鸡PD-1单克隆抗体的制备及生物学功能研究

试验旨在筛选并制备鸡PD-1单克隆抗体,对该单克隆抗体的免疫学特性、结合活性及其对鸡PD-1/PDL1信号通路激活的阻断作用进行初步研究。运用杂交瘤细胞融合技术筛选杂交瘤细胞株,采用ELISA方法、Ig抗体亚型鉴定试剂盒、Western blotting鉴定抗体的免疫学特性,利用间接免疫荧光技术及流式细胞术检测筛选单抗与鸡PBMCs的结合情况,应用该单抗与IBDV感染7d后的鸡PBMC细胞作用,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ等细胞因子的表达情况。结果显示,试验获得1株特异、稳定分泌鸡PD-1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为PD-1-D05。该单克隆抗体的亚型属于IgG1,杂交瘤细胞培养上清和腹水的效价分别为1∶211和1∶2.048×105。ELISA和Western blotting检测结果表明,PD-1-D05单抗能与免疫原发生特异性反应,与pET-28a(+)、Rosetta菌株蛋白提取液上清及无关蛋白无交叉反应。间接免疫荧光及流式细胞术检测结果显示,PD-1-D05单克隆抗体能与鸡PBMC特异性结合,且IBDV感染7d后的PBMC经单抗处理后,IL-2表达量显著升高(P0.05),IFN-γ转录水平显著下降(P0.05),IL-6表达水平较IBDV攻毒组细胞虽有所下降,但并无统计学差异(P0.05)。结果表明,试验成功筛选并制备了能够稳定分泌鸡PD-1单克隆抗体的细胞株,所获得的PD-1单克隆抗体具有良好的免疫学特性,该单抗能够特异性识别鸡PD-1分子并与鸡PBMC细胞特异结合,并在一定程度上恢复由于IBDV感染导致的PD-1/PD-L1信号通路激活引发的免疫调节相关细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ的异常表达。     

抗猪PD-1单克隆抗体的制备与其生物学特性鉴定

制备猪程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)单克隆抗体,鉴定其生物学特性。以表达纯化的猪程序性死亡因子-1(Programmed death-1,PD-1)胞外区重组蛋白为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,用细胞杂交瘤技术将免疫BALB/c小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤NS0细胞融合,经多次克隆化培养,筛选分泌特异性抗猪PD-1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。结果:获得1株可稳定分泌抗猪PD-1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株2B5,Ig亚型为Ig G1,细胞上清和腹水效价分别为1∶1×212和1∶2.048×105,酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)和Western-Blot结果表明,该株单抗能特异性识别重组猪PD-1胞外区蛋白,流式细胞术结果表明,该单抗可以结合猪外周血单核细胞上PD-1蛋白。结论:成功制备了1株分泌抗猪PD-1单抗的杂交瘤细胞株2B5,为研究猪PD-1/PD-L1通路在猪传染性疾病中的致病机制提供了有力的检测工具。     

抗猪PD-L1分子的单克隆抗体制备及免疫学特性分析

为制备抗猪程序性死亡因子配体1 (PD-L1)的单克隆抗体(MAb)并鉴定其免疫学特性,本研究将猪PD-L1基因的外膜区利用原核表达载体pET32a进行表达,以纯化的表达蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,利用常规淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术进行细胞融合,以表达PD-L1-Fc蛋白的293T细胞作为抗原,采用间接免疫荧光试验筛选杂交瘤培养上清,获得两株稳定分泌抗猪PD-L1 MAb的杂交瘤细胞系.MAb亚型鉴定均为IgG1型,轻链为(K)链.Western blot试验表明这两株MAb均可以特异性识别PD-L1蛋白.流式细胞检测结果显示这两株MAb可以识别表达于293T细胞膜表面的PD-L1分子,但不能阻断PD-L1分子与其受体PD-1的结合.这两株MAb的获得为研究PD-1/PD-L1通路与猪的某些感染性疾病发展进程的关系提供了必要的检测工具.     

IBDV感染鸡后外周血淋巴细胞PD-1及其配体PD-L1/PD-L2转录变化的初步分析

建立鸡PD-1及配体PD-L1/PD-L2SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,并用所建立的方法研究和分析雏鸡感染IBDV的不同阶段体内PD-1及配体PD-L1/PD-L2的转录变化。根据GenBank中PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2的基因序列,分别设计特异引物扩增目的基因,得到各自阳性克隆质粒,以阳性质粒作为标准品建立标准曲线,并进行敏感性、特异性和重复性试验。应用所建立的实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法对4周龄健康雏鸡人工感染IBDV后第3、5、7、10天PBMC中PD-1及配体PD-L1/PD-L2的转录变化进行检测,同时用半定量RT-PCR方法以及IBDV快速检测试纸条对病毒感染后各时间点法氏囊组织中IBDV的载量进行检测。结果表明,建立的方法在1×101~1×109 copies·μL-1模板范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2>0.99),可检测至少101copies·μL-1的阳性标准样品,且具有较好的特异性和重复性。IBDV感染后,病毒在雏鸡体内复制逐渐增加,至第5天病毒载量达到最高。实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测结果表明,PD-1及配体PD-L1/PD-L2在病毒感染后不同阶段转录量均有所升高,其中PD-1在病毒感染后第7天显著(P<0.05)升高,在病毒感染后第3天PD-L1极显著(P<0.01)升高,PD-L2显著(P<0.05)升高。本研究成功建立了PD-1及配体PD-L1/PD-L2实时荧光定量RTPCR检测方法;并应用该方法初步分析了PD-1及配体PD-L1/PD-L2在IBDV感染不同阶段的转录变化,发现IBDV感染后不同阶段PD-1及配体PD-L1/PD-L2的转录均升高,且PD-L1、PD-L2的转录先于PD-1升高,并与病毒载量呈正相关。     

鸡PD-1及其配体实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为了建立并应用鸡相关免疫抑制性受体及其配体的检测方法,试验根据GenBank中程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)及其配体PD-Ls(PD-L1、PD-L2)的基因序列分别设计特异性引物,建立这3种基因的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,并对鸡法氏囊病毒(IBDV)感染雏鸡7 d的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)中3种基因mRNA表达水平进行检测。结果表明:建立的检测方法在1×101~1×108copies/μL模板范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.990,重复性试验的组内及组间变异系数均小于3%;应用所建立的方法对临床样品进行检测,IBDV感染组PBMC中PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2 mRNA表达量与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05)。说明所建立的检测方法具有良好的敏感性、特异性和重复性。     

IL-17单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备山羊IL-17单克隆抗体,诱导重组菌rIL-17-pET32a-TransB(DE3)表达山羊IL-17重组蛋白(rIL-17),纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫合格的小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合,采用间接ELISA方法筛选阳性克隆细胞株。对获得的杂交瘤细胞进行染色体组型分析,并对其分泌的IL-17单克隆抗体进行抗体特异性、抗体类别等分析。结果显示,成功获得了纯化的山羊IL-17原核表达产物;筛选到1株能特异性分泌山羊IL-17单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株-B6,其分泌的单克隆抗体亚型为IgG1,抗体轻链为κ。     

禽流感病毒单克隆抗体的研制

用低致病性禽流感病毒H9N2亚型(Mildly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus,MPAIV)F株全病毒作为抗原,制备能够用于建立ELISA检测AIV的特异性单抗;以间接ELISA和HI试验筛选出阳性克隆,并经有限稀释法三次亚克隆之后,共获得三株稳定分泌特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,在Dot-ELISA试验中三株单抗中的两株与13个AIV H9N2国内分离株、4个AIV H5N1国内分离株都反应,而与10个NDV国内分离株,IBV、IBDV、EDSV-76、SPF鸡胚尿囊液不反应.一株与13个AIV H9N2国内分离株反应,与4个AIV H5N1分离株、NDV、IBV、IBDV、EDSV-76、SPF鸡胚尿囊液不反应.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒核衣壳蛋白的原核表达及其单克隆抗体的制备

试验通过RT-PCR法扩增出猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)核衣壳蛋白(N蛋白)基因并克隆到原核表达载体pet-30a中,转入到BL21感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导表达,使用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析表达产物的特性。利用Ni柱纯化该重组蛋白,采用NC膜皮下包埋法免疫Balb/C小鼠,取免疫后的脾细胞与SP2/0细胞进行融合后筛选杂交瘤细胞株,检测杂交瘤细胞株的特性并制备单克隆抗体。SDS-PAGE和Western blotting结果表明,该重组蛋白表达正确,约为20 ku,能被抗PRRSV的阳性血清特异性识别。超声后用Ni柱纯化,经SDS-PAGE分析可得单一的目的条带。NC膜皮下包埋法免疫效果良好,通过细胞融合、ELISA筛选获得3株能稳定分泌抗PRRSV N蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株(H7、F7、C8),制备出高特异性的针对N蛋白的H7单抗。IFA与Western blotting结果显示制备的单抗可与病毒N蛋白产生特异性反应。亚型鉴定为IgG2b型,染色体分析证实杂交瘤细胞染色体数目正确。结果成功实现了N蛋白的原核表达,并获得高特异性的单克隆抗体,为PRRSV N蛋白抗原的检测奠定基础。     

A型塞内卡病毒VP1蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为制备抗A型塞内卡病毒(SVA)VP1蛋白的单克隆抗体,并初步应用于A型塞内卡病毒的检测,本研究构建了SVA VP1原核重组表达质粒pET30a-GST-VP1(528 bp)。将重组质粒转化大肠埃希菌BL21感受态细胞并大量表达VP1重组蛋白,利用纯化的VP1重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0细胞)进行融合,经过细胞亚克隆筛选,获得杂交瘤细胞。将其选为腹水生产细胞株,最后纯化单克隆抗体,通过Western blotting和间接免疫荧光试验对其进行鉴定。结果显示,本研究获得1株能够稳定分泌抗VP1重组蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,其亚型重链为IgG2a、轻链为Kappa链;Western blotting和间接免疫荧光检测显示,该单克隆抗体能够特异性识别SVA病毒粒子。本研究成功制备的抗SVA VP1蛋白单克隆抗体可为进一步研究A型塞内卡病毒VP1蛋白的生物学功能及A型塞内卡病毒致病机制提供有效途径。     

禽流感病毒NP蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为获得禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus, AIV)NP蛋白的单克隆抗体,将构建的重组表达质粒pET-30a-NP转化BL21细胞,经IPTG诱导表达、纯化后作为免疫原,免疫8周龄Balb/c雌性小鼠,并按常规方法制备杂交瘤细胞。通过ELISA方法、Western-blot方法进行筛选,获得3株杂交瘤细胞株,命名为3A6、2H12、5F7,并进行了培养特性、分泌抗体活性、分泌抗体亚类的鉴定。结果显示：3株细胞株连续传10代均稳定分泌单克隆抗体,分泌的单克隆抗体亚型均为IgG2b,轻链类型均为Kappa。制备并纯化了以上3株单克隆抗体,浓度分别为2.9、2.5、2.8 mg/mL,纯度不低于90%。West-blot检测,单抗与H7血凝抑制试验抗原、H5血凝抑制试验抗原、H9N2病毒能发生特异性反应,说明单抗具有广谱性,且与IBDV、REV、IBV、MDV、ALV、AE、ILT、NDV、EDSV等均无特异性条带出现,说明特异性良好。本研究制备的3株针对禽流感NP蛋白的单抗,具有较好的特异性、保守性和广谱性,为下一步开展AIV诊断试剂如IFA检测试剂盒、ELISA检测试...     

细胞因子IL-17作为牛结核病诊断标志物的研究及实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

试验旨在评价细胞因子IL-6和IL-17 mRNA转录水平与牛分枝杆菌感染之间的关系,及其在牛结核病诊断中的应用潜力。通过皮内变态反应试验和IFN-γ释放试验临床筛选结核病阳性牛和结核病阴性牛,采集试验动物抗凝全血,分离、收集外周血淋巴细胞,分别用牛结核菌素（PPD-B）、禽结核菌素（PPD-A）、重组蛋白CFP-10-ESAT-6（CE）、pET-32a载体标签蛋白（PET）或PBS 37℃培养6 h,用实时荧光定量PCR检测细胞因子IL-6、IL-17和IFN-γ的mRNA相对转录水平。结果显示,PET和空白对照PBS类似,不能刺激细胞因子mRNA转录水平的提高,表明CE中包含的PET对试验的影响可忽略不计;牛外周血淋巴细胞经PPD-B、PPD-A或CE刺激后,结核病阳性牛样品中IL-17和IFN-γ的mRNA转录水平均显著高于结核病阴性牛（P<0.05）,其中PPD-B刺激效果强于CE和PPD-A,而CE刺激的特异性更好;选取CE作为最佳刺激源,结果显示,IL-17和IFN-γ的mRNA转录水平之间相关性良好（spearman r=0.79）,并初步建立了基于IL-17和IFN-γ转录水平的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法;以此方法对14头结核病阳性牛进行临床检验,IL-17实时荧光定量PCR法的阳性样本检出率为85.7%,高于IFN-γ（71.4%）。本研究结果初步表明,牛分枝杆菌特异性抗原（PPD-B、CE）诱导的IL-17 mRNA转录水平与牛结核病相关,以CE为刺激源建立的IL-17实时荧光定量PCR检测方法具有用于牛结核病诊断的潜力。     

In vitro rapid clearance of infectious bursal disease virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chicken lines divergent for antibody response might be related to the enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). An effective way to control IBDV would be to breed chickens with a reduced susceptibility to IBDV infection. In the present work, we used chickens selected for high and low specific responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (H and L, respectively) to assess the susceptibility of differential immune competent animals to IBDV infection. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of high SRBC line (HL) and low SRBC line (LL) were infected with IBDV and viral RNA loads were determined at different time post-IBDV infection. Chicken orthologues of the T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2); a Th2 cytokine, IL-10; a pro inflammatory cytokine, IL-6; the CCL chemokines, chCCLi2, chCCLi4 and chCCLi7; colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF; and a anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor β-2 (TGFβ-2) were quantified. The expression of chCCLi2, chCCLi4 and chCCLi7 was significantly higher in L line as compared to H line. However, in H line the viral RNA loads were significantly lower than in L line. Therefore, the upregulated chemokines might be associated with the susceptibility to IBDV. The expression of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6 was significantly higher in H line as compared to L line. We assume that the higher proinflammatory cytokines expression in H line might be related to the rapid clearance of virus from PBMCs. Significantly higher levels of IL-10 and TGFβ-2 mRNAs in L line might be related to the pathogenesis of IBDV. In conclusion, selection for antibody responses appears to influence the expression profiles of chemokines and cytokines against IBDV. Further, the selection for high SRBC response might improve the immuno-competence of chickens against IBDV.     

Increase of cells expressing PD-L1 in bovine leukemia virus infection and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses in vitro via PD-L1 blockade

ABSTRACT: The inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are involved in immune evasion mechanisms for several pathogens causing chronic infections. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway restores anti-virus immune responses, with concomitant reduction in viral load. In a previous report, we showed that, in bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, the expression of bovine PD-1 is closely associated with disease progression. However, the functions of bovine PD-L1 are still unknown. To investigate the role of PD-L1 in BLV infection, we identified the bovine PD-L1 gene, and examined PD-L1 expression in BLV-infected cattle in comparison with uninfected cattle. The deduced amino acid sequence of bovine PD-L1 shows high homology to the human and mouse PD-L1. The proportion of PD-L1 positive cells, especially among B cells, was upregulated in cattle with the late stage of the disease compared to cattle at the aleukemic infection stage or uninfected cattle. The proportion of PD-L1 positive cells correlated positively with prediction markers for the progression of the disease such as leukocyte number, virus load and virus titer whilst on the contrary, it inversely correlated with the degree of interferon-gamma expression. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in vitro by PD-L1-specific antibody upregulated the production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma, and correspondingly, downregulated the BLV provirus load and the proportion of BLV-gp51 expressing cells. These data suggest that PD-L1 induces immunoinhibition in disease progressed cattle during chronic BLV infection. Therefore, PD-L1 would be a potential target for developing immunotherapies against BLV infection.     

不同传染性法氏囊病病毒结构蛋白VP_2表达差异性分析

将在不同时间、地域从传染性法氏囊病 (IBD)发病鸡群中获得的 15个IBDV株分别用SPF鸡、鸡胚和鸡胚成纤维细胞增殖 ,经氯仿处理后 ,采用聚乙二醇沉淀、超速离心和不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法纯化病毒 ,检测表明 ,病毒主要分布于 40 %蔗糖层。对纯化病毒进行SDS_PAGE分析 ,结果显示 ,病毒结构蛋白VP2 在不同毒株表达量有较大差异。本实验为IB DV主要保护性抗原VP2 高表达疫苗的研究奠定了基础     

Immunomodulation of caprine lentiviral infection by interleukin-16

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by a variety of cells including lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils. We have shown in our previous studies increased expression of IL-16 mRNA and protein in caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)-infected goats blood. In this study, we determined the immunomodulatory effects of IL-16 in vitro using cells derived from CAEV infected and uninfected goats. Human recombinant IL-16 (rhIL-16) significantly increased chemotaxis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of both control and CAEV-infected goats. Pretreatment of PBMC with anti-goat CD4 monoclonal antibody inhibited IL-16-induced chemotaxis of PBMC of control and infected goats suggesting that IL-16 exerts its action in goats primarily by binding to CD4. The CAEV proviral DNA was less in caprine monocytes treated with rhIL-16 infected in vitro with CAEV. These data suggest inhibitory effect of IL-16 on viral integration. Flow cytometric studies indicated a trend toward IL-16-induced increased expression of lymphocyte activation markers. Combined with our previously reported data, these experiments suggest that increased IL-16 expression during CAEV infection may inhibit viral integration.     

Increased bovine Tim-3 and its ligand expressions during bovine leukemia virus infection

ABSTRACT: The immunoinhibitory receptor T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) and its ligand, galectin-9 (Gal-9), are involved in the immune evasion mechanisms for several pathogens causing chronic infections. However, there is no report concerning the role of Tim-3 in diseases of domestic animals. In this study, cDNA encoding for bovine Tim-3 and Gal-9 were cloned and sequenced, and their expression and role in immune reactivation were analyzed in bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cattle. Predicted amino acid sequences of Tim-3 and Gal-9 shared high homologies with human and mouse homologues. Functional domains, including tyrosine kinase phosphorylation motif in the intracellular domain of Tim-3 were highly conserved among cattle and other species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that bovine Tim-3 mRNA is mainly expressed in T cells such as CD4+ and CD8+ cells, while Gal-9 mRNA is mainly expressed in monocyte and T cells. Tim-3 mRNA expression in CD4+ and CD8+ cells was upregulated during disease progression of BLV infection. Interestingly, expression levels for Tim-3 and Gal-9 correlated positively with viral load in infected cattle. Furthermore, Tim-3 expression level closely correlated with up-regulation of IL-10 in infected cattle. The expression of IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA was upregulated when PBMC from BLV-infected cattle were cultured with Cos-7 cells expressing Tim-3 to inhibit the Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway. Moreover, combined blockade of the Tim-3/Gal-9 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways significantly promoted IFN-γ mRNA expression compared with blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway alone. These results suggest that Tim-3 is involved in the suppression of T cell function during BLV infection.     

干扰素α对小鼠Tfh细胞分化的调控作用

通过体外试验观察干扰素-α(IFN-α)对滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)分化及功能的影响。无菌分离小鼠脾细胞,磁珠分选CD4^+T细胞,加入抗CD3单克隆抗体、抗CD28单克隆抗体,重组IL-21、IL-6进行刺激,同时加入重组IFN-α(设不加IFN-α的阴性对照)进行培养,分别在培养后的1、3、5d,流式细胞术检测Tfh细胞(CD4^+CXCR5^+)和CD4^+CXCR5^+PD-1^+细胞的比例;ELISA检测细胞上清中Tfh细胞功能性细胞因子IL-4、IL-21的水平;real-time PCR检测培养3d后Tfh细胞相关转录因子STAT1、Bcl-6以及细胞因子IL-21mRNA的表达水平。结果表明,与阴性组相比,IFN-α能明显促进Tfh细胞的分化及Tfh细胞中PD-1的表达(P<0.05),能提高Tfh细胞功能性细胞因子IL-4、IL-21的分泌水平(P<0.05);IFN-α能正向调控Tfh细胞相关转录因子STAT1、Bcl-6以及细胞因子IL-21mRNA的表达水平(P<0.05)。说明IFN-α可通过正向调控STAT1、Bcl-6的表达,促进Tfh细胞的分化和细胞因子的分泌。     

Blockade of bovine PD-1 increases T cell function and inhibits bovine leukemia virus expression in B cells in vitro

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a known immunoinhibitory receptor that contributes to immune evasion of various tumor cells and pathogens causing chronic infection, such as bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. First, in this study, to establish a method for the expression and functional analysis of bovine PD-1, hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for bovine PD-1 were established. Treatment with these anti-PD-1 mAb enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Next, to examine whether PD-1 blockade by anti-PD-1 mAb could upregulate the immune reaction during chronic infection, the expression and functional analysis of PD-1 in PBMC isolated from BLV-infected cattle with or without lymphoma were performed using anti-PD-1 mAb. The frequencies of both PD-1⁺ CD4⁺ T cells in blood and lymph node and PD-1⁺ CD8⁺ T cells in lymph node were higher in BLV-infected cattle with lymphoma than those without lymphoma or control uninfected cattle. PD-1 blockade enhanced IFN-γ production and proliferation and reduced BLV-gp51 expression and B-cell activation in PBMC from BLV-infected cattle in response to BLV-gp51 peptide mixture. These data show that anti-bovine PD-1 mAb could provide a new therapy to control BLV infection via upregulation of immune response.     

Up-regulated expression of PD-1 and its ligands during acute Classical Swine Fever virus infection in swine

In order to investigate the relationship between the PD-1 pathway and impairment of immune responses with the CSFV infection, the mRNA expression of PD-1 and its ligands were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during artificial CSFV infection. Simultaneously, expression of IL-2 and IL-10 mRNA were detected. The T cell proliferation and CSFV load in plasma were also measured. Results showed that the expression of PD-1 and its ligands mRNA were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in PBMC from 3 to 7 days post infection (dpi). Meanwhile the level of IL-10 was up-regulated (p < 0.01). The IL-2 mRNA was not obviously changed but it is significantly increased from 14 dpi. The T cell proliferation was notably decreased at 7 dpi. The CSFV load was also increased in plasma. Overall, our results suggest that the expression of PD-1 and its ligands were up-regulated and probably correlated with immune inhibition during acute CSFV infection.