鹅消化利用日粮纤维研究进展

从鹅营养研究现状、鹅消化利用日粮纤维的特点、鹅消化日粮纤维机理及日粮纤维对鹅生长发育的影响等4个方面对鹅消化利用日粮纤维进行了相关综述，指出了当前研究中的难点、疑点和争执的焦点，旨在为鹅的营养研究、进而为鹅的产业化发展供理论依据。     

鹅日粮纤维营养及其消化利用研究进展

针对当前鹅的营养研究热点,参考近年来关于鹅日粮纤维营养方面的文献,本文从日粮纤维的定义及理化性质、鹅的消化特点及消化日粮纤维的机理、鹅对日粮纤维的消化率及其影响因素、适宜的纤维水平等方面,对鹅消化利用日粮纤维的研究进展进行综述,旨在为今后鹅的纤维营养研究提供参考。     

我国对生长鹅日粮纤维营养的研究

主要从鹅消化利用日粮纤维的能力、日粮适宜纤维水平、不同纤维源对鹅的影响三个方面进行综述,进一步明确生长鹅对日粮纤维利用研究的现状和疑点,为鹅的纤维营养研究及鹅饲养标准的制定提供理论依据。     

日粮纤维对鹅消化道生理功能的影响

鹅具有特殊的消化生理特点,可消化利用日粮中的纤维成分。本文主要是从日粮纤维的理化特性及其作用机理论述日粮纤维对鹅消化道的蠕动、排空时间以及消化道发育、消化道酶的分泌和消化道微生物群对消化道生理功能的影响。     

日粮纤维对鹅消化道发育的影响

鹅具有特殊的消化生理特点,可消化日粮中的粗纤维。文章介绍日粮纤维的组成类型及鹅消化道的特点,日粮纤维对鹅消化道器官发育、消化道运动及排空时间、消化液分泌、消化道酶活性和肠道组织形态的影响。     

鹅对富含纤维类饲料的利用

鹅在传统上是以采食青粗饲料为主的水禽。具耐粗饲、抗逆性强、适宜养殖地广等特点。鹅能从优质的牧草中获取所需的一切营养，推测其消化利用粗纤维的能力较强。一般认为鹅对纤维类饲料的利用高于其它畜禽。在目前我国饲料用粮紧张、精料短缺的状况下，发展养鹅等节粮型畜牧业符合国情。另外研究鹅对纤维饲料利用的意义在于养殖的成本考虑。在养鹅的成本中，饲料成本占７０％以上。因此在鹅的日粮中添加适量青饲料，即可发挥其饲草的生物学优势，又可取得良好的经济效益。但目前鹅的营养需要和饲养的研究不多，尤其是鹅消化利用纤维素的能力…     

鹅对日粮纤维利用的研究进展

鹅是草食家禽,具有耐粗饲、生长快、饲养周期短、抗病力强和饲养成本低等特点。鹅肉蛋白质含量高,脂肪、胆固醇含量比鸡、鸭、猪都低,且脂肪中70％是不饱和脂肪酸,被消费者视为绿色保健食品,消费比例逐年上升。我国养鹅历史悠久,品种资源丰富,发展养鹅符合我国的国情。但当前对鹅的营养研究相对滞后,制约了我国养鹅业的发展。文章根据鹅的消化特点,综述了鹅对日粮纤维利用的研究进展。     

浅谈小鹅的饲养管理技术

小鹅是指孵化出壳后到4周龄或1月龄内的鹅,也称(雏鹅).此期小鹅的特点:(1)调节体温能力差,由于1个月内的雏鹅全身绒毛稀薄,对外界温度变化调节能力低;(2)消化机能不完善,宜饲喂易消化的饲料;(3)生长速度快,28日龄时的体重是初生体重的近20倍,应供给营养丰富且充足的饲料.雏鹅饲养管理的好坏,直接影响雏鹅的生长发育和成活率.为此,必须根据小鹅的生理特点,采用科学的饲养管理措施.     

猪的日粮纤维在生产中的应用

日粮纤维(DF)被营养学专家认为是继六大营养元素之后的“第七大营养元素”.目前利用粗纤维的主要难点是既要在日粮中维持一定的纤维水平,避免消化机能失常,还要考虑日粮纤维的在使用时水平过高,从而造成饲料中营养物利用率下降的问题.本文主要对日粮纤维在仔猪、生长肥育猪、母猪的营养作用及其应用方面作进一步的探讨.     

日粮纤维在生长鹅中的应用

鹅为节粮型食草水禽 ,能分解粗纤维 5 0 %以上 ,养鹅是一项投资少、见效快、经深加工附加值高的养殖业。生产 1ｋｇ鹅肉 ,在放牧加补饲的条件下仅需 1～ 1 5ｋｇ精饲料 ,大部分饲喂的是粗饲料。养鹅“以草换肉” ,同时生产出羽绒、鹅皮、鹅肝等产品 ,效益好。研究鹅对粗纤维的利用 ,探讨鹅利用纤维的特点及机理 ,有利于充分利用粗饲料养鹅。1　日粮纤维及成分目前 ,对日粮纤维 (Ｄｉｅｔａｒｙｆｉｂｅｒ,ＤＦ)比较公认的定义是指那些通常来源于植物 ,但又不能被动物胰腺或小肠消化酶所消化的细胞壁成分。实际上日粮纤维包括可溶性纤维 (如…     

壳聚糖对肉仔鹅生产性能、养分代谢及血液生化指标的影响

为研究壳聚糖对肉鹅生产性能及养分代谢的影响,选28日龄健康肉鹅120只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.10%、0.15%壳聚糖的试验组日粮,试验期42 d。结果表明:肉仔鹅日粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的壳聚糖对其生长和饲料利用没有明显的影响;可明显抑制脂肪的消化吸收,纤维的消化不受影响,但有益于蛋白的消化利用,干物质消化率有所降低。添加0.10%的壳聚糖明显降低血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量。     

太湖鹅繁殖性能与肉质特性研究

为挖掘和利用太湖鹅遗传资源,利用太湖保种场核心群对太湖鹅的繁殖性能进行测定,在相同饲养管理条件下比较太湖鹅与四川白鹅、皖西白鹅、豁眼鹅、扬州鹅的肉质特性差异。结果表明:太湖鹅3%开产日龄188d,66周入舍母鹅产蛋76.3个,52周龄蛋重142.7g,种蛋受精率91.2%,受精蛋孵化率90.1%;太湖鹅胸肌肉水分含量与四川白鹅差异显著(P<0.05),与其它品种差异不显著,太湖鹅胸肌剪切力、肉色、系水力、pH值、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与其它品种间差异均不显著;太湖鹅肌纤维密度显著大于四川白鹅、豁眼鹅和扬州鹅(P<0.05),但显著小于皖西白鹅(P<0.05);太湖鹅肌纤维直径显著小于其它品种(P<0.05)。研究表明,太湖鹅经过进一步选育可以作为优质肉鹅配套系的理想母本。     

鹅排泄物收集技术及蛋白质净利用率研究

本文借鉴鸭排泄物收集方法对肉鹅的蛋白质净利用率进行初步研究。当日粮蛋白质水平为15%时,蛋白质的净利用率为56.25%;当日粮蛋白质水平为8%时,蛋白质的净利用率为59.33%。结果表明,当日粮蛋白质水平增高时,蛋白质的净利用率有降低趋势。     

秸秆生物质资源综合利用

介绍秸秆生物质资源及其利用途径,并分析秸秆生物质转化为酒精燃料的条件。结合反刍动物瘤胃消化特性,提出利用反刍动物瘤胃对秸秆中的粗纤维的消化作用进行预处理,以粪便中残余纤维素作为酒精发酵底物,残余有机质再还田这一理论,为秸秆生物质资源有效利用提供方法。     

Regulation of pancreatic exocrine in ruminants and the related mechanism: The signal transduction and more

The unique structure of the stomach, including the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, indicates the differences between the ruminant and monogastric animals in the digestion of nutrients. This difference is reflected in the majority of dietary nutrients that may be fermented in the rumen. Significant proteins and a certain amount of starch can flow to the small intestine apart from rumen. The initial phase of small intestinal digestion requires pancreatic digestive enzymes. In theory, the enzymatic digestion and utilization efficiency of starch in the small intestine are considerably higher than that in the rumen, but the starch digestibility in the small intestine is quite low in ruminants. Therefore, improving the digestion of nutrients, especially starch in the small intestine is more urgent for high-yield ruminants. Although the pancreas plays a central role in nutrient digestion, the progress of research investigating pancreatic exocrine regulation in the ruminant is slow due to some factors, such as the complex structure of the pancreas, the selection of experimental model and duration, and internal (hormones or ages) and external (diet) influences. The present review is based on the research findings of pancreatic exocrine regulation of dairy animals and expounded from the physiological structure of the ruminant pancreas, the factors affecting the digestion and exocrine processing of carbohydrates, and the regulatory mechanism governing this process. The review aims to better understand the characteristics of enzymatic digestion, thereby advancing pancreatic exocrine research and improving the digestion and utilization of nutrients in ruminants. Additionally, this review provides the theoretical basis for improving nutrient utilization efficiency, reducing wastage of feed resources, and promoting the efficient development of the dairy industry.     

籽粒苋对鹅营养价值的评定

为了探索籽粒苋对鹅的营养价值以及不同方法不同鹅品种对其真代谢能、常规养分利用效果与差异,分别选取健康成年五龙鹅(小型)和青农灰鹅(大型)公鹅各24只,各设4个处理组,每个处理组6只,试验鹅单笼饲养,每天强饲80 g,试验采用全收粪法。试验结果表明,籽粒苋对鹅是一种较为理想的粗纤维饲料;对籽粒苋进行营养价值评定时,采用强饲并添加维生素和微量元素的方法最好;两品种之间对籽粒苋的真代谢能及常规养分的利用率具有一定的差异。     

Site and extent of starch and neutral detergent fiber digestion as affected by source of calcium and level of corn

Five steers (385 kg) fitted with permanent abomasal cannulae were used to compare Ca source (limestone or dicalcium phosphate) and corn level on site and extent of digestion. Diets contained 50, 70 or 90% corn, with corn silage and supplement to provide .70% Ca from either limestone or dicalcium phosphate. Limestone did not affect ruminal digestion, but postruminal starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion were higher (P less than .05) for limestone compared with dicalcium phosphate, which suggests that starch utilization may be increased postruminally by a compound with buffering capacity. As a percentage of total starch intake, total tract and ruminal starch digestion increased (linear, P less than .01) while postruminal starch digestion decreased (linear, P less than .01) with corn level. Neutral detergent fiber digested in the rumen decreased (linear, P less than .01) and postruminal NDF digestion increased (linear, P less than .01) when level of corn in the diet increased. Effects of corn level were not different when organic matter and starch intake were included as covariates.     

鹅肝细胞的高纯分离及培养

采用简单的＂胶原酶直接消化法＂分离鹅胚胎肝细胞,得到的肝细胞纯度高,活性好;HE染色显示大量双核或多核细胞,细胞具有旺盛增殖分裂能力;肝脏特异性基因白蛋白基因检测显示所分离细胞为成熟肝脏细胞。该法操作简单、高效,是获得鹅原代肝细胞的一种较好的方法,有利于以鹅原代肝细胞为模型的体外研究工作的开展。     

鹅盲肠微生物体外利用ADF/NDF的初步研究

以苜蓿草粉、黑麦草粉和混合草粉(质量比为1∶1)为底物,接种鹅盲肠食糜滤液进行体外培养。试验结果为:培养液pH值在0~3 h下降到6.9左右,后逐渐趋于稳定;苜蓿草粉ADF、NDF和半纤维素的消失率分别为1.15%,1.18%,-0.19%;黑麦草粉三者的消失率分别为1.45%,9.05%,3.07%;而混合草粉三者的消失率分别为15.72%,13.2%,9.87%。与单一草粉的ADF、NDF和半纤维素的消失率都有显著差异(P<0.05)。结果表明:在体外条件下,鹅盲肠微生物对不同来源的ADF、NDF和半纤维素有一定的利用能力,且对混合草粉ADF、NDF和半纤维素的利用能力强于单一草粉。     

Immunolocalisation of serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin and glucagon in entero-endocrine cells of the goose (Anser anser)

The processes of digestion in the avian gastrointestinal tract depend on sophisticated control systems that co-ordinate secretion of digestive juices and movement of the luminal contents. In the current study, the distribution of serotonin-, gastrin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-immunoreactive endocrine cells was investigated by immunocytochemical methods in the intestinal tract of the goose. The number of cells immunoreactive for each antiserum was evaluated in different regions of the intestinal tract. Serotonin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-immunoreactive endocrine cells were seen throughout the intestinal tract, but somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were not detected in the colon of the goose. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were detected only in the duodenum, jejunum and colon mucosa. It is concluded that the distribution pattern of the entero-endocrine cells in the goose is similar to that of most of the mammalian and other poultry species.