typical farms located in northern Japan, methane emission from manure storage tanks during late fall, winter and early spring may be negligible, because of manure temperatures less than 10°C. During late spring, summer and early fall, methane emissions can be substantially reduced by using underground storage to maintain lower manure temperatures.     

猪粪厌氧发酵产气的优化条件研究

研究猪粪发酵液厌氧消化过程的温度、接种率和原料添加量的优化条件,为猪粪废水的资源化利用提供参考。猪粪发酵液厌氧消化试验选择环境温度、接种率和原料添加量作为三因子,每因子设三水平进行正交试验。研究表明．温度对猪粪发酵液厌氧产气有显著影响,温度能影响物料水解过程,从而影响发酵液的pH值和氨氮值,二者关系到产气过程。猪粪发酵液厌氧产气优选组合是温度55℃、接种率30％、原料添加量100g,20d累积产气量达8899mL;TS降解率最好的组合为温度55℃、接种率30％、原料添加量80g,降解率达85．54％。     

Methane production from thermophilic co‐digestion of dairy manure and waste milk obtained from therapeutically treated cows

Methane production from co‐digestion of dairy manure and waste milk, milk from cows treated with antibiotics for mastitis, was tested in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Four different waste milk percentages (w/w): 0% (SM), 10% (SMWM10), 20% (SMWM20) and 30% (SMWM30), were tested with two slurry percentages (w/w): 50% (A) and 25% (B) and the rest being manure at 55°C for 12 days in batch digesters. The results analyzed using a Gompertz model showed SMWM10 produced the highest methane production potential (P_m)/g volatile solids added followed by SM in both A and B. This P_m of SMWM10 in A and B was statistically non‐significant (P > 0.05). More than 96% of cefazolin‐resistant bacteria and 100% of multi‐drug‐resistant bacteria reductions were observed in all the treatments. Inclusion of waste milk at 10% in single stage digester enhances the methane production from dairy manure and could offer added benefit of waste milk treatment and disposal.     

规模化牛场粪污资源化技术研究及应用进展

现代规模化牛场发展迅速,为市民提供大量优良奶源和畜肉,但同时牛场产生粪便、污水等废弃物排泄量增加,大部分牛场不能规范化处理,粪污堆积在生产区域,不光对周围土壤、空气和水体造成污染,还影响牛场的正常养殖生产秩序,对生态环境危害严重,影响养牛业绿色可持续发展,因此牛粪的处理和资源化利用问题急需解决。为了稳定、无害的处理粪污,将规模化牛场粪污作资源化处理利用,不仅可以解决牛场粪污污染问题,还能实现粪污资源最大化利用,具有重要意义。本文分析了牛粪的营养成分以及规模化牛场粪污造成的环境污染问题,简述了粪污资源化利用的目的、原则和预期效果,介绍了牛粪资源化利用的现有途径和方式,其中主要包括能源化、基质化、饲料化、燃料化、肥料化、氧化塘发酵后再利用等方法,以期通过分析多种资源化处理技术,将其根据具体情况应用,或者多种技术搭配实施,避免单一技术存在的局限性,为不同养殖环境情况下的粪污处理提供参考,为现代化养牛业低碳可持续发展提供借鉴。在未来应继续加大规模化牛场粪污资源化利用力度,科学合理制定各地区养殖场的粪污处理规划和资源化利用模式,监测周围环境质量并作出有效控制,促进畜牧业健康发展,为畜牧业循环经济和综合利用奠定基础。     

Effect of aeration in reducing phytotoxicity in anaerobic digestion liquor of swine manure

Numerous reports have accumulated concerning the quality of solid compost. In contrast, there are few for the residue of anaerobic digestion. In this study, the fertilizer value of anaerobic digestion liquor (ADL) was evaluated, and the effect of aeration on the reduction of the phytotoxicity was examined by a germination assay. Low or high aeration (100 or 400 mL/min) was added to 3 L of ADL obtained from a mixture of pig manure and garbage by using 5‐L jar fermenters under a controlled temperature of 30°C. During the 14‐day aeration period, a high aeration rate improved the germination index (GI) score from 5.7% to nearly 80%, while a low aeration rate did not. Although organic matter decomposition, determined as chemical oxygen demand, did not differ with aeration intensity, remarkable differences were observed in the time course of changes in pH, electric conductivity and ammonium‐nitrogen (NH₄‐N) and total nitrogen (T‐N) content. Among these parameters, the NH₄‐N concentration correlated highly with the GI score (r = 0.986). The primary phytotoxic element in ADL was considered to be NH₄‐N, and the stripping of ammonia (NH₃) by high aeration resulted in the improvement of the GI score. Although the ratio of major nutrients N : P₂O₅ : K₂O (1:0.41:0.94) in ADL was at nearly same level as conventional liquid fertilizer, special attention should be paid to the high concentration of NH₃ when drawing up a fertilization plan.     

施用有机物料对沙化土壤碳氮含量、酶活性及紫花苜蓿生物量的影响

为探讨施用有机物料对宁夏沙化土壤的改良效果,以当地易得的杨树(Populus alba var.pyramidalis)枝条、玉米(Zea mays)秸秆、牛粪为原料,通过桶栽方法研究了有机物料单施和配施对宁夏沙化土壤碳氮含量、酶活性及紫花苜蓿生物量的影响。结果表明,与无添加对照相比,单施和配施有机物料(除牛粪外)均使土壤的碳、氮组分含量(除无机氮外)有不同程度的增加;单施牛粪处理增加了土壤的无机氮,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、全氮和水解氮含量均最高,但是土壤C/N(有机碳/全氮)及微生物C/N(土壤微生物生物量C/微生物生物量N)较低;杨树枝条+玉米秸秆+牛粪配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮含量,土壤酶活性(纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶)以及紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生物量(是对照的3.33倍)最高,而单施牛粪却出现抑制紫花苜蓿生长的现象。土壤肥力水平综合得分显示,杨树枝条+玉米秸秆+牛粪处理对土壤肥力水平的提高效果最佳。该研究为宁夏及其它类似地区沙化土壤改良提供了参考的依据。     

沼液配施化肥对蜜柚产量、品质及土壤重金属的影响

以8年生蜜柚为供试材料,通过连续3年施用猪粪沼液的田间定位试验,研究等氮磷钾条件下不同比例沼液与化肥配施对蜜柚产量、品质及土壤重金属和盐分的影响。结果表明,随沼液施用年限增加,TFN25%和TFN50%处理蜜柚增产优势逐渐显现,与TF处理相比较,试验第3年TFN25%处理的蜜柚产量增加了6.91%,果实粒化率和裂果率降低,Vc、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比提高。随沼液替代比例和施用年限的增加,土壤中Cu、Zn含量有显著增加,但均低于国家污染土壤的重金属限量标准,土壤电导率随沼液替代比例的增加而增加。综上,沼液替代25%化肥用量的处理在蜜柚果园应用效果较好,可在生产上推广,但长期沼液灌溉的影响还需进一步的观测和评价。     

The destruction of pig helminth ova and larvae in a slurry treatment process.

It was established that a thermophilic system for the treatment of pig slurry at 55 degrees C rapidly killed the free living stages of three common pig parasites. This treatment could be beneficially incorporated in any pig slurry recycling process, whether to land or to animals.     

Conservation of nitrogen in cattle feedlot waste with urease inhibitors.

Feedlot cattle normally retain less than 20% of their dietary nitrogen intake. Sixty to 80% of the nitrogen excreted is normally lost through volatilization of ammonia, which is primarily generated from urea. This loss of ammonia nitrogen pollutes the environment and creates an unfavorable ratio of nitrogen to phosphorous (N:P) in the waste for crop growth. Two urease inhibitors, cyclohexylphosphoric triamide (CHPT) and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the rate of urea hydrolysis in beef cattle feedlot pens. Initially, a total of six pens were used, two pens per treatment, with approximately 70 cattle per pen, and a single topical application of CHPT or NBPT at 20 mg/kg of manure. Essentially no urea was found in untreated pens. However, with CHPT treatment, 2 g of urea/kg of dry manure accumulated by d 4, and all gradually disappeared by d 11; NBPT conserved 3 and 3.5 g of urea/kg by d 4 and 9, respectively, and it had disappeared by d 14 (treatment [trt] x day, P = .003). A second study involved application of NBPT weekly for 6 wk. This caused urea to accumulate to a peak concentration of 17 g/kg of manure by d 30 (trt x day2, P = .001). Once the treatment was stopped the urea concentration began to decrease. When the NBPT was applied weekly, the concentration of ammonia in the waste was less for the treated pens (trt x day, P = .01), the total nitrogen was greater (trt x day, P = .04), pH tended to be lower (trt x day, P = .10), and the total volatile acids were not different (trt x day, P = .51) from untreated pens. We concluded that urease inhibitors could be used to control ammonia emissions from animal wastes, prevent environmental damage, and produce a more balanced (N:P) fertilizer from manure.     

牛粪厌氧消化效率提升技术研究进展

规模化养牛业在提高生产效率的同时,也导致牛粪在一些地区大量集中产生,这些牛粪如不妥善处理,将会带来严重的环境污染问题。厌氧消化（沼气发酵）技术既能降解有机污染物,又能生产清洁能源和有机肥料,是有效且环保的牛场粪污治理手段。然而,由于牛粪中难降解的木质纤维素含量较高,以及操作问题和工艺不稳定等原因导致牛粪厌氧消化甲烷产量较低。因此,为了使牛粪厌氧消化技术在经济上可持续,还需要进一步的研究。本文详细介绍了工艺参数,如C/N比、温度和固体浓度等对牛粪厌氧消化性能的影响,总结了提高牛粪厌氧消化甲烷产量和工艺稳定性的策略,如预处理、共消化和添加外源添加剂等,以期为提升牛粪厌氧消化技术的研究和技术推广提供参考。     

An approach to nutrient management on dairy farms

In the European Union, groundwater should contain less than 50 mg of nitrate/L. Individual countries have developed alternative strategies for phosphorus (P). In The Netherlands, regulations based on P limited the amount of manure applied per hectare. A more balanced P supply to the land has been achieved by transport of manure from surplus to deficit regions. Costs of processing of manure to pellets appeared to be (too) high. In animal production experiments, lowering the P content of concentrates and mineral supplements reduced P losses without an adverse effect on production. In addition to the European guideline for nitrate, ammonia volatilization should be reduced by 50 to 70%. Management practices for reducing nitrogen (N) losses were studied with a farm model, developed at PR. A combination of a more efficient use of fertilizer N, restricted grazing, and a more balanced diet, and, to a lesser extent, higher milk production per cow resulted in considerable reductions in nitrate leaching. The application of slurry by injection diminishes the ammonia volatilization at farm level by almost 50%. This technique has become obligatory, and is only allowed during the growing season. Other techniques, like low emission housing and covering of slurry storage have relatively high costs. Starting in 1998, farmers have to keep a record of nutrients on a balance sheet. A tax will be imposed on surpluses of N and P. This new instrument replaces the regulations based on P. To further improve efficiency of use of N and P, farmers have the nutrient balance sheet available as an integrated management tool. Urea content in bulk milk has been introduced as a new indicator for the utilization of N in the diet. Also, fertilizer applications are improved. Furthermore, an experimental farm was set up to integrate all available expertise and analyze the resulting nutrient flows and farm performance.     

The effect of cattle manure cultivation on moisture content and survival of Escherichia coli

A new practice whereby wet slurry is added daily to the cattle manure bedding at the barn and cultivated has been developed in Israel. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of manure cultivation on the persistence of Escherichia coli in a model system. A cow manure-derived E. coli strain was tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and antibiotic resistance markers and was used to inoculate cow manure in 10-L buckets. After 3 successive cycles of inoculation and cultivation, wet slurry was added during an additional 2 cycles. After 32 d, the cultivated and noncultivated manure contained 677 ± 14 and 505 ± 2 g·kg(-1) DM, respectively. The cultivated manure remained drier compared with the noncultivated manure after the addition of wet slurry, and its texture remained lumpy compared with the compact, cohesive, and sticky texture of the noncultivated manure. Throughout the experiment, the counts of the tagged E. coli were less (P < 0.05) and disappeared faster in the cultivated than in the noncultivated manure. These results support the hypothesis that daily cultivation of manure may result in reduced incidence of mastitis and improves the welfare and performance of dairy cows.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对青贮玉米产量、营养价值及土壤微生物活性的影响

以关中地区青贮玉米(Zea mays)及其根际土壤为研究对象,研究了种植当年化肥减量配施有机肥对青贮玉米产量、营养价值及土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明,施肥当年不同处理之间产量无显著差异(P>0.05)。单施化肥处理(T1)的粗蛋白含量最高,配施有机肥在一定程度上降低了玉米的粗蛋白含量,提高了纤维的含量。T1处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量及土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均最低。随着有机肥配施比例的增加土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量和土壤酶活性均升高。由此初步说明,在关中地区化肥减量配施有机肥能够维持种植当年的玉米产量,显著提高土壤碳、氮储量及土壤酶活性。本研究为关中地区发展青贮玉米产业、改善土壤环境和提高肥料利用效率提供理论依据。     

畜禽粪便厌氧发酵沼液过膜特性的改善研究

通过对沼液稳定体系的特征性判别以及处理条件正交试验的筛选,实现了既提高过膜通量,又保证了较高营养物保留率的目的。得出结论:1)沼液不是典型单一的胶体或乳状液体系,仅调节pH值对于改善其过膜性能影响不大;2)经药剂处理后,沼液的过膜通量相比原液有不同程度提高,最高可达2377.97%;3)经药剂处理后,沼液中的氨基酸有不同程度的损失,最高可保留65.53%;4)综合考虑过膜通量及氨基酸保留率的最优处理条件为pH=7.5,药剂为FeCl₃·6H₂O,投加量为0.005 mol·L^-1。     

紫花苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）为绿肥植物,利用南方冬闲田种植紫花苜蓿绿肥,研究紫花苜蓿绿肥（茎叶粉碎还田）和氮肥处理对水稻（Oryza sativa）生长、土壤有机质、土壤总氮、土壤速效磷和土壤速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,紫花苜蓿绿肥和紫花苜蓿绿肥+氮肥处理的水稻产量分别比不施氮肥处理增加了48.2%和72.1%,同时绿肥+氮肥处理的水稻产量比施氮肥处理增加了8.6%。苜蓿绿肥处理显著提高了土壤有机质、总氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,改善了稻田土壤的理化性状;同时,苜蓿绿肥+氮肥处理对增加土壤有机质的作用效果最为明显,并且有效促进了土壤磷和钾的活性,增加了水稻对土壤磷和钾的吸收,从而促进水稻增产。研究反映出紫花苜蓿作为绿肥能够有效改善稻田土壤营养,提高氮肥利用效率,促进水稻增产,是我国南方利用冬闲田种植绿肥、改良农田土壤的又一重要绿肥植物资源。     

蛋鸡粪便的无害化资源化处理技术

为解决畜禽养殖粪便废弃物带来的污染问题,在贵州安顺绿色生态畜禽农业科技园区开展了蛋鸡粪便无害化、资源化的处理技术研究,针对性研究了养殖大户和规模化养殖场2种养殖模式下,利用鸡粪生产有机肥料的工艺,生产出优质鸡粪有机肥料,为全省畜禽行业粪便废弃物的无害化处理提供借鉴。     

In-House Composting of Layer Manure in a High-Rise,Tunnel-Ventilated Commercial Layer House During an Egg Production Cycle

In-house composting has the potential to improve the viability of the high-rise house for commercial egg production by producing a value-added product from the manure without requiring a separate composting facility. The feasibility of in-house composting depends in part on having the ability to handle the manure mass that accumulates over an extended period. This field study showed that in-house composting is possible for the length of an egg production cycle. Beginning with windrows of a carbon source, fresh pine sawdust or shredded yard waste, upon which manure fell from the cage rows above, compost volume grew rapidly in the first few weeks, but slowed after composting activity peaked, as indicated by compost temperatures. In cold weather, when ventilation rates were low, compost remixing temporarily produced high ammonia levels in the house, but ammonia levels at other times were comparable to or lower than those in an undisturbed house. The final compost was friable and nutrient-rich, although the handling quality of the yard waste compost was reduced by persistence of elongated woody pieces of the original carbon source. The ability to access the manure storage area of a high-rise house over a cycle of production gives potential to deliver manure amendments to improve nitrogen retention in the compost, which would have the effect of improving its fertilizer value and reducing ammonia emission from the house.     

不同施肥配比对蒙古黄芪产量及品质的影响

为研究不同肥料配施对土壤营养状况及黄芪生长和药效成分积累的影响，本研究以1年生蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.var.mongholicus（Bge.）Hsiao）为试材，采用正交设计L₉（3⁴），研究因素A（硝普钠sodium nitroprusside，SNP）、B（黄芪茎叶绿肥）、C（黄芪固氮菌T₁₆）、D（黄芪固氮菌T₂₁）配施后对土壤有机质及氮磷钾含量、黄芪生物量、有效成分含量及产量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比，4种因素配合施用，均对蒙古黄芪的生长及产量品质起到了积极作用，尤其处理4（A2B1C2D3）提高了土壤有机质、有效氮、有效钾、全氮、全磷含量，增加了黄芪生物量，提高了叶片3种抗氧化物酶的活性，降低了丙二醛含量，且黄芪总多糖、总皂苷、总黄酮含量及其总产量分别比对照提高了91.89%，161.54%，155.56%，118.64%。综上分析可知处理4即SNP15 mmol·L^-1、绿肥含量1.2 kg·（15m²）^-1，T₁₆10⁶·mL^-1，T₂₁10⁹·mL^-1为肥料最佳配施方案。本研究可为黄芪专用肥的研制提供理论参考。