蛋鸡与肉鸡卵巢组织基因差异表达与产蛋数杂种优势的相关性研究

以白莱航蛋鸡(AA)、农大褐蛋鸡(DD)和白洛克肉鸡(EE)3个纯系及其正反杂交产生的6个杂交系为试验材料，应用mRNA差异显示技术，研究了产蛋高峰期(32周龄)纯种鸡与正反交杂种群卵巢组织的基因差异表达，及其差异表达模式与32周龄产蛋数的杂种优势率的相关性。结果：24种引物组合共扩增出1572条带，其中能够重现的有1126条，重现率为71．63％。在6个正反杂交群中检测到7类基因差异表达模式：P1杂种超强表达(22．29％)；P2杂种特异表达(9．84％)；P3杂种减弱表达(9．85％)；P4杂种沉默(3．42％)；P5单亲特异表达(22．91％)；P6单亲显性表达(25．74％)；P7共显性表达(5．95％)。相关性分析表明：32周龄产蛋数的杂种优势率与杂种特异型表达模式(P2)呈显著的负相关(P＜O．05)；而与杂种减弱型表达模式呈显著的正相关(P＜O．05)。这一研究结果为探索鸡的产蛋性状杂种优势的分子遗传机理奠定了基础，同时探讨了差异表达基因与杂种优势的关系。     

二郎山山地鸡一世代产蛋性能选育效果研究

通过比较二郎山山地鸡SD02和SD03品系一世代的产蛋性能,并进行产蛋性状间的相关分析,为二郎山山地鸡配套系的后续选育提供科学依据。结果表明,品系间大部分产蛋性状差异显著,SD03品系开产日龄早于SD02品系,开产体重、蛋重均极显著高于SD02品系(P0.01)。此外,鸡群300日龄时,SD03品系产蛋数、体重、蛋重均显著高于SD02品系(P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,开产日龄与300日龄产蛋数呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与开产蛋重呈极显著正相关(P0.01);300日龄体重与300日龄蛋重呈极显著正相关(P0.01);300日龄产蛋数与300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与开产第1、2、3、4、5月的产蛋数均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。综上所述,SD03品系产蛋性能优于SD02品系,开产日龄是影响产蛋性能的一个重要因素。     

乌骨鸡新品系产蛋性能选育效果及相关分析

本文统计和分析了丝羽乌骨鸡新品系四个世代的产蛋性状,采用SAS系统中GLM模型进行冬世代间产蛋性能的多重比较,用Excel软件描绘了父母系各世代产蛋曲线,并在各开产性状间进行了相关分析。结果表明,各产蛋性状各世代间大部分差异显著;开产日龄与开产体重和开产蛋重呈极显著表型正相关(0.39565,0.19906),与300日龄产蛋量呈极显著负相关(-0.24193);开产体重与开产蛋重呈极显著正相关(0.28654),与300日龄产蛋量和300日龄蛋重呈极显著负相关(-0.64308,-0.28698);开产蛋重与300日龄产蛋量呈极显著负相关(-0.64308)。开产日龄是影响产蛋性能的一个重要因素。     

峪口褐壳蛋鸡B系开产日龄对其体重、生产和蛋品性状的影响

为了探究峪口褐壳蛋鸡B系开产日龄与体重、生产和蛋品性状的关系,指导蛋鸡纯系选育,试验以峪口褐壳蛋鸡B系11世代第二批次1 502只母鸡为研究对象,记录蛋鸡的开产日龄,根据蛋鸡开产日龄划分为1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8组,测定各组蛋鸡开产体重和蛋重;28,36,56周龄体重和蛋重;38,56周龄产蛋数和39～56周龄产蛋数;36,56周龄蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度,分析各组鸡开产日龄对开产体重、开产～56周龄体重、蛋重、产蛋数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳强度等指标的影响及相关关系研究。结果表明:不同开产日龄组别之间的开产体重存在极显著正相关(P0.05),随着开产日龄的增大,开产体重呈增加趋势;不同开产日龄组别之间的开产蛋重、28周龄至56周龄蛋重存在极显著正相关(P0.01),随着开产日龄的增大,蛋重呈增加趋势;不同开产日龄组别之间的38周龄和56周龄产蛋数存在极显著负相关(P0.01),随着开产日龄的增大,产蛋数呈降低趋势;不同开产日龄组别之间的56周龄蛋壳厚度存在显著正相关(P0.05),但相关系数小。说明峪口褐壳蛋鸡开产日龄在127～154日龄之间的鸡只其开产体重、生产和蛋品质等性状指标比较理想。     

禽白血病对如皋草鸡产蛋性能的影响

试验旨在研究如皋草鸡禽白血病与产蛋性能(包括开产日龄、开产蛋重、开产体重、40周龄体重和280日龄产蛋数)的相关性,为鸡群净化做准备。选用562羽黑羽系(♂:♀=112:450)与765羽黄羽系(♂:♀=123:642)如皋草鸡,取泄殖腔棉拭子,用ELISAp27抗原试剂盒进行检测。结果表明:(1)在黄羽系母鸡中,P27抗原的测定值S/P与开产日龄没有显著相关性,但与开产蛋重显著负相关(P<0.05),与开产体重、40周龄体重、40周龄产蛋数极显著负相关(P<0.01)。(2)在黑羽系母鸡中,P27抗原的测定值S/P与开产蛋重、开产体重没有显著相关性,但与40周龄体重显著负相关(P<0.05),与40周龄产蛋数极显著负相关(P<0.01),与开产日龄极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

如皋黄鸡产蛋性能与遗传参数分析

研究以如皋黄鸡第4世代的15个家系351只母鸡为实验素材,测定开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重和40周龄产蛋数,统计各周龄群体产蛋率,估算开产性状和40周龄产蛋数的遗传参数。结果表明:如皋黄鸡开产日龄为(153.9±13.13)d,开产体重为(1 366.5±135.51)g,开产蛋重为(32.8±3.17)g,40周龄产蛋数为(101.0±8.94)个;高峰产蛋率为82.1%,70%以上产蛋率维持16周;开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重和40周龄产蛋数均为中等遗传力0.177~0.320;开产日龄、开产体重和开产蛋重间两两呈遗传正相关0.736~0.971,40周龄产蛋数与开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重间均呈遗传负相关-0.832~-0.639;性状间的表型相关性质和遗传相关一致,且均达到极显著的程度。     

蛋鸡不同杂交组合主要经济性状的杂种优势的研究

通过对蛋鸡５个纯系和纯系间５个杂交组合的一个产蛋周期的生产性能测定，研究不同经济性状的杂种优势情况，以及不同杂交组合的杂种优势率。研究表明，极限性状受精率和孵化率在纯系水平较一般的情况下可以产生较大的杂种优势，而在纯系水平较高的情况下，由于受极限的限制，不可能表现明显的杂种优势；产蛋率和开产日龄的杂种优势率较高，料蛋比、成活率和７２周龄产蛋重的杂种优势略低一些，体重具有较强的杂种劣势，日耗料和蛋重的杂种优势（或劣势）率很低；遗传距离较远的品种（系）之间杂交产生杂种优势的可能性和程度较大，因此推荐用白来航和褐壳蛋鸡杂交生产商品蛋鸡。     

白来航蛋鸡与丝羽乌骨鸡及其杂交后代卵巢组织的基因表达差异研究

白来航蛋鸡与丝羽乌骨鸡杂交 ,正反交组合鸡群 32周龄产蛋数的杂种优势率分别为 12 .2 %和 2 1.6 1%。mRNA差异显示研究表明 :产蛋高峰期 (32周龄 )卵巢组织的基因表达在杂种群与亲本纯种群之间存在显著的质和量的差异 ;8对引物组合显示出 91条 (31.2 7% )差异带 ;分属于 7类 2 2种基因差异表达模式 ,其中量的差异有 3类 8种。这些基因差异表达模式的存在说明了杂种的基因表达调控方式发生了变化 ,这必然与正反交组合鸡群具有较高的杂种优势率有关 ,或是mRNA水平上杂种优势形成的分子遗传基础。     

两世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡生长性状与生产性能的相关分析

主要分析了两世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡体质量、体尺、开产日龄与产蛋性能的相关性,选取了同批孵化且健康条件相同的1世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡母鸡795羽、公鸡402羽,2世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡母鸡807羽、公鸡521羽,记录其开产日龄,并测定120日龄时体质量、体尺指标及280日龄产蛋数。1世代与2世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡公鸡体质量与各性状指标之间均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),其中1世代和2世代相关系数最高为体质量与胫围(分别为r=0.628,r=0.607),1世代与2世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡母鸡体质量与各生长性状指标之间也均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),1世代与2世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡母鸡产蛋性能的相关性略有差异,但大致相同,主要表现在2世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡母鸡产蛋数与体质量呈显著正相关(P0.05),且1世代与2世代白羽雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋数都与开产日龄呈极显著负相关(P0.01),由此可见,公母鸡均可通过加强对体斜长、龙骨长和胫围的选育获得理想体质量;母鸡需要考虑开产日龄等指标,以提高母鸡产蛋性能。     

丝羽乌骨鸡新品系开产性能选育效果及相关分析

通过分析丝羽乌骨鸡白羽母系选育第六、七世代开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重,作开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重之间相关分析和两世代产蛋性能的均数差异显著性检验和相关分析。结果表明,两世代开产性能有极显著差异;开产体重与开产蛋重、开产蛋重与开产日龄、开产体重与开产日龄均呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.32246、0.32942、0.21078,P<0.01)。     

Association Analysis between Differences of GnRHR-Ⅱ Gene Expression with Reproduction Traits Heterosis in Duck Populations

The objective of this study was to clone the sequence of duck type Ⅱ gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR-Ⅱ) gene, and to analyze the association of its expression levels with reproduction trait heterosis. RT-PCR method was used to clone GnRHR-Ⅱ gene fragments, and the expression levels during early laying days and laying fastigium period in Gaoyou duck, Jinding duck and crossed populations were tested by Real-time PCR method. Sequencing and homology analysis showed that the cloned duck GnRHR cDNA was about 500 bp in length, and it belonged to the avian type Ⅱ GnRHR isoforms. It was 96% identical to the cGnRHR-Ⅱ sequence reported in domestic chicken. From the early laying days to laying fastigium period, expression levels of GnRHR-Ⅱ gene in pituitary increased for Jinding duck, Gaoyou duck and crossed populations, with the highest expression levels in Jinding×Gaoyou hybrid group (P<0.01) . The expression levels of GnRHR-Ⅱ gene in hypothalamus also increased for Jinding duck, Gaoyou duck, however, it decreased in two crossed populations. The expression levels of GnRHR-Ⅱ gene in ovary were significantly higher for Jinding duck and two crossed populations than Gaoyou duck (P<0.01), but it decreased during laying fastigium period. Compared to Jinding duck and Gaoyou duck breeds, the two crossed populations had positive heterosis in 42-week production and 42-week egg fertilization percent, and negative heterosis in the first laying age and 42-week fertilized egg hatching rate traits. It suggested that the short-lived higher expression of ovary GnRHR-Ⅱ gene before early laying days be correlated with heterosis of the first laying age and 42-week production traits, and its higher expression levels in pituitary could aid to keep laying fastigium.     

Crossbreeding effects on milk yield traits and calving interval in spring‐calving dairy cows

The aim of the study was to assess crossbreeding effects for 305‐day milk, fat, and protein yield and calving interval (CI) in Irish dairy cows (parities 1 to 5) calving in the spring from 2002 to 2006. Data included 188 927 records for production traits and 157 117 records for CI. The proportion of genes from North American Holstein Friesian (HO), Friesian (FR), Jersey (JE) and Montbéliarde (MO) breeds, and coefficients of expected heterosis for HO×FR, HO×JE and HO×MO crosses were calculated from the breed composition of cows’ parents. The model used to assess crossbreeding effects accounted for contemporary group, age at calving within parity, linear regression on gene proportions for FR, JE and MO, and linear regression on coefficients of expected heterosis for HO×FR, HO×JE and HO×MO, as fixed effects, and additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual as random. Breed effects for production traits were in favour of HO, while for CI were in favour of breeds other than HO. The highest heterosis estimates for production were for HO×JE, with first‐generation crosses yielding 477 kg more milk, 25.3 kg more fat, and 17.4 kg more protein than the average of the parental breeds. The highest estimate for CI was for HO×MO, with first‐generation crosses showing 10.2 days less CI than the average of the parental breeds. Results from this study indicate breed differences and specific heterosis effects for milk yield traits and fertility exist in Irish dairy population.     

钙蛋白酶基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达差异

为了探讨钙蛋白酶(calpain,CAPN)基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达差异,本研究采用半定量RT-PCR方法研究了CAPN基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达差异。结果表明:CAPN基因表达于优质鸡的10个不同组织中,肝脏和胸肌中的表达量最高并显著高于其他组织(P<0.05);优质鸡胸肌组织中CAPN基因的表达量显著高于艾维茵肉鸡和宝万斯尼拉蛋鸡品种(P<0.05),优质鸡品种之间以及肉鸡与蛋鸡品种间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果证明钙蛋白酶是一种在鸡体内普遍存在的蛋白,CAPN基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达存在显著差异。     

A new explanation for egg production heterosis in grosses between white leghorns and australorps

1. Present population genetics theory treats heterosis as the reversal of inbreeding depression. This theory is not generally applicable to heterosis occurring in crosses between different breeds or between unrelated strains of the same breed.

2. Heterosis occurring in such crosses is explained in terms of different complementary epistatic gene pathways homozygous in the parental breeds.

3. In the absence of linkage, these epistatic gene pathways segregate in the second and subsequent cross‐bred generations leading to the loss of the heterosis observed in the first cross‐bred generation.     

Effects of breed proportion and components of heterosis for semen traits in a composite cattle breed

The aim of this study was to estimate the non‐additive genetic effects of the dominance component of heterosis as well as epistatic loss on semen traits in admixed Swiss Fleckvieh, a composite of Simmental (SI) and Red Holstein Friesian (RHF) cattle. Heterosis is the additional gain in productivity or fitness of cross‐bred progeny over the mid‐purebred parental populations. Intralocus gene interaction usually has a positive effect, while epistatic loss generally reduces productivity or fitness due to lack of evolutionarily established interactions of genes from different breeds. Genotypic data on 38,205 SNP of 818 admixed, as well as 148 RHF and 213 SI bulls as the parental breeds were used to predict breed origin of alleles. The genomewide locus‐specific breed ancestries of individuals were used to calculate effects of breed difference as well as the dominance component of heterosis, while proxies for two definitions of epistatic loss were derived from 100,000 random pairs of loci. The average Holstein Friesian ancestry in admixed bulls was estimated 0.82. Results of fitting different linear mixed models showed including the dominance component of heterosis considerably improved the model adequacy for three of the four traits. Inclusion of epistatic loss increased the accuracy of the models only for our new definition of the epistatic effect for two traits, while the other definition was so highly correlated with the dominance component that statistical separation was impossible.     

Lamb production and its components in pure breeds and composite lines. II. Breed effects and heterosis

Ewe performance was compared for five pure breeds of sheep (Finnsheep, F; Rambouillet, R; Dorset, D; Targhee, T; Suffolk, S) and the crosses in development of two maternal composite lines (C1 = 1/2F1/4R1/4D and C2 = 1/2F1/4T1/4S). The data involved 10,959 breeding season records of 4,219 ewes by 412 sires. Ewe production and the components (fertility, litter size, neonatal and preweaning lamb survival and mean lamb weaning weight) were adjusted for age and standardized across season of lambing and years. The D and F ewes produced more weight of lamb/ewe exposed than R, S and T ewes because of higher D and F fertility, higher D lamb survival and larger F litters. First cross and inter se generations of C1 and C2 ewes averaged 17 to 27% higher fertility than the parental mean. Litter size averaged about one lamb higher for F than for other pure breeds, but only slightly higher for C1 and C2 than for the mean of F and other breeds. Lower neonatal survival for F than for other breeds and crosses was associated with the larger F litters and with 2 to 8% positive heterosis in the crosses. Preweaning survival of suckled and nursery lambs was low for F and S and positive heterosis ranged from 9 to 19% in crosses. Mean lamb weaning weights were highest for S, lowest for F, with little heterosis in crosses. Crossbred ewes reared .3 to .4 more lambs than mean for parental pure breeds. Heterosis in C1 and C2 ranged from 11 to 28% for lambs born, 27 to 43% for lambs weaned and 29 to 44% for weight of lamb weaned/ewe exposed. Decline in heterosis with inter se mating of crosses was no greater than expected from the reduction in predicted heterozygosity.     

杂种优势的应用及基因表达的特点

杂种优势在动植物育种中得到广泛应用,然而对杂种优势分子遗传机理的研究还处在初级阶段。随着生物信息学的不断发展,对其基因表达数量和表达模式的研究也就越来越多,因为父母本的不同,杂交子代的基因在数量和功能上都存在明显差异;杂交子代融合基因的表达会发生父母本的偏向性,继而影响其表型;杂交子代中因为父母本印记的差异,导致其性状和功能有所不同。总结了杂交子代中差异基因、融合基因和印记基因的表达情况,为深入理解杂种优势的分子遗传机理提供新的切入点。     

Breed effects and heterosis in advanced generations of composite populations for preweaning traits of beef cattle

The effects of heterosis for gestation length, dystocia, calf survival, birth weight, 200-d weight, and ADG from birth to weaning were evaluated in F1, F2, and combined F3 and F4 generations in three composite populations. Breed effects were evaluated for the nine parental breeds (Red Poll, Hereford, Angus, Limousin, Braunvieh, Pinzgauer, Gelbvieh, Simmental, and Charolais) that contributed to the three composite populations. Breed effects were significant for all traits evaluated except survival at birth. The large differences among breeds in additive direct and additive maternal genetic effects offer a great opportunity to use the genetic differences among breeds to achieve and maintain optimum additive genetic (breed) composition to match genetic resources to a wide range of production-marketing ecosystems. There was no heterosis for gestation length. Mean heterosis for dystocia was significant estimated in F1 but not in F2 or in the combined F3 and F4 generations. Mean heterosis was not significant in any generation for survival at birth, to 72 h, and to weaning for the F1 generation; mean heterosis was significant for survival to weaning for the F2 generation and approached significance (P = .06) for the combined F3 and F4 generations. Mean heterosis over all composite populations and heterosis for each composite population were significant in all generations for weight at birth and at 200 d and for ADG from birth to weaning. Retained heterosis was not less than expected from retained heterozygosity in composite populations for the traits evaluated. These results suggest that heterosis for these traits likely is due to dominance effects and, thus, can be attributed to the recovery of accumulated inbreeding depression in the parental breeds.     

The basis of crossbreeding in pigs; A review

A survey of the different parameters involved in crossbreeding is given following the analysis of Dickerson (1969). The genetic gain resulting from crossbreeding has a double origin: complementarity and heterosis. The practical importance of these two advantages is evaluated in swine. Average individual (H¹) and maternal (H^M) heterosis effects on main performance traits are derived from experimental estimates summarized in graphs; the expected fraction of H^I and H^M utilized in some crossing plans is given. It appears that heterosis accounts for the major part of the gain from crossing in swine. The observed variation between estimates of heterosis for a given trait is analyzed: the effects of sampling variance, specific combining ability of some crosses, heterosis by environment interactions and association between heterosis and parental mean are considered and some illustrations are given. Finally the different criteria used in optimization of crossing between available pig breeds are reviewed. The present trend is to pay attention not only to the final cross but to the whole crossbreeding system, either as static (at demographic equilibrium) or dynamic (transition phase from another system). The first results of such a study with two French breeds are given briefly.