秦岭北麓关中地区野鸟源基因Ⅸ型新城疫病毒病原学监测及分离株毒力测定

为评价秦岭北麓关中地区野鸟源基因Ⅸ型斯城疫病毒(NDV)流行及毒力情况,对374份源于该区域健康野鸟的咽喉、泄殖腔拭子进行病毒分离与鉴定,并对NDV分离株进行生物学特征和遗传进化分析.结果共分离到5株野鸟源NDV(包括2株候鸟源),其致病指数MDT、ICPI、IVPI差异较大,分别为37.2～64.8 h,0.425～1.638,2.04～2.76.F基因(535 bp)推导氨基酸序列和同源性分析显示,5株NDV分离毒均具有强毒的融合(F)蛋白裂解位点112R-R-Q-R-R-F117,5株分离毒间同源性高达99.8％～100.0％.F基因高变区(42～420 nt,374 bp)分析显示5株分离毒均属于我国特有的基因Ⅸ型NDV,与我国早期的基因Ⅸ型NDV流行株F48E9亲缘关系很近(核苷酸同源性为99.4％～99.6％),而与La Sota和V4等传统疫苗株及目前家禽中流行基因Ⅶ型NDV毒株亲缘关系较远.本研究表明,健康野鸟为基因ⅨNDV的携带者,尽管首次获得的5株野鸟源基因Ⅸ型NDV毒株生物学特征差异较大,但均具有强毒的分子生物学特征及致病性,提示对周边环境和家禽养殖业存在潜在威胁.     

10株广西野鸟源新城疫病毒HN基因的遗传进化分析

对分离自广西4种鸟类的10株新城疫病毒(NDV)分离株,进行HN基因的RT-PCR扩增、序列测定和分析,旨在探讨广西野鸟源NDV HN基因的分子进化特征,为科学防控新城疫提供依据。结果显示,10株广西野鸟源NDV分离株HN基因的ORF全长均为1 716 bp,编码571个氨基酸,符合强毒株的基因长度特征。核苷酸同源性比较显示,2株鹧鸪源NDV分离株与NDV基因XII型同源性高达98.0%～98.1%, 5株斑鸠源和3株鸽子源NDV病毒与NDV基因VI型的同源性高达90.0%～91.9%。遗传进化分析显示,10株广西野鸟NDV分离株与我国经典强毒株F48E9、弱毒疫苗株LaSota和基因VII型NDV(我国目前应用最广的疫苗株基因型)遗传距离较远。     

鸡新城疫地方强毒SC01株HN基因片段的克隆与分析

用设计的1对特异性引物，对一株从成都地区分离的鸡源性NDV强毒SC01株的HN基因的526bp片段进行克隆与分析。分析结果表明，SC01株HN基因与相比较的12株鸡源性毒株的HN基因的核苷酸同源性为81．4％-94．6％，核苷酸所推导的氨基酸同源性为88．0％～94．8％。对SC01株和CH185、F02、GD／1／98／goose、YG97、JS／3／98／goose、JS／5／01／goose、JS／2／98／goose等毒株的HN基因进行聚类分析，证明它们属同一亚群，SC01株属于NDV基因Ⅶ型毒株，证明了基因Ⅶ型NDV毒株在四川地区存在。     

2株鸡新城疫病毒的F基因序列测定及其遗传变异分析

将内蒙古地区呼和浩特市和包头市获得的两株鸡新城疫病毒分离株纯化培养后,提取病毒RNA,用一步法RT—PCR扩增F基因,测出F基因的全部核苷酸序列为1662bp,编码554个氨基酸。与国内外发表的部分NDV病毒的核苷酸序列进行比较。结果表明,这两株分离株核苷酸同源性为97．5％,与标准毒株F48E9的同源性分别为86．8％和85．8％。与长春、广东、广西、山东、河北、浙江、韩国等地的NDV的同源性在96.3％-98．8％之间。并且这2株分离株F蛋白的裂解位点氨基酸组成为112R—R-Q—K—R—F117,具有典型的强毒株裂解位点的特点。     

新城疫病毒贵州不同鸡源分离株F基因的克隆与序列分析

应用PCR技术扩增NDV贵州不同鸡源分离株,包括肉鸡源P1株与BY株、蛋鸡源H2株与FW株、七彩山鸡源N98株和越南斗鸡源DQ株的F蛋白基因,将该基因片段分别进行克隆和测序,并与国内外NDV参考株的对应序列进行比较分析。结果表明:6株NDV贵州不同鸡源分离株的F基因长度均为1 662 bp,编码553个氨基酸;分离株间核苷酸同源性为86.9%~99.7%,氨基酸同源性为91.0%~99.3%;与国内外NDV代表株(LaSota株、B1株、F48E9株、CH2000株和TW 2000株)的核苷酸同源性为84.0%~98.9%,氨基酸同源性为87.2%~98.6%;经系统发育进化树分析,DQ株、N98株、P1株和H2株为基因VIId型,而BY株和FW株为基因IX型。这些结果提示贵州省不同鸡群间存在相同NDV毒株感染的可能性,不同年份间NDV毒株发生基因型改变,而近年来贵州省流行的ND疫情主要是由NDV基因VII型引起。     

广西猪源I型副粘病毒F基因测序分析

对广西猪源I型副粘病毒F基因测序分析，为今后开展猪源副粘病毒的相关研究提供参考，也为有效防控副粘病毒感染奠定基础。参考GenBank发表的相关禽副粘病毒I型（Avian paramyxovirus serotypeI，APMVx）基因组序列，设计了1对特异性引物，用RT—PCR法分别扩增出病毒各F基因片段，并将目的基因片段回收纯化。测定得F基因的序列结果表明，从猪组织中分离获得1株猪源禽I型副粘病毒，分离株F基因112～117住裂解住点的氨基酸组成为R—R—Q－R—R-F，与强毒株DQ417113、AF458012的裂解位点一致。同源性分析结果表明，分离株与标准强毒株的核苷酸同源性分别为87．5％和87．4％。猪源禽I型副粘病毒分离株为强毒株，属于基因I型是传统型毒株，广西地区禽I型副粘病毒宿主范围呈不断扩大趋势。     

新城疫病毒广西分离株F基因的克隆和序列分析

根据GenBank中登录的新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因序列设计了2对引物，对从广西分离的10株NDV毒株的F基因进行了分段扩增和序列测定，其基因序列全长均为1662bp，编码553个氨基酸，均有6个潜在的糖基化位点。将其F基因的核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列与已发表的10株NDV参考株的F基因序列进行了比较。结果表明，核苷酸序列的同源性为82．6％～98．1％，氨基酸的同源性为87．7％～98．7％。这10株NDV广西分离株在裂解位点的氨基酸序列(^112R—R—Q—K／R—R—F^117)与NDV强毒株特征相符合。系统发育树、酶切位点分析和基因分型结果表明，10株NDV广西分离株中GX1／00、GX2／00、GX4／00、GX6／02、GX7／02、GX9／03、GX10／03和GX11／03为基因Ⅶd亚型，GX3／00和GX5／00为基因Ⅲ型。     

2株蛋鸡源基因Ⅸ型新城疫病毒全基因序列测定及遗传进化分析

为分析鸡源基因Ⅸ型新城疫病毒的分子特征及遗传进化关系,对两株蛋鸡源NDV进行部分生物学特性测定及全基因测序分析。参考基因Ⅸ型NDV毒株的序列设计10对引物,采用RT-PCR的方法对NDV分离株Layer/China/Yulin/10和Layer/China/Changan/10分段进行扩增及测序,拼接获得全基因序列。结果表明,2株病毒的MDT分别为37.2和56.5h,ICPI分别为1.838和1.603,F基因的裂解位点序列均为112 R-R-Q-R-R-F117,HN基因均编码571个氨基酸,均符合NDV强毒株的特征;2株病毒的基因组全长均为15 192bp,同源性高达99.9%;F基因和全基因系统进化树显示2株NDV均属于ClassⅡ中的基因Ⅸ型,和其他基因Ⅸ型和基因Ⅲ型毒株的亲缘性较高,与野鸟源NDV同源性为99.9%,遗传距离为0.001 1,以上结果表明,这两株鸡源NDV与野鸟源NDV的亲缘关系较近。提示野鸟可能在基因Ⅸ型NDV的扩散与传播中有重要的作用。     

两株鸽源新城疫强毒株的分离鉴定及分子特性分析

从山东地区疑似新城疫病毒(NDV)感染鸽群中分离到两株新城疫病毒分别命名为pigeon/China/bz12和pigeon/China/bz11,经蚀斑纯化后测定其鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)分别为76.6 h、78.8 h,1日龄雏鸡脑内致病指数(ICPI)分别为1.98、1.95,符合NDV强毒特征.设计NDV F基因特异性引物,使用RT-PCR从纯化后鸡胚尿囊液中扩增获得了约1 662 bp基因条带,序列测定确认为NDV F基因,其氨基酸一级结构包含553位氨基酸残基,F0蛋白裂解位点含112-RQKRF-117氨基酸序列,具有NDV强毒株分子特性.依据yellow基因序列同源性对获得2株NDV分离株和42株NDV参考毒株基因型分型,结果显示,2株鸽源NDV分离株都属于基因Ⅶ型,其与基因Ⅶ型NDV不同分离株同源性达93.5％～99.8％,与鸡源强毒NDV分离株Chicken/China/SD8/2010同源性高达99.8％,表明这两株鸽源分离毒株可能来源于感染的鸡群.     

2016—2017年广西4种野生鸟类新城疫病原学检测与遗传进化分析

为研究广西野生鸟类中的新城疫病毒（NDV）感染状况,从4种临床健康鸟类中,采集口咽/泄殖腔棉拭子650份,通过病毒分离、RT-PCR和F基因序列测定,进行NDV感染状况调查和分子特征分析。结果显示：共分离到10株NDV,分离率为1.54%;10株分离株F基因的氨基酸裂解位点基序均为112 R-R-Q-K-R-F 117,符合NDV强毒株的典型特征;分离的10株毒株中,5株来源于斑鸠,3株来源于鸽子,2株来源于鹧鸪,8株为II类NDV基因VI型,2株为XII 型。结果表明,我国野鸟中流行的NDV以II类基因VI型强毒株为主,但已出现了新基因型（基因XII型）。因此,应加大对野鸟NDV监测的力度,防止其将病毒传染给家禽,同时应开展当前疫苗对NDV XII型的免疫效果评估。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.