莱芜猪肌肉脂肪酸组成的发育性变化及其对肉质特性的影响

以40￣90kg6个体重阶段莱芜猪和新莱芜猪为试验对象(n=6),研究肌肉脂肪酸组成的发育性变化及其与肉质特性的关系。结果表明:①随着体重的增大,莱芜猪肌肉总脂含量显著(P<0.01)增加;饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量的比例有下降的趋势,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)总量有增加的趋势,但差异不显著;在UFA中,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总量及亚油酸的比例显著(P<0.01)下降,油酸比例显著(P<0.01)增加;②总体上,莱芜猪肌肉中的SFA+单不饱和脂肪酸总量、总脂、棕榈酸、棕榈烯酸的比例显著高于新莱芜猪,而PUFA总量、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生烯酸的比例显著(P<0.01)低于新莱芜猪。各体重阶段2个品种间的脂肪酸组成也存在着较大的差异;③莱芜猪肌肉中的PUFA总量与总脂、水分、失水率、大理石纹评分相关显著;总脂与水分、大理石纹相关极显著(P<0.01);SFA、UFA总量与大理石纹呈显著(P<0.05)相关。     

苜蓿草粉对育肥猪肉品质、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加苜蓿草粉对育肥猪生长性能、肉品质、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。选择平均体重(60.28±0.73)kg的健康"长×大"或"大×长"二元育肥猪130头,随机分为5组,每组26个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加5%、10%、20%和30%的苜蓿草粉。预试期7 d,正试期72 d。结果表明:1)5%苜蓿草粉组育肥猪的平均日增重(ADG)最高,增重成本最低。2)饲粮添加苜蓿草粉对育肥猪的肌肉p H45 m in、熟肉率、大理石纹和肉色无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,各苜蓿草粉组的肌肉p H24 h极显著降低(P<0.01);30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉滴水损失显著低于对照组和5%苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,20%苜蓿草粉组育肥猪的肌肉鲜味氨基酸(DAA)(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸)、必需氨基酸(EAA)(蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸)、组氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸及总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著提高(P<0.05)。4)随饲粮苜蓿草粉添加水平的增加,育肥猪的肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量逐渐减少,肌肉不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-6 PUFA和n-3PUFA含量逐渐增加。与对照组相比,20%和30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉M UFA、油酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),肌肉UFA含量显著提高(P<0.05);20%和30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉PUFA、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、n-6 PUFA和n-3 PUFA含量均显著高于对照组、5%和10%苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05);肌肉n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA含量极显著低于对照组、5%和10%苜蓿草粉组(P<0.01)。综上,饲粮添加20%苜蓿草粉可使育肥猪的肌肉DAA、EAA含量以及PUFA中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸含量提高,n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA降低,有利于n-3 PUFA在肌肉中的富集,可以提高猪肉品质和营养价值。     

添加黑麦草饲粮对鹅肉脂肪酸组成的影响

本研究旨在观察饲粮中添加不同比例多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam)对鹅肉脂肪酸组成影响,揭示牧草摄食量与鹅肉α-亚麻酸(ALA)相对含量之间的关系。选用50羽14日龄长乐灰鹅,分成5个处理,饲养期60 d。各处理饲粮中黑麦草干物质比例分别为: 0.00%(CK),5.42%,11.92%,19.52%和27.24%。结果表明:随着饲粮中黑麦草比例的提高,鹅肉ALA相对含量显著增加,试验各组分别比对照组增加了86.90%,197.24%(P<0.05),393.10%(P<0.05)和304.83%(P<0.05);PUFA/SFA显著上升(P<0.05);n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA显著下降(P<0.05)。鹅肉ALA相对含量与饲粮中黑麦草比例的曲线回归模型方程为:y=0.270+0.106x-0.002x²(F=22.99^**)。当饲粮中黑麦草的干物质比例在0%～26.50%时,鹅肉ALA的含量呈上升趋势;当黑麦草的比例超过26.50%时,鹅肉ALA的含量转而呈下降趋势。说明黑麦草中的ALA能够通过摄食消化过程沉积到鹅肉中。     

苜蓿草粉对育肥猪肉品质、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加苜蓿草粉对育肥猪生长性能、肉品质、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。选择平均体重(60.28±0.73)kg的健康"长×大"或"大×长"二元育肥猪130头,随机分为5组,每组26个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加5%、10%、20%和30%的苜蓿草粉。预试期7 d,正试期72 d。结果表明:1)5%苜蓿草粉组育肥猪的平均日增重(ADG)最高,增重成本最低。2)饲粮添加苜蓿草粉对育肥猪的肌肉p H45 m in、熟肉率、大理石纹和肉色无显著影响(P0.05);与对照组相比,各苜蓿草粉组的肌肉p H24 h极显著降低(P0.01);30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉滴水损失显著低于对照组和5%苜蓿草粉组(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,20%苜蓿草粉组育肥猪的肌肉鲜味氨基酸(DAA)(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸)、必需氨基酸(EAA)(蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸)、组氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸及总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著提高(P0.05)。4)随饲粮苜蓿草粉添加水平的增加,育肥猪的肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量逐渐减少,肌肉不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-6 PUFA和n-3PUFA含量逐渐增加。与对照组相比,20%和30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉M UFA、油酸含量显著降低(P0.05),肌肉UFA含量显著提高(P0.05);20%和30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉PUFA、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、n-6 PUFA和n-3 PUFA含量均显著高于对照组、5%和10%苜蓿草粉组(P0.05);肌肉n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA含量极显著低于对照组、5%和10%苜蓿草粉组(P0.01)。综上,饲粮添加20%苜蓿草粉可使育肥猪的肌肉DAA、EAA含量以及PUFA中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸含量提高,n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA降低,有利于n-3 PUFA在肌肉中的富集,可以提高猪肉品质和营养价值。     

日粮不同脂肪水平对罗氏沼虾生长及体组织组成的影响

通过添加植物油(豆油和亚麻籽油)配制3种等氮但脂肪水平不同的日粮(Ⅰ组6%;Ⅱ组9%;Ⅲ组12%),研究其对罗氏沼虾生长、体组织常规组分及肌肉和肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的影响。选取质量(1.00±0.01)g的罗氏沼虾幼虾600尾,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复50尾虾,网箱饲养60 d。结果显示:Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组罗氏沼虾体重、增重、增重率、特定生长率显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料系数则以Ⅰ组最高,且显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。日粮不同脂肪水平对罗氏沼虾全虾和肌肉中总水分、干物质中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。罗氏沼虾肌肉中亚油酸、亚麻油酸含量低于它们在肝胰腺中的含量,n-3 PUFA>n-6 PUFA;而花生四烯酸、EPA和DHA在肌肉中的含量高于其在肝胰腺中的含量,并且n-3 PUFA0.05);n-6 PUFA中,C18:2n-6(亚油酸)和C20:4n-6(AA)均无显著变化(P>0.05);HUFA含量随日粮脂肪水平增加递减,且Ⅲ组显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。肝胰腺中亚油酸(C18:2n-6)和亚麻油酸(C18:3n-3)含量逐渐增加,且组间差异显著(P<0.05),而SFA(C14:0、C16:0、C18:0)、EPA及DHA含量则明显下降(P<0.05)。结果表明,日粮脂肪水平对罗氏沼虾生长及肌肉和肝胰腺脂肪酸组成有显著影响。     

育肥鸭饲料脂肪酸组成的研究

本试验旨在研究育肥鸭饲料脂肪酸组成,采集8个企业的育肥鸭料,每个企业随机采集6个样品,测定粗脂肪和脂肪酸。结果表明:8个企业的育肥鸭饲料使用种类不同的油脂,饲料中粗脂肪和脂肪酸含量差异显著(P0.05),粗脂肪含量在3.54%~6.84%;亚油酸和亚麻酸含量差异显著(P0.05),分别为41.22%~54.37%、1.29%~4.07%;ω-6/ω-3在12.07~36.19(P0.05);各样品的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA,U)和饱和脂肪酸(SFA,S)含量差异显著(P0.05),分别为71.48%~82.59%、17.55%~28.29%;U/S(2.52~4.68)差异显著;育肥鸭耗料增重比差异显著(P0.05)。由此可见,企业育肥鸭饲料中含有较多的ω-6 PUFA,ω-3 PUFA含量较少,且ω-6/ω-3 PUFA比例差异极显著,UFA是SFA的2~5倍,显然饲料中脂肪酸组成有明显的差异。     

桑叶黄酮对巴马香猪肝脏和肾脏化学组成的影响

本试验旨在研究桑叶黄酮(FML)对巴马香猪组织器官发育以及肝脏与肾脏中常规营养成分、氨基酸和中长链脂肪酸组成及含量的影响。试验选择体重为(45.11±4.23) kg的育肥期巴马香猪杂交后代60头,随机分为5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮基础上添加0.02%、0.04%、0.08%和0.16%FML。试验期67 d,包括7 d预试期和60 d正试期。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲粮添加FML对育肥猪头、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和板油重量均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随着饲粮FML添加水平的提高,育肥猪肝脏中粗脂肪含量逐渐降低,其中0.16%FML组肝脏中粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组和0.02%FML组(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加FML降低了育肥猪肝脏中大部分氨基酸含量,其中0.04%FML组肝脏中酪氨酸含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);各组育肥猪肾脏中所有氨基酸含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。4)饲粮添加FML线性提高了育肥猪肝脏中十五烷酸甲酯(C15∶0)含量(P 0.05),二次提高了肝脏中棕榈油酸(C16∶1)、十七烷酸(C17∶0)、花生酸(C20∶0)、二十碳四烯酸(C20∶4n6)和饱和脂肪酸(SFA)(P0.05),二次降低了肝脏中亚麻酸(C18∶3n6)、二十四烷酸(C24∶0)、不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和n-6 PUFA含量(P0.05);饲粮添加添加FML二次提高了育肥猪肾脏中C15∶0、C18∶3n6、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3n3)和n-3 PUFA含量(P0.05),二次降低了肾脏中肉豆蔻酸(C14∶0)和C16∶1含量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加适宜水平的FML可改善育肥猪肝脏中原有的脂质代谢情况,具有一定的降脂作用;饲粮添加FML降低了肝脏中大多数氨基酸的含量;FML对育肥猪肝脏和肾脏中SFA和UFA的影响差异较大,但添加适宜水平的FML均可以提高肝脏和肾脏中部分PUFA的含量,降低部分SFA的含量,因此在动物生产中应合理控制FML的添加水平,以获得肝脏和肾脏等器官内较佳的脂肪酸组成比例。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对7~28日龄羔羊生长和器官发育及肌肉脂肪酸的影响

旨在研究代乳粉中添加枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）对7~28日龄羔羊生长性能、组织器官、腹泻率及肌肉组织脂肪酸含量的影响。本研究选取体况发育良好的7日龄湖羊公羔（双羔）30只,按同质性原则将羔羊随机分为2组,每组15只,每只为1个重复,给2组羔羊分别饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌含量为0和0.2%的代乳粉,试验期为21 d。在7、14、21和28日龄晨饲前进行称重,计算各生长阶段的平均日增重（average daily gain,ADG）。并且每天饲喂羔羊的同时观察羔羊腹泻情况,计算羔羊腹泻率。在28日龄时每组随机选择8只羔羊进行屠宰,屠宰后称量各组织器官重量,计算其相对指数,并采集羔羊背最长肌和肱二头肌,测量肌内脂肪含量。结果表明：1）枯草芽孢杆菌显著降低了7~14日龄羔羊的末重（P<0.05）,显著提高了15~21日龄和22~28日龄羔羊的平均日增重（P<0.05）,有提高7~28日龄羔羊平均日增重的趋势（P=0.100）;对7~28日龄羔羊腹泻率的无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）枯草芽孢杆菌显著降低了7~28日龄羔羊胰腺重量（P<0.05）,显著增加了蹄占宰前活重比例（P<0.05）,对其他组织器官没有显著影响（P>0.05）。3）枯草芽孢杆菌对7~28日龄羔羊皮张发育无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）枯草芽孢杆菌显著降低了羔羊背最长肌不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acid,UFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、二十烷酸、棕榈烯酸、油酸含量和MUFA∶多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）（P<0.05）,显著提高了十五烷酸、肉豆蔻烯酸、神经酸含量和饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）∶UFA （P<0.05）;显著降低了羔羊肱二头肌UFA、SFA、MUFA、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、二十烷酸、棕榈烯酸、油酸含量和MUFA∶PUFA （P<0.05）,显著提高了PUFA、n-6PUFA、肉豆蔻烯酸、神经酸含量和SFA∶UFA、PUFA∶SFA （P<0.05）。结果表明,在代乳粉中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对7~28日龄湖羊羔羊腹泻率、器官和皮张的发育无显著影响,但羔羊平均日增重和胴体重有升高趋势。枯草芽孢杆菌显著降低了湖羊羔羊背最长肌中UFA、MUFA、MUFA∶PUFA的含量和肱二头肌UFA、SFA、MUFA、MUFA∶PUFA的含量,显著提高了湖羊羔羊背最长肌中SFA：UFA的含量和肱二头肌中PUFA、n-6PUFA、SFA∶UFA、PUFA∶SFA的含量,表明枯草芽孢杆菌可通过对肌内脂肪酸组成比例和含量的影响,起到改善湖羊羔羊肉品质的作用。     

安西杂交一代牛肉脂肪酸组成及含量研究

旨在研究西门塔尔杂种牛(西杂牛)肉用性能的利用。选用黑安格斯牛杂交西杂牛,随机选取同期出生断奶的杂交一代安西杂牛(黑安格斯♂×西杂牛♀)和西杂牛,在同一饲养管理条件下持续育肥至20月龄,屠宰安西杂牛和西杂牛公牛各9头,取其背最长肌,利用气相色谱法测定安西杂牛和西杂牛肌内脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明,安西杂牛和西杂牛背最长肌中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)均达到52%以上,以长链棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主,安西杂牛中SFA显著低于西杂牛(P0.05);不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)占测定脂肪酸总量46%以上,安西杂牛中UFA极显著高于西杂牛(P0.01);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在安西杂牛和西杂牛中差异不显著(P0.05),油酸的含量在安西杂牛中显著高于西杂牛(P0.05),γ-亚麻酸、顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸、顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸、花生四烯酸和EPA等功能性脂肪酸在安西杂牛中显著高于西杂牛(P0.05)。综上表明,与西杂牛相比,安西杂牛牛肉中脂肪酸的营养价值明显改善和提高。     

能量水平对大河乌猪肌纤维及肌肉营养成分的影响

为探讨不同日粮能量水平对大河乌猪肌肉肌纤维组织特性、营养成分的影响,采用单因子随机区组设计,选取体重相近(15.18±0.85)kg的大河乌猪54头,随机分为3组——HE(高能量组,消化能14.22 MJ/kg)、ME(中能量组,消化能12.98 MJ/kg)和LE(低能量组,消化能11.74 MJ/kg)开展饲养试验,各组在不同生长阶段日粮蛋白质、氨基酸、微量元素水平基本固定,猪体重达30、60、100 kg时分批屠宰,取背最长肌测定肌纤维直径和密度、常规营养成分、肌内脂肪、肌苷酸及肌肉脂肪酸含量。结果表明,日粮能量水平增加逐渐降低大河乌猪背最长肌的肌纤维直径,增加肌纤维密度,60 kg和100 kg体重时,HE组与LE组差异显著(P0.05)。30、60 kg和100 kg体重时,HE组大河乌猪肌肉中粗蛋白质含量显著低于LE组(P0.05),粗脂肪、肌内脂肪、肌苷酸含量均显著高于LE组(P0.05)。随能量水平增加,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)显著降低,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)则显著增加。30 kg和60 kg体重时,HE组MUFA含量显著低于ME组和LE组(P0.05),100 kg体重时HE组和LE组显著低于ME组(P0.05);30 kg和100 kg体重时,HE组PUFA含量显著高于ME组和LE组(P0.05),60 kg体重时,ME组显著高于LE组(P0.05)。不同能量水平对大河乌猪中、后期(60、100 kg体重时)肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和总不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量影响较大,HE、ME组和LE组间的SFA含量和UFA含量均差异显著(P0.05),其中SFA含量表现为LE组HE组ME组,UFA含量为ME组HE组LE组。综上,能量水平增加在一定程度上可降低大河乌猪肌肉粗蛋白质含量,提高粗脂肪、肌内脂肪和肌苷酸含量,改善肌肉脂肪酸的组成,增加肌肉风味物质。研究结果为通过营养调控手段改善大河乌猪的肉品质提供了一定的科学参考。     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat

The dietary dose responsiveness of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) addition relative to the fatty acid profile of edible lean tissue was examined in grower pigs treated with or without porcine somatotropin (pST). Gilts and barrows were fed CLA at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of diet by weight from 20 to 55 kg BW. Additional pigs were administered (pST) at 0 or 100 microg x kg BW x d(-1) and fed either 0.5 or 2.0% CLA. Animals were fed diets containing 18% CP, 1.2% lysine, and 3.5 Mcal of DE/kg at 110% of ad libitum intake. The fatty acid profile in latissimus dorsi and dorsal s.c. adipose tissue samples was determined by gas chromatography. Dietary CLA replacement of corn oil increased the percentage of total fatty acids as stearic acid, whereas the percentages as oleic and linolenic acids were reduced in lattisimus muscle. Treatment with CLA + pST increased the percentages of linoleic and arachidonic acids while reducing the percentages of palmitic and oleic acids in lattisimus muscle. Dietary CLA increased the percentages of palmitic and stearic acids in s.c. adipose tissue while reducing the percentages of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. The percentage of palmitic acid was reduced in s.c. adipose tissue, whereas linoleic acid was increased with CLA + pST. No synergistic effect was detected between CLA and pST for reducing carcass lipid content in grower pigs. However, pST increased the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lattisimus muscle and s.c. adipose tissue while reducing the percentages of saturated fatty acids in swine fed CLA.     

Fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue from crossbred bulls and steers

Fatty acid composition of total lipid extracts of muscle and adipose samples from crossbred bulls (N = 34) and steers (N = 35) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Samples of semitendinosus, triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and of subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were excised from the right side of each carcass. In addition, thin-layer chromatography was utilized to obtain phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions from total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue from 10 bull and steer cohorts (N = 20). The most prominent sex condition effect was in percentage of total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Bull tissues contained higher (P less than .01) percentages of PUFA than those of steers at all sampling sites. This reflected higher percentages of linoleate (C18:2), linolenate (C18:3) and arachidonate (C20:4) in bull tissues. Most of the PUFA were present as phospholipids in muscle samples. The fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids was similar regardless of sex condition or muscle sampled. Total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and triceps brachii muscles of both bulls and steers contained from 6 to 10% more unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) compared with M. longissimus. Muscle triacylglycerols contained relatively high percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Semitendinosus and longissimus samples from steers contained higher (P less than .05 and P less than .01, respectively) percentages of total SFA than those from bulls. Steer samples contained slightly higher percentages of palmitic acid (C16:0) compared with bulls at all sampling sites, and this difference was significant for M. longissimus. The fat:lean ratio of muscle tissue is the major factor that determines fatty acid composition.     

Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Fatty Acid in Nanyang Black Pig and Large White Pig

The experiment was carried out to study the composition and contents of fatty acids of Nanyang Black pig, and to provide a theoretical basis for the protection and exploitation of local pig genetic resources in China. 12 Nanyang Black pigs and 12 Large White pigs were chosen, and the composition and contents of fatty acids in longissimus dorsi muscle were measured, and the quality of fatty acids was comprehensive evaluated from nutrition, health, flavor and storage aspects. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 12-16 carbon saturated fatty acids (SFA1), other saturated fatty acids (SFA2), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), SFA2/SFA1, MUFA/PUFA, essential fatty acid (EFA), conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), PUFA/SFA and ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA were used as the indexes of multiple comparison. The results showed that there were 30 kinds of fatty acids were detected and 23 of them had significant or extremely significant differences between the two pig breeds (P<0.05;P<0.01). Nanyang Black pig had higher values of above measured indexes than that of Large White pig in addition to SFA2/SFA1 and ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA. 11 indexes such as SFA1,MUFA,PUFA,SFA,UFA, UFA/SFA,SFA2/SFA1,PUFA/MUFA, EFA,CLA, PUFA/SFA and ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA differed significantly or extremely significantly between the two pig breeds (P<0.05;P<0.01), while SFA2 and PUFA/MUFA had no significant differences between the two pig breeds (P>0.05). In conclusion, the fatty acids of Nanyang Black pig were significantly better than that of Large White pig.     

南阳黑猪和大白猪脂肪酸分析及其综合评价

试验旨在研究南阳黑猪脂肪酸组成及含量,以期为中国地方猪种遗传资源的保护及开发利用提供理论依据。以南阳黑猪和大白猪为研究对象,每品种猪各12头,测量背最长肌脂肪酸含量及种类,以脂肪酸种类及数量、单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）、多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）、饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）、12-16碳饱和脂肪酸（饱和脂肪酸1,SFA1）、其他饱和脂肪酸（饱和脂肪酸2,SFA2）、不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acids,UFA）、SFA2/SFA1、PUFA/MUFA、必需脂肪酸（essential fatty acid,EFA）、共轭亚油酸（conjugated linoleic acids,CLA）、PUFA/SFA、ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA等为指标,从营养、健康、风味及储存方面综合评价两个猪种猪肉脂肪酸品质。结果显示,两个猪种背最长肌中共检出30种脂肪酸,其中23种脂肪酸在两个猪种间有显著或极显著差异（P<0.05;P<0.01）;除SFA2/SFA1和ω-6 PUFA /ω-3 PUFA外,南阳黑猪其他指标均高于大白猪;SFA1、MUFA、PUFA、SFA、UFA、UFA/SFA、SFA2/SFA1、PUFA/MUFA、EFA、CLA、PUFA/SFA、ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA 11个指标在两个猪种间存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05;P<0.01）,SFA2和PUFA/MUFA在两个猪种间无显著差异（P>0.05）。综合以上结果,南阳黑猪肌肉脂肪酸品质总体优于大白猪。     

日粮中添加整粒油籽对绵羊体脂脂肪酸组成的影响

日粮中分别添加相当于40 g粗脂肪的油菜籽(canola)、油葵籽、红花籽和亚麻籽,饲喂成年母羊35 d后屠宰,用气相色谱技术测定了背最长肌、尾部、背膘和肾脏4个部位脂肪的脂肪酸(FA)组成,结果表明:1)红花籽可显著降低肌肉中的短链、长链饱和脂肪酸及总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的比例,而增加单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和总不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)的比例,而添加油菜籽对肌肉的FA无显著影响;2)油葵显著降低了尾部短链和中链脂肪酸,提高了多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)与SFA的比值(P:S),油菜籽可显著降低尾部短链脂肪酸;3)添加亚麻籽有增加所有组织UFA和P:S值,降低SFA的趋势,但只有背膘脂肪中的PUFA显著增高;4)各类油籽对脂肪组织中的总SFA和MUFA无明显影响,其中肾脏脂肪受影响最小.     

Fatty acid and energy metabolism in broiler chickens fed diets containing either beef tallow or an oil blend

The hypothesis tested was that the feeding of n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) results in more whole‐body fatty acid oxidation than the feeding of saturated fatty acids (SFA). It was reasoned that the increased fatty acid oxidation would be associated with enhanced whole‐body energy expenditure and stimulated de novo fatty acid synthesis. To put the hypothesis to the test, broiler chickens were fed diets containing either beef tallow as source of SFA or an oil blend as source of n‐6 PUFA. The broilers either had free access to their diet or were fed a restricted amount. Seven‐day‐old, male broiler chickens were used; they were kept individually in cages from 1 to 4 weeks of age. In the birds fed ad libitum, the n‐6 PUFA diet reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI), but did not significantly affect average daily weight gain (ADG) and the feed:conversion ratio (FCR). The lower ADFI on the n‐6 PUFA diet was associated with a higher apparent digestibility of total fatty acids. The ratio of deposition in the body to intake of digestible total PUFA, which reflected n‐6 PUFA, was significantly decreased by the n‐6 PUFA diet, pointing at preferentially increased n‐6 PUFA oxidation on the n‐6 PUFA diet. The ratio for n‐9 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was higher than 1.0, which agrees with net de novo synthesis, but the n‐6 PUFA diet induced a lower value than did the SFA diet. Feeding either the n‐6 PUFA or SFA diet did not influence energy expenditure expressed as percentage of energy intake. This study supports the idea that dietary n‐6 PUFA instead of SFA are preferentially oxidized, but no proof was obtained for enhanced energy expenditure and contrary to the hypothesis put forward, the n‐6 PUFA diet depressed de‐novo fatty acid synthesis.     

Effect of dietary energy supply and fat source on the fatty acid pattern of adipose and lean tissues and lipogenesis in the pig

Forty Large White barrows were used to determine whether the effects of dietary fat source (tallow or soy oil at 5% of the diet) on lipogenesis and fatty acid profile of porcine adipose and lean tissue were dependent on dietary digestible energy density (8.8 vs 14.0 MJ DE/kg). Barrows were allocated to one of four groups and offered a fixed amount of feed (170 g x BW0.569/d) from 27 to 105 kg BW. The fatty acid composition of the backfat layers (BF), omental fat (OF), and i.m. adipose tissue of longissimus muscle as well as the activity of lipogenic enzymes of the adipose tissues were determined. Growth performance and carcass characteristics were affected by the dietary energy level (P < 0.01) but not by fat source. In accordance with the lower carcass fat deposition, the activity of lipogenic enzymes were decreased in the low-energy groups (P < 0.01). Within dietary energy level, inclusion of soy oil resulted in increased proportion of PUFA that was compensated by decreased saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportions (P < 0.01). The SFA changes accounted for 23 (BF) and 24% (OF) of the PUFA changes in the high-energy and 31 (BF) and 39% (OF) in the low-energy diets. The differences in the fatty acid proportions between the soy oil and tallow group were more pronounced in the low-energy groups (fat source x energy density interactions: P < 0.01). Pigs fed the soy oil, low-energy diet had decreased SFA (BF: 28%; OF: 30%) and MUFA (BF: 13%; OF: 19%) concentration, whereas PUFA concentration was increased (BF: 59%; OF: 88%) compared with pigs fed the soy oil, high-energy diet. However, in the tallow groups, pigs fed the low-energy diets had slightly decreased SFA (BF: 14%; OF: 12%) and relatively constant MUFA (BF: 3%; OF: 1%), whereas PUFA concentration increased (BF: 39%; OF: 62%) relative to pigs fed the tallow high-energy diet. Lipid content of the i.m. adipose tissue was decreased in the low-energy groups (P < 0.05). Contrary to what was observed in the adipose tissues, increased PUFA concentration in the neutral and polar lipid fractions of the longissimus muscle was predominantly compensated by reduced MUFA deposition. In the polar lipid fraction, the proportions of both SFA and MUFA were decreased by the low-energy diet. Thus, the extent to which tissue concentration of fatty acids are altered from dietary fats differing in the degree of unsaturation depends on the dietary energy level.     

Genotype,production system and sex effects on fatty acid composition of meat from goat kids

Two trials were performed to assess the meat fatty acid profile of goat kids from different genotypes, production systems and sex. In the first trial, genotype effect was determined in 24 suckling male kids from Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Gokceada breeds. In the second trial, male and female Gokceada Goat kids were used to compare the effect of extensive and semi‐intensive production systems on fatty acid composition of meat. Significant genotype effect was observed in the percentages of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n‐9), linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n‐6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n‐3), despite no differences on the ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and n‐6/n‐3 (P > 0.05). The effect of production system had also significant effects on fatty acids, but sex only influenced significantly stearic acid (C18:0), C18:1 n‐9 and C18:3 n‐3 fatty acids and total PUFA level and PUFA/SFA ratio. This study confirms that dairy breeds are prone to produce higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in their muscle. Meanwhile, meat from Gokceada goat kids, which is one of the indigenous breeds in Turkey, had similar PUFA/SFA and n‐6/n‐3 ratios to Turkish Saanen and Maltase.     

Digestion and deposition of individual fatty acids in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either beef tallow or sunflower oil

The apparent digestibility and deposition in carcass of individual dietary fatty acids (FA) were determined in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either beef tallow or sunflower oil. The beef tallow was rich in saturated FA (SFA) and the sunflower oil had a high content of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). A total of 39 barrows was used. The experimental diets contained 5% (w/w) of the variable fat source and were fed ad libitum . The dietary fat type had no effect (p > 0.05) on growth performance, even though the apparent digestibilities of crude fat and crude protein were higher (p < 0.05) in the animals fed sunflower oil. The pigs fed the sunflower oil diet showed higher apparent digestibilities (p < 0.05) of the sum of SFA, monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and PUFA, but had a lower digestibility (p < 0.05) of stearic acid. The intakes of individual digestible FA were derived feed intake data, FA contents of the diets and the digestibility of individual FA. For the entire feeding period of 13 weeks, the ratio of deposition in carcass to intake of digestible FA was increased (p < 0.05) for palmitic and stearic acid in the pigs fed sunflower oil, but the ratios for oleic acid and linoleic acid were decreased (p < 0.001). In the pigs fed sunflower oil instead of beef tallow, the deposition:intake ratio was raised for the SFA (p < 0.001), but diminished for the MUFA (p < 0.05). The calculated minimum de novo synthesis of SFA was increased (p < 0.05) and that of MUFA decreased (p < 0.05) in the pigs fed sunflower oil. It is concluded that the feeding of a diet with sunflower oil instead of beef tallow improved apparent digestibility of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, increased the deposition:digestible intake ratio for SFA, but lowered that for MUFA and PUFA.