应用SPC分析蛋白质原料配料保真加工现状及误差产生原因

试验应用统计过程控制(SPC)分析饲料生产中蛋白质原料配料保真现状,并对配料误差存在原因进行探讨,旨在为饲料企业配料质量管理提供借鉴。收集两家饲料厂(饲料厂A、B)2015年仔猪料中豆粕、鱼粉和膨化大豆3种蛋白质原料的配料设定值和实际称量值,应用单值—移动极差控制图和生产过程能力评价方法对蛋白质原料的配料保真现状进行分析。结果显示,饲料厂A豆粕、鱼粉和膨化大豆生产过程能力指数CPK分别为0.20、0.11和0.01,膨化大豆的配料保真度最差,且3种原料的配料实际称量值远高于设定值;饲料厂B豆粕、鱼粉和膨化大豆生产过程能力指数CPK分别为0.24、0.12和0.24,鱼粉的配料保真度最差,膨化大豆的配料过程存在失控情况;两家饲料厂的蛋白质原料配料误差均超过了饲料行业动态配料精度±0.3%FS的要求,配方保真性较差,需采取措施进行改进。综合分析两家饲料厂配方保真性差的原因是,配料秤工艺参数配置不合理,空中落料量和快慢进料量参数需进一步优化,饲料厂B存在人为操作错误。结果提示,应用SPC方法可较为直观的监控饲料配料过程,提升蛋白质原料的配料精度,减少蛋白质原料的浪费,降低饲料生产成本,从而提高饲料厂配料质量管理水平。     

膨化大豆和大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

目前在中国优质高标准饲料中仍然要加入大量的动物源蛋白质，如哺乳仔猪料、断奶过渡料、生长猪料等，都要使用大量的鱼粉改善饲料的消化利用率和饲料品质。但由于鱼粉品质受原料、鱼种、加工方法和存贮条件的影响差异很大，因而使用效果也千差万别，尤其是卫生指标超标造成仔猪下痢的报道很多；加之渔业资源的日益匮乏，给开发其他替代鱼粉的其他蛋白饲料原料提供了良好的市场机会。而大豆和豆粕经过膨化处理后抗营养因子失去作用，营养物质消化率显著提高，膨化豆粕货源丰富和价格合理。本试验力求以科学的方法来判断膨化大豆和膨化豆粕代替鱼粉的实际效果。     

不同大豆蛋白源饲料饲喂草鱼试验

试验旨在对比不同蛋白源在草鱼饲料中的添加效果。选择平均体质量(45.00±4.02)g的600尾草鱼随机分为5个处理组,每组3个重复,每重复40尾。试验结果表明,大豆酶解蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白100%替代对照组中鱼粉可显著提高草鱼的特定生长率,而膨化豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉后,草鱼特定生长率降低,其中豆粕组差异显著。与对照组相比,豆粕、膨化豆粕、大豆酶解蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉后,饲料系数均有所提高,其中大豆酶解蛋白组差异不显著。大豆酶解蛋白替代鱼粉,可提高干物质消化率,但蛋白质和脂肪的消化率降低。豆粕替代鱼粉后,干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率都降低,其中蛋白质和脂肪的消化率显著降低。大豆浓缩蛋白和膨化豆粕代替鱼粉后,干物质、蛋白质和脂肪消化率均显著降低。豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉后,体质量/体长比降低,内脏/体质量和肝胰脏/体质量的比值增加。膨化豆粕替代鱼粉后,体质量/体长的比值显著降低,内脏/体质量的比值和肝胰脏/体质量的比值增加,其中后者显著增加。大豆酶解蛋白替代鱼粉后,体质量/体长、内脏/体质量和肝胰脏/体质量的比值均有所改善,但差异不显著。     

鲤鱼对大豆制品和鱼粉体外消化率的比较测定

采用体外消化法研究了鲤鱼对普通豆粕、发酵豆粕、膨化大豆、大豆浓缩蛋白、山东鱼粉、新西兰进口鱼粉、智利进口白鱼粉和美国进口红鱼粉8种饲料蛋白质的体外消化能力.试验结果表明:1)干物质的体外消化率豆粕为53.43%>发酵豆粕48.45%>山东鱼粉42.45%>膨化大豆39.62%>智利进口白鱼粉35.41%>美国进口红鱼粉34.77%>大豆浓缩蛋白32.53%>新西兰进口鱼粉19.83%:2)粗蛋白的体外消化率豆粕为69.97%>山东鱼粉55.84%>膨化大豆55.75%>美国进口红鱼粉47.74%>发酵豆粕46.15%>智利鱼粉42.91%>大豆浓缩蛋白38.98%>新西兰进口鱼粉25.77%;3)鲤鱼对4种大豆制品有较强消化力,在水产饲料中使用它们取代鱼粉具有一定的可行性.     

草鱼对膨化饲料与非膨化饲料蛋白质酶解速率的研究

试验采用离体研究方法,以草鱼肠道的粗酶液为酶源,测定了膨化和非膨化的7种原料:即鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕、肉骨粉、次粉、玉米,在4.5h内氨基酸生成量随反映时间的关系和氨基酸的生成速度。用氨基酸生成速度表示蛋白质酶解速度。结果表明,1)豆粕、鱼粉、肉骨粉膨化后蛋白质酶解速度下降;玉米、菜粕、次粉膨化后蛋白质酶解速度上升,特别是玉米膨化后效果尤为明显;棉粕膨化后蛋白质酶解速度差异不显著;2)对非膨化饲料,蛋白质酶解速度表现为:鱼粉>肉骨粉>豆粕>棉粕>菜粕>次粉>玉米;3)对膨化饲料,蛋白质酶解速度为:膨化鱼粉>膨化玉米>膨化菜粕>膨化肉骨粉>膨化棉粕>膨化次粉>膨化豆粕。     

原料及关键工艺参数对水产膨化饲料物理质量影响研究进展

我国快速发展的水产养殖业对饲料种类及产量的需求越来越大，但优质饲用蛋白质资源短缺，鱼粉、豆粕等原料进口依赖严重，成为了限制产业发展的“卡脖子”因素。因此，开发应用新型蛋白质资源，建立基于多元化配方的数字化、智能化水产饲料精细加工技术体系是保证水产饲料行业高效稳定发展的重要途径。除营养价值外，原料性质以及工艺参数都会对水产膨化饲料的生产效率及物理质量产生直接影响，进而决定饲料的饲喂效果以及动物的生长性能。文章就水产膨化饲料物理质量的评估方法，原料种类及工艺参数对水产膨化饲料品质的影响进行了综述，为多元化水产膨化饲料配方的工艺参数及品质优化研究提供参考。     

饲料生产自动配料称重系统

饲料生产自动配料称重系统志美电子有限公司颜重光１概述由于家禽普遍采用圈养规格生产，因而对成品饲料的需求量日益增加。配合饲料的生产规模也从每小时２吨提高到每小时２０吨、３０吨，甚至更多。配合饲料的生产原料主要是玉米、麦麸、豆粉、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、蛋白...     

无鱼粉高效仔猪饲料配方研究

研究用发酵豆粕和膨化大豆提供蛋白营养源,建立无鱼粉仔猪高效饲粮配方。试验选择30日龄断奶三元杂交仔猪240头,按血缘、性别、体重相近的原则分为8组,每组3个重复。在含有等量膨化大豆的日粮中将发酵豆粕设4个梯度,即A1组5%、A2组10%、A3组15%、A4组20%;按等氮替代原则在含有等量发酵豆粕的日粮中,膨化大豆相应设4个梯度,即B1组6.94%、B2组13.88%、B3组20.83%、B4组27.77%,配制成8种仔猪日粮进行饲养试验。仔猪30日龄断奶后即开始试验,试验分前期和后期各2周,至58日龄时结束。结果表明:试验前期,随着发酵豆粕用量的增加,日增重和日采食量有显著提高(P<0.05),料肉比得到改善(P>0.05),腹泻减少;随着膨化大豆用量的增加,日增重和日采食量有下降的趋势(P>0.05),并且膨化大豆用量过高时腹泻加重。试验后期,随着膨化大豆用量的增加,日增重显著提高(P<0.05),料肉比得到改善(P>0.05);随着发酵豆粕用量的增加,日增重呈上升趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。前期筛选出的无鱼粉饲料配方使仔猪日增重为326.03g,料肉比1.34;后期筛选的配方使仔猪日增重为558.77g,料肉比1.40,有生产实用价值。     

不同蛋白质原料对扬州白鹅生长性能和肉品质的影响

随着蛋白质资源的日益匮乏和优质动物蛋白饲料(鱼粉)价格的不断攀升,众多研究者把目光转向了非常规饲料资源的开发利用。膨化血粉是通过膨化方法生产的一种高效饲料蛋白源,国内制作膨化血粉的原料以猪血为主[1]。试验采用三种不同的动物蛋白原料(血粉、膨化血粉、鱼粉)进行配方设计,选用扬州白鹅作为试验对象,从而为膨化血粉在肉鹅饲养上的合理利用提供科学依据。     

发酵豆粕的营养特性及其对仔猪的影响

<正>我国蛋白质饲料原料面临着资源严重不足的问题。特别是随着全球范围内鱼粉等高品质动物蛋白质原料的日益减少,鱼粉价格的不断上涨,寻求鱼粉替代物成为一种迫切需求。豆粕凭借着较高的蛋白质含量被广泛应用于饲料工业中;但豆粕中存在多种抗营养因子,能够引起动物消化率和吸收率的下降。微生物发酵豆粕是在不破坏大豆营养成分的前提下,利用微生物在发酵过程中分泌的酶将豆粕中的部分蛋白质酶降解成大豆多肽,在有效去除抗营养因子的     

几种断奶仔猪饲料原料系酸力的比较研究

试验研究了不同工艺形式及不同营养水平的几种断奶仔猪饲料原料的系酸力水平,结果表明:普通玉米与膨化玉米、直火工艺鱼粉与蒸汽鱼粉系酸力差异不显著(P0.05),普通豆粕蛋白水平越高,系酸力越高(P0.01),高蛋白乳清粉系酸力极显著高于低蛋白乳清粉(P0.01),高蛋白水平发酵豆粕(CP48.03%)系酸力低于普通豆粕(CP46.4%()P0.01),膨化大豆(CP39.13%)系酸力极显著低于其他形式豆粕系酸力(P0.01),血浆蛋白粉系酸力极显著高于鱼粉和乳清粉(P0.01),矿物质饲料原料有较高的系酸力。     

Amino acid profile of escaped feed protein after rumen incubation and their intestinal digestibility.

The crude protein content and amino acid profile of seven feedstuffs (linseed meal, maize gluten meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed meal protected, soybean meal, fullfat soybean extruded and sunflower meal) were determined before and after ruminal incubation for 16 h in three bulls with large rumen cannulas. The intestinal disappearance of amino acids was measured using mobile bag technique. Ruminal incubation affected amino acid profile of all experimental feedstuffs. Crude protein degradation varied from 29.3% for maize gluten meal to 86.4% for rapeseed meal. A tendency towards increased disappearance was observed for glutamic acid, histidine, lysine and proline and decreased disappearance for branched-chain amino acids. The intestinal crude protein digestibility was higher than > 80%, except rapeseed meal (66.4%) and sunflower meal (77.8%). The least digestible individual amino acids were methionine and isoleucine in rapeseed meal, histidine and methionine in rapeseed meal protected and arginine in sunflower meal. In general, the lowest amino acid digestibilities were found in feedstuffs with the highest fibre content. The feedstuffs show that they have different potential for supplying of limiting amino acids. Of particular value are the feedstuffs with low crude protein degradability in the rumen and high intestinal digestibility of amino acids.     

The nitrogen retention of early weaned lambs

At 30-to-60-day-old lambs reared without mothers 23 different feed mixtures were tested in N-balance experiments. The following results were achieved: The concentration of digestible crude protein and energy as well as the relation between them (PEQ) have no significant influence on the lambs' nitrogen retention. The energy intake and the intake of digestible crude protein have an intensive, significant influence on nitrogen retention. Rising energy and N-intake within the limits on which the investigation is based increased nitrogen retention. Of the protein feedstuffs tested, a 6 ... 7% higher nitrogen retention was realised from soybean oil meal as the sole source of proteins with 35% retained nitrogen related to the nitrogen intake in comparison to the combinations soybean oil meal/dried skim milk resp. fish meal. Increasing dried yeast portions (greater than 5%--20%) in the feed mixture diminished nitrogen retention. On the basis of the existing results the following recommendations for the use of the tested protein feedstuffs in rearing feed for lambs can be formulated: Soybean oil meal can be used as the sole source of protein in rearing lambs. The use of up to 5% dried yeast in the rearing feed as protein source and for vitaminisation is possible; 20% however diminish nitrogen retention. Because of the positive effect on feed intake it appears suitable to use fishmeal in the rearing feed for lambs.     

影响发酵豆粕质量的因素及其鉴定指标方法

发酵豆粕是国内各大饲料厂使用的原料,亦为目前替代鱼粉的热门蛋白原料之一。但发酵豆粕一直是一种颇具争议的产品,是否有必要对豆粕再行"发酵"的争论从未停止。此文针对国内主要固态发酵厂家的生产加工工艺、影响发酵豆粕质量的因素及鉴定指标进行阐述,为广大使用发酵豆粕的客户对其质量的检测及鉴定提供方法及依据。     

青鱼对8种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)对国产鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、玉米蛋白粉、大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和米糠8种饲料原料干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、总磷和总能的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料原料组成,并以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为(60.17±1.28)g的青鱼270尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。对照组试验鱼饲喂基础饲料,试验组试验鱼分别饲喂1种试验饲料。饲喂1周后采用自排法收集粪便待测。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总磷、总能以及总氨基酸的表观消化率的范围分别是62.17%～86.47%、83.34%～95.84%、78.93%～100.06%、37.33%～81.99%、66.75%～89.86%、86.33%～96.58%。在8种饲料原料中,玉米蛋白粉的干物质、总磷和总能的表观消化率最高,而大豆粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高;棉籽粕的干物质和总能的表观消化率最低,米糠的粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率最低。各饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率与粗蛋白质表观消化率的变化趋势一致,其中以蝇蛆粉最低。由此可见,大豆粕和玉米蛋白粉是青鱼的优质植物蛋白质源,可适量替代鱼粉;蝇蛆粉中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率都较低,在青鱼饲料中的添加量不宜过高;花生粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕也是较好的植物性蛋白质源,在青鱼饲料中适量添加既有利于饲料的营养平衡,还可降低饲料成本;米糠作为青鱼的能量原料必须保持新鲜,并控制其在饲料中的用量。     

An assessment of soybeans and other vegetable proteins as source of salmonella contamination in pig production

Background

The impact of salmonella contaminated feed ingredients on the risk for spreading salmonella to pigs was assessed in response to two incidences when salmonella was spread by feed from two feed mills to 78 swine producing herds.

Methods

The assessment was based on results from the salmonella surveillance of feed ingredients before introduction to feed mills and from HACCP - based surveillance of the feed mills. Results from the mills of the Company (A) that produced the salmonella contaminated feed, were by the Chi. Square test compared to the results from all the other (B - E) feed producers registered in Sweden. Isolated serovars were compared to serovars from human cases of salmonellosis.

Results

Salmonella (28 serovars) was frequently isolated from imported consignments of soybean meal (14.6%) and rape seed meal (10.0%). Company A largely imported soybean meal from crushing plants with a history of unknown or frequent salmonella contamination. The risk for consignments of vegetable proteins to be salmonella contaminated was 2.4 times (P < 0.0006) larger for A when compared to the mills of the other companies which largely were supplied by soybean meal from a crushing plant with a low risk for salmonella contamination. Also the level of feed mill contamination of salmonella was higher for feed mills belonging to Company A in comparison to the other companies before and also after heat treatment. Four (10.5%) of the 38 serovars isolated from feed ingredients (28) and feed mills (10) were on the EU 2007 top ten list of human cases of salmonellosis and all but eight (78.9%) on a 12 year list (1997-2008) of cases of human salmonellosis in Sweden.

Conclusions

Salmonella contaminated feed ingredients are an important source for introducing salmonella into the feed and food chain. Effective HACCP-based control and associated corrective actions are required to prevent salmonella contamination of feed. Efforts should be taken to prevent salmonella contamination already at the crushing plants. This is challenge for the EU - feed industry due to the fact that 98% of the use of soybean/meal, an essential feed ingredient, is imported from crushing plants of third countries usually with an unknown salmonella status.     

Feed preference in pigs: effect of selected protein, fat, and fiber sources at different inclusion rates

Three double-choice feeding experiments were conducted to study the effect of different feedstuffs on feed preference in pigs. Fifteen protein sources, 6 fat sources, and 3 fiber sources were evaluated in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pigs were offered a series of double choices between a common reference diet and the diet with the ingredient under evaluation. The reference diet contained a soybean meal product with 56% CP (SBM-56), sunflower oil, and wheat bran, which were considered as the feedstuffs of reference for the protein, fat, and fiber sources, respectively. Preference, expressed as percentage of the tested diet to total feed intake, was affected by feedstuff nature and by its inclusion rate. In Exp. 1, feeds with fish meal at 50 and 100 g·kg?1, dried porcine hydrolyzed protein at 50 g·kg?1, and lupine, soybean meal with 44% CP, and dried skim milk at 100 g·kg?1 were preferred (P < 0.05) to the reference feed with SBM-56. On the contrary, relative to SBM-56, an avoidance (preference less than 50%) was observed for potato protein at all inclusion rates tested, rapeseed meal and acid milk whey at 100 and 200 g·kg?1, and dried porcine hydrolyzed protein, soybean protein concentrate, wheat gluten, and sunflower meal at 200 g·kg(-1). The storage of dried skim milk, soybean protein concentrate, and potato protein for 10 mo resulted in a reduction (P < 0.001) of their preference values. In Exp. 2, the feed with palm oil (at 30 g·kg?1) was preferred (P < 0.05), whereas feeds with linseed oil (at 30 and 100 g·kg?1) and soybean oil (at 100 g·kg?1) were avoided (P < 0.05) when contrasted with the reference feed with sunflower oil. Finally, in Exp. 3 diets with dehydrated alfalfa and sugar beet pulp at 130 g·kg?1 had a reduced (P < 0.05) preference compared with the reference diet with wheat bran. It is concluded that feedstuff nature, inclusion rate, and freshness affect feed preference in pigs. Feedstuff preferences should be taken into account during diet formulation, particularly at critical stages such as immediately after weaning.     

Apparent digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in protein feedstuffs by growing pigs

Eight digestion trials were conducted with pigs fitted with ileal T-cannulas to determine the apparent digestibilities of N and amino acids in common protein feedstuffs. Trial-to-trial variation was minimal as determined by the variation in digestibilities for soybean meal, which was evaluated in each trial. Apparent digestibilities varied widely; ileal N digestibility ranged from 88 to 63%, and ileal lysine digestibility ranged from 93 to 40%. In general, ring-dried blood meal, corn gluten meal, Menhaden fish meal, poultry-by-product meal and extruded whole soybeans were the most digestible, followed by canola meal, sunflower meal, peanut meal and meat and bone meal. Cottonseed meal and feather meal were the least digestible. Mean values for each feedstuff agree well with published data. Variation in digestibilities among samples of the same feedstuff was greater for the meat and bone meals. Regression of ileal essential amino acid digestibilities on ileal and fecal N digestibility indicated that amino acid digestibilities can be predicted more precisely from ileal N digestibility than from fecal N digestibility. However, neither ileal nor fecal N digestibility could be used with a high degree of certainty to predict ileal amino acid digestibilities.     

Effects of replacing fish meal with soy protein concentrate and of DL-methionine supplementation in high-energy, extruded diets on the growth and nutrient utilization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Our objectives were to test the potential replacement of fish meal by soy protein concentrate (SPC) in high-energy, extruded diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to evaluate the efficiency of DL-methionine supplementation of soy-based diets. Groups of trout (initial BW 103 to 106 g) were fed to visual satiety with isonitrogenous (6.6% DM) high-energy (22.8 MJ/kg DM gross energy), extruded diets, in which fish meal was progressively replaced with SPC (0, 50, 75, and 100%). Three 100% SPC diets were formulated to be either unsupplemented or supplemented with DL-methionine, so that total methionine content was .8 or 1.0% of DM. The quality of the SPC source used was assessed by measuring the antitryptic and antigenic activities and the concentrations of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein. Apparent digestibility of the diets was determined using the indirect method. A growth trial was conducted over 90 d at a water temperature of 18 degrees C. In addition to body composition analysis, plasma amino acid concentrations, anti-soy protein antibodies in the serum, and isoflavone concentrations in the bile were measured. The SPC source tested exhibited low antitryptic and antigenic activities, but it contained high concentrations of isoflavones (1,990 and 5,903 ppm for daidzein and genistein, respectively). Protein digestibility was high (92%) and was unaffected either the proportion of SPC in the diet or by DL-methionine supplementation. This was also true for the availability of amino acids, except phenylalanine. Digestibility of lipid and energy was reduced by 19% when SPC totally replaced fish meal. Growth rate was reduced when more than 50% of the dietary protein was of soy origin (daily growth coefficient of 3.2 and 2.1% for the control and the unsupplemented 100% SPC diet, respectively). The effect on growth was mainly explained by a general decline in feed intake (13.7 and 12.0 g DM x kg BW(-1) x d(-1) for the control and the unsupplemented 100% SPC diet, respectively) and in lipid and, thus, in energy digestibility. The DL-methionine supplementation partially reversed the depressive effects of high dietary SPC incorporation (+13% growth), mainly by enhancing intake. The negative effect of SPC incorporation either may be due to the high isoflavone concentration or to an interaction between the soy protein component and the dietary lipids.     

Comparison of low-glycoalkaloid potato protein and fish meal as protein sources for weaner piglets

A total of 32 weaner piglets (Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 9.6±1.2 kg, and 29.8±2.7 days of age, were used in a 28-day growth assay to compare low-glycoalkaloid potato protein with fish meal as the main protein source. The piglets were housed pair-wise in pens and were fed semi-ad libitum. During feeding the piglets were separated allowing individual feeding within the pen. Four diets were tested with varying proportions of a high quality fish meal (F) and low-glycoalkaloid potato protein (P): diet A (10% F); diet B (5% F and 5% P); diet C (2.5% F and 7.5% P) and diet D (10% P). On average, in weeks 1–4, the piglets on diets C and D had higher feed intakes (17%; P<0.01) and daily weight gains (18%; P<0.05) than the piglets on diets A and B. There was no effect of diet (P>0.05) on feed conversion. It can be concluded from the present study that low-glycoalkaloid potato protein can completely replace high quality fish meal in diets for weaner pigs. The improved feed intake and daily gain with increasing inclusion suggests that low-glycoalkaloid potato protein may be superior to fish meal as a protein source for weaner pigs.