我国动物源细菌耐药性监测系统简介

本文介绍了我国动物源细菌耐药性监测网络的组成和主要内容,详细阐述了其过程控制,包括采样、细菌分离鉴定和耐药性检测、耐药性检测结果汇总分析等,并介绍了我国取得的成就,如建立了动物源细菌耐药性监测技术平台和耐药性细菌资源库、创建了具有自主知识产权的动物源细菌耐药性数据库、摸清了我国动物源细菌的耐药性状况等。针对我国动物源细菌的耐药现状,提出了应对措施,包括规范我国兽用抗菌药物饲料添加剂的使用、加强动物处方药的管理并建立治疗用抗菌药物的分级管理制度、持续开展畜禽细菌耐药性动态监测等。     

要闻

农业部印发《2013年动物源细菌耐药性监测计划》根据《兽药管理条例》规定,为做好2013年度动物源细菌耐药性监测工作,进一步提高我国细菌耐药性监测能力,农业部特制定《2013年动物源细菌耐药性监测计划》。各监测任务承担单位的采样、细菌分离和鉴定、耐药性检测和结果上报等活动要按照《动物源细菌耐药性检测采样、检测技术要点》;样品应从畜禽养殖场、屠宰     

2020年动物源细菌耐药性监测工作总结会在京召开

近日,中国兽医药品监察所在北京召开2020年动物源细菌耐药性监测工作总结会。中国兽医药品监察所副所长高光、农业农村部畜牧兽医局药政药械处副处长冯华兵及相关专家出席会议。会议总结了2020年全国动物源细菌耐药性监测工作情况,全面分析了我国动物源细菌耐药性变化趋势,讨论了耐药性监测工作中存在的问题及改进措施,研究制定了2021年动物源细菌耐药性监测计划。     

日本兽用抗菌药耐药性监控系统及风险管理

介绍日本兽用抗菌药耐药性监控系统并分析日本食品动物源细菌耐药现状和抗菌药使用情况,以期为我国动物源细菌耐药性监控管理提供参考和借鉴。     

动物源细菌耐药性监测与流行病学研究

全面分析了开展动物源细菌耐药性监测与流行病学研究的必要性和紧迫性,介绍了动物源细菌耐药性监测与流行病学研究的国外概况和国内现状,指出当前我国在该领域内存在的问题,提出6点建议以期做好动物源细菌耐药性的防控工作。     

四川省动物源常见细菌耐药性现状

近年来由于兽用抗生素的大量使用,动物源尤其是食品动物中常见病原菌耐药性水平逐渐增高,并可在人、动物和环境中传播。尽管国内外已有动物源细菌耐药菌株的大量报道,但是聚焦局部地区仍缺少系统的总结。因此,论文针对四川地区动物源常见的大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌和肠球菌的耐药性进行总结,介绍以上3种细菌的耐药水平、分布及重要耐药基因的传播特征,以期为公共卫生安全提供预警,为省级层面开展动物源细菌耐药性监测提供基础数据。     

浅析动物源细菌抗生素耐药性的现状与对策

抗生素的滥用使细菌耐性问题日趋恶化,从细菌耐药性的定义、耐药机理及危害出发,简要阐述和分析了动物源细菌抗菌药物耐药性的现状及对策,并简述我国动物源细菌耐药性研究进展。     

我国动物源细菌耐药性数据库的建立与应用

为加强全国动物源细菌耐药性监测数据统一管理,实时掌握我国动物源细菌耐药性的流行动态,中国兽医药品监察所联合多家国内细菌耐药性监测单位,开发了我国的动物源细菌耐药性监测数据库。该数据库为B/S架构,全国不同地区动物源细菌耐药性监测实验室均可通过网页浏览器连接服务器,实现了监测数据即时储存、统计分析和上报,为我国兽医临床细菌耐药性监测提供了重要的技术支持。     

国家动物源细菌耐药性监测工作的探讨和建议

介绍了国外动物源细菌耐药性监测工作的情况及目标,对我国的动物源细菌耐药性监测工作需考虑的许多因素进行了介绍和讨论,包括动物品种、食品、采样方法、样本的收集、细菌品种、抗菌药物、标准药敏试验法、质控、结果记录和数据库设计、报告和结果分析等,并对今后的动物源细菌耐药性监测工作提出了建议。     

我国动物源细菌耐药状况、存在问题和对策

动物源细菌耐药性问题不仅关系到动物的用药安全,也与公共卫生安全密切相关,日益引起各国的关注。中国兽医药品监察所从事动物源细菌耐药性检测工作10余年,对我国动物源细菌的耐药性状况进行了系统的调查。本文从动物源细菌耐药性监测工作的重要性、我国动物源细菌的耐药性状况、存在的问题以及应对策略四个方面进行了综述,以期对我国的动物源细菌耐药性监测工作起一定的参考作用。     

一个值得高度关注的问题——动物源细菌耐药性

由于动物源细菌耐药性关乎到人类健康,使得畜禽疾病防控和公共卫生安全日益受到全世界的普遍关注。本文就动物源细菌耐药性的危害、我国动物源细菌的耐药性状况、发展趋势及应对策略进行了综述,以期对我国开展动物源细菌耐药性检测和制定预防对策提供参考。     

动物源肠球菌对饲用抗菌促生长剂流行病学临界值的建立

【目的】建立动物源肠球菌对抗菌促生长剂的流行病学临界值,并基于此了解2019-2021年动物源肠球菌对饲用抗菌促生长剂的耐药情况。【方法】测定2019-2021年从北京、河北、四川、山西、陕西和内蒙古养殖场动物样本中分离得到的肠球菌对7种抗菌促生长剂（吉他霉素、黄霉素、恩拉霉素、那西肽、阿维拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素和杆菌肽）的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值。根据CLSI-VET中规定的方法,利用统计软件ECOFFinder对MIC分布数据进行非线性回归模拟,以95%置信区间下的流行病学临界值计算动物源肠球菌对7种抗菌促生长剂的耐药率。【结果】确定了动物源肠球菌对吉他霉素、黄霉素、恩拉霉素、那西肽、阿维拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素和杆菌肽的流行病学临界值分别为8、8、8、0.25、8、8和32 μg/mL。由此计算的药物耐药率为64.38%、34.48%、80.06%、14.69%、19.06%、50.69%和24.96%,其中动物源肠球菌对恩拉霉素、吉他霉素和维吉尼亚霉素的耐药情况最为严重,而对那西肽最敏感。在2019-2021年的耐药率变化情况统计中,黄霉素和杆菌肽的耐药率下降趋势较为明显。【结论】本研究制定了动物源肠球菌对7种养殖业常用抗菌促生长剂的流行病学临界值,可作为动物源肠球菌对饲用抗菌促生长剂敏感和耐药的初步判定标准,为进一步制定耐药折点,监测动物源肠球菌对抗菌促生长剂的耐药情况变化提供数据基础和科学依据。     

Towards the establishment and standardization of a veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa

The objective of this study was to establish a repeatable, standardized laboratory procedure for monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from animals and food of animal origin in South Africa, with reagents prepared in-house. The emergence of resistance and the spread of resistant bacteria can be limited by implementing a veterinary antimicrobial drug policy, in which inter alia systematic monitoring and prudent use play essential roles. The bacteria included in this study represented three different categories, namely zoonotic bacteria (Salmonella), indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) and veterinary pathogens (Mannheimia haemolytica). Thirty isolates of each species were collected with the aim of standardizing the laboratory methodology for a future national veterinary surveillance and monitoring programme. Susceptibility to ten selected antimicrobial drugs was determined by means of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using the microdilution method. The method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards was used as the standard. Multi-well plates containing varying dilutions of antimicrobial drugs and prepared in-house for MIC determinations, yielded repeatable results. Storage of plates for 2 months at -70 degrees C did not influence results meaningfully. Within this limited sample of bacteria, MIC results did not indicate meaningful resistance against any of the ten selected antimicrobial drugs. The findings of the study will be used to establish a national veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa. To allow for international comparison of data, harmonisation of the surveillance and monitoring programme in accordance with global trends is encouraged. Ideally it should be combined with a programme monitoring the quantities of antimicrobial drugs used. The aim is to contribute to slowing down the emergence of resistance and the problems associated with this phenomenon by means of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs.     

动物源性中药材兽药残留检测技术研究进展

［］动物源性中药材兽药残留问题是影响动物源性中药材质量安全的主要风险因子之一,服用含有兽药残留的动物源性中药材,不但会降低药效,而且会使人体产生过敏反应和抗生素耐药性等,甚至损害人体器官。加强动物源性中药材兽药残留检测,从源头进行质量控制,使动物源性中药材兽药残留早发现、早预警、早处置,使监管前移,做好风险预测与研判,是当前动物源性中药材质量控制急需解决的问题。本文从动物源性中药材兽药残留检测现状、检测方法研究思路和基质效应评价等方面探讨了兽药残留高通量检测技术的研究与应用,以期为加强动物源性中药材兽药残留高通量检测研究与质量安全控制提供参考。     

beta-Lactam resistance and beta-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin

beta-Lactams are among the most clinically important antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacterial resistance to beta-lactams has been increasingly observed in bacteria, including those of animal origin. The mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance include inaccessibility of the drugs to their target, target alterations and/or inactivation of the drugs by beta-lactamases. The latter contributes predominantly to beta-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. A variety of beta-lactamases have been identified in bacteria derived from food-producing and companion animals and may further serve as a reservoir for beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in humans. While this review mainly describes beta-lactamases from animal-derived Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., beta-lactamases from animal-derived Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and other pathogens are also discussed. Of particular concern are the increasingly-isolated plasmid-encoded AmpC-type CMY and extended-spectrum CTX-M beta-lactamases, which mediate acquired resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. The genes encoding these enzymes often coexist with other antimicrobial resistance determinants and can also be associated with transposons/integrons, increasing the potential enrichment of multidrug resistant bacteria by multiple antimicrobial agents as well as dissemination of the resistance determinants among bacterial species. Characterization of beta-lactam-resistant animal-derived bacteria warrants further investigation of the type and distribution of beta-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin and their potential impact on human medicine.     

动物源细菌耐药性评估在兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动中的应用

动物源细菌耐药性已引起广泛关注,全国正在逐步推进兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动。为更好地推动减量化行动的实施,浙江省在耐药性的评估及应用方面进行探索。研究分析了耐药性评估在减量化行动中的作用,建立了耐药系数评估模型与应用方法,研判了目前耐药性监测可能存在的问题,以期更好地推进兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱在动物源细菌耐药性监测中的研究应用

细菌鉴定是细菌耐药性监测过程中的重要工作环节之一,基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-off flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)能够高效鉴定细菌。为了快速监测五家养殖场来源的大肠杆菌和肠球菌的临床耐药特征,本研究利用MALDI-TOF MS和微量肉汤稀释法,快速鉴定临床分离的大肠杆菌和肠球菌,并对其进行耐药表型检测。结果显示,MALDI-TOF MS实现了对临床分离菌株(31株大肠杆菌和34株肠球菌)的快速鉴定;鸡源大肠杆菌和肠球菌的耐药情况最为严重,其次为羊和牛。其中,鸡源的大肠杆菌均对四环素(100%)和氨苄西林(91.67%)耐药率最高,肠球菌对苯唑西林(62.07%)耐药率较高。研究结果表明,不同动物源细菌临床耐药性表型严重程度有所不同,与此同时,MALDI-TOF MS技术可以同时实现对动物源大肠杆菌和肠球菌的快速鉴定,值得在动物源细菌耐药性检测领域推广应用。     

Stakeholder position paper: epidemiological perspectives on antibiotic use in animals

Epidemiologists studying antimicrobial resistance are often interested in analyzing the association between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in animals, and on the impact of antimicrobial use in animals on the occurrence of resistance in bacteria affecting human populations. Given the various potential antimicrobial use data sources, it seems likely there will be some variability in the utility of the data for interpreting trends in antimicrobial resistance and investigating the relationship between antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria affecting human health. From an epidemiologic perspective, the major issues related to incorporation of antimicrobial use data into antimicrobial resistance monitoring programs are the further development of epidemiologic methods for collecting, quantifying, analyzing and interpreting use data; an open and realistic consideration of the limitations of the data; developing an understanding of scaling, temporal and spatial heterogeneity issues; and the interpretative problems of ecologic and atomistic fallacy. Given the many potential biases in antimicrobial use data, attempts to relate levels of antimicrobial use to levels of antimicrobial resistance should be done with caution until the data are better understood and the aforementioned issues have been addressed.     

High prevalence and widespread distribution of multi-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in pigs and poultry in China

Escherichia coli play an important ecological role within resistant bacteria populations, and can be used as a bio-indicator of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the present study was to use this feature of E. coli to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the degree of cross-species transmission of bacteria in pigs and poultry in China. A total of 592 E. coli strains, isolated from pigs and poultry (healthy and diseased animals), were tested for resistance to 22 antimicrobials representing eight antimicrobial drug types.E. coli isolates had high rates of resistance to ampicillin (99.5%), doxycycline (95.6%), tetracycline (93.4%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (74.3%), amoxicillin (65.1%), streptomycin (54.7%), and chloramphenicol (50.2%). Resistance to cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides was also quite prevalent. The majority (81%) of isolates demonstrated multi-antimicrobial resistance, most commonly to 5–6 different antimicrobial types. One isolate was resistant to all 22 antimicrobials. Twenty-two cultures exhibiting multi-antimicrobial resistance were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess their distribution between farms. Three distinct PFGE types were identified, indicating inter-farm transmission of multi-antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The study confirmed the presence and transmission of multi-antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains amongst pigs and poultry in China and highlights the urgent need for appropriate monitoring programmes.