山谷型藏山羊及其杂种羊乳生化遗传标记研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）分析山谷型藏山羊、安哥拉山羊、Ｆ１乳中的ＬＤＨ、ａｓ－ＣＮ、β－ＣＮ、β－Ｌｇ、ＳＡ等基因座。结果表明，乳ＬＤＨ出现三条带（Ａ）、两条带（Ｂ）、一条带（Ｃ）３种类型；ａｓ－ＣＮ有３种表型（ＡＡ、ＡＢ、ＢＢ），由Ａ基因和Ｂ基因控制；在β－ＣＮ和β－ｌｇ中以ＡＢ型为主，其余类型很少；乳ＳＡ为单态，定为ＡＡ型。分析乳ａｓ－ＣＮ多态性与６个主要经济性状（体重、体直长、体高、胸围、管围、自然毛长）的关系发现，山谷型藏山羊ａｓ－ＣＮＡＡ、ＡＢ型体直长显著大于ＢＢ型体直长（Ｐ＜００５），Ｆ１ａｓ－ＣＮＡＡ型胸围显著大于ＡＢ型。     

SV40增强子在bGH转基因鼠体内对真核基因转录效率的影响

把ＳＶ４０的增强子序列以紧邻（ｐＳＶＣＡＴＬＢＧＨ）和相距２．３ｋｂ的距离克隆到小鼠金属巯基组氨酸三甲内盐基因（ＭＴ－Ｉ）启动子的上游，用以研究了在体内（ｉｎｖｉｖｏ）环境下原核基因的增强于对真核基因转录调控的影响，以及增强子与启动子的距离对增强于增强转录效率的影响。在建立了ｐＳＶＣＡＴＬＢＧＨ和ｐＳＶ２ＬＢＧＨ两种转基因结构的不同种系的转基因鼠后，通过分析ＩＣＲ、ＫＢ（昆明白）和Ｃ５７ＢＬ３种种系的ｐＳＶＣＡＴＬＢＧＨ转基因鼠的６种主要器官中的ＣＡＴ活性，证明ＳＶ４０增强子可以增强真核基因──ＣＡＴ基因的转录效率而无种属及组织特异性；通过比较ＩＣＲ和昆明白（ＫＢ）两种种系的ｐＳＶＣＡＴＬＢＧＨ和ｐＳＶ２ＬＢＧＨ转基因鼠的心脏和肝脏中ｂＧＨｍＲＮＡ水平，证明在转基因鼠体内，在２．３ｋｂ距离内，ＳＶ４０增强子对由ＭＴ－Ｉ启动子启动的真核基因──ｂＧＨ基因的转录效率的增强效果无明显差异。     

夏洛来杂种羊及其亲本的血红蛋白遗传多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对夏洛来杂种羊及其亲本的血红蛋白多态性进行了遗传检测。结果表明：参试羊表现出ＨＢＡＡ，ＨＢＢＢ和ＨＢＡＢ三种基因型，各群体均以杂合子ＨＢＡＢ为优势基因型，ＨＢ＾Ｂ为优势基因，ＨＢ＾Ｂ频率在０．５１５２￣０．６４２８之间，没有发现ＨＢ＾Ｃ基因；群体基因频率分析和亲子配对资料的遗传分析均证实，绵羊ＨＢ受常染色体位点上两个共显性等位基因的控制，各羊群ＨＢ基因的杂合度在０．５左右。     

龙陵黄山羊遗传多样性同功酶电泳研究

采用常规水平式淀粉胶蛋白电泳技术，对３８只龙陵黄山羊个体的３９个遗传座位的血液同功酶的多态性进行了研究。结果发现，ＡＫＰ、ＣＥＳ－Ｉ、ＥＳＤ、ＧＯＩ、ＬＡＰ、ＭＤＨ、ＭＥ和ＮＰ等８个座位具多态性，多态座位ＡＫＰＯ、ＣＥＳ－ＩＩ、ＦＳＤＡ、ＧＯＩＢ、ＬＡＰＡ、ＭＤＨＡ、ＭＥＡ和ＮＰＡ的基因频率较高；多态座位百分比Ｐ＝０２０５１，平均杂合度Ｈ＝００９０６±００２６５。结果表明，云南龙陵黄山羊与已检测的其它山羊比较，遗传多样性水平较高     

鸭乙型肝炎病毒的致病性及致癌性研究──Ⅲ．单克隆抗体夹心ELISA检测血清中鸭乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原的研究

以５Ｂ８株抗ＤＨＢｓＡｇ特异性单克隆抗体作为包被抗体和酶标抗体，首次建立了检测血清中ＤＨＢｓＡｇ的单抗夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ．对纯化ＤＨＢｓＡｇ的最小检出量为１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ．对雏鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒等９种禽类常见的病毒病抗原及人乙肝病毒表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）均不发生反应，且能被多克隆的兔抗ＤＨＢｓＩｇＧ及５Ｂ８株单抗本身所阻断。应用本试验方法调查江苏省部分地区麻鸭ＤＨＢＶ的感染率分别为：高邮２４．５％、常州２１．７％、仪征４０．３％、启东５０．０％。１日龄雏鸭静脉接种ＤＨＢＶ后，经本法检测，结果ＤＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率从４０％上升到７９％，６个月后又下降至６９％。     

鸭乙型肝炎病毒的致病性及致癌性研究

以５Ｂ８株抗ＤＨＢｓＡｇ特异性单克隆抗体作为包被抗体和酶标抗体，首次建立了检测血清中ＤＨＢｓＡｇ的单抗夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ，对纯化ＤＨＢｓＡｇ的最小检出量为１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，对雏鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒等９种禽类常见的病毒病抗原及人乙肝病毒表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）均不发生反应，且能被多克隆的兔抗ＤＨＢｓＩｇＧ及５Ｂ８株单抗本身所阻断。应用本试验方法调查江苏省部分地区麻鸭ＤＨＢＶ的感染率分别为：高邮２４．５％、常     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)BJ株SO7重组抗原的免疫试验

将柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａ ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ）ＢＪ株Ｓ０７基因插入ｐＴｈｉｏＨｉｓＢ载体中,构建了１个表达载体,命名为ｐＴｈｉｏＨｉｓＳ０７。将此表达载体转入大肠杆菌ＤＨ５ａ,经ＴＰＴＧ诱导表达后,用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测表达产物。结果表明,含ｐＴｈｉｏＨｉｓＳ０７质粒原工程菌具有明显的表达产物,表达效率为１７．１％。用超声波粉碎仪裂解含重组抗原的工程菌,加入钾加矾作佐剂,用２个剂量（１０、１０     

两种山羊及杂交代血液生化遗传标记研究(Ⅰ)

用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板电泳法，研究安哥拉山羊、山谷型藏山羊及杂种Ｆ１、Ｆ２血液中Ｈｂ、Ａｌｂ、Ｔｆ、ＡＫＰ、ＥＳ、ＬＤＨ、Ａｍ等基因座表明，血液Ｈｂ、Ａｌｂ、ＬＤＨ、Ａｍ呈单态；血液Ｔｆ、ＡＫＰ、ＥＳ等基因座呈多态。Ｔｆ基因座有三种基因型（ＡＡ、ＡＢ、ＢＢ）由Ａ基因和Ｂ基因控制。ＡＫＰ有两种基因型（ＡＫＰＦ、ＡＫＰＯ）。ＥＳ酶带类型复杂，可分为三区：ＥＳⅠ呈红色、ＥＳⅡ呈褐色、ＥＳⅢ呈紫褐色。运用血液Ｈｂ、Ｔｆ、ＡＫＰ、Ａｌｂ、Ａｍ的基因频率计算基因杂合度表明，安哥拉山羊的杂合度最小，Ｆ１代的杂合度最大。分析群体间遗传相似系数与级进杂交的变化一致；分析基因型分布差异表明亲本品种差异最大，安哥拉山羊与Ｆ１、Ｆ２间，Ｆ１和Ｆ２间差异较小。     

青海本地黄牛的遗传变异性及基因分化

通过对柴达木黄牛和青海东部黄牛ＨＢ,ＫＥ,ＴＦ,ＰＴＦ,ＰＡ,ＡＭＹ１,ＡＬＰＡ,ＡＬＰＢ,ＲＢＣ－ＬＤＨ１,Ｓ－ＬＤＨ１,α－ＬＡ,β－ＬＧ,αｓ１－ＣＮ和β－ＣＮ１４个生化遗传基因座多态性的分的,研究青海本地黄牛的遗传变异性及两个群体间的基因分化。结果发现：（１）青海本地黄牛１４个生化遗传基因座的Ｐｐｏｌｙ为８５．７％,Ｈ为０．２６６２,Ｎｅ为１．４８６１个,Ｈ．Ｉ．为０．５７９８;（２）柴达木黄牛与青海东部黄牛两群体之间的遗传距离为０．００５８,基因分化系数为０．００７１,表明青海本地黄牛两群体间的基因分化程度极小。     

转基因动物乳腺通用表达载体的构建

为进一步研究羊β乳球蛋白（ＢＬＧ）基因在转基因大动物中的应用,利用克隆的羊ＢＬＧ基因５′和３′区的５ｋｂ和４．２ｋｂ构建乳腺表达载体。为有效利用内含子的作用,克隆了羊ＢＬＧ第１和第２内含子,进行了序列分析,并将２个内含子进行了拼接,构建了有效的乳腺表达载体。该载体方便从原核载体中卸出,并加入３个有利于外源基因插入的克隆位点     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.