蓝莓拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定

在广西蓝莓产区发现一种叶斑病，为明确该病害致病菌种类，通过组织分离和纯化、致病性测定，并结合其产孢细胞，分生孢子的颜色、大小、附属丝等形态学特征和分子生物学特性对该病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明，该病原菌可致蓝莓叶片产生褐色病斑，边缘有深褐色晕圈，后期产生黑色分生孢子盘。该菌菌落呈白色，背面乳白色至淡黄色，产孢细胞无色透明，圆棒状。分生孢子21.5-25.8 μm×5.5-7.5 μm，中间3个色胞同为橄榄色，具2-3根顶端附属丝，长11.4-21.6 μm。结合ITS序列系统发育分析确定该病原菌为 Pestalotiopsis tranchicarpicola。这是Pestalotiopsis tranchicarpicola引起蓝莓叶斑病在国内的首次报道。     

广西珍珠李叶枯病原鉴定

为了明确近年来广西省天峨县发生严重的珍珠李叶枯病原，采集天峨县珍珠李病叶，对病原进行分离和鉴定。本研究从病叶中分离到2种真菌，核糖体DNA内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer, ITS）序列分析表明2种真菌分离物分别与GenBank中胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）和拟盘多毛孢菌（Pestalotiopsis sp.）具有99%的相似性。离体致病性测定结果表明，分离菌株均能使健康叶片产生症状，并通过柯赫氏法则（Koch’ postulates）验证。结合真菌分离物的分离比率，将广西天峨县珍珠李叶枯病原初步鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌。     

Pestalotiopsis kenyana是侵染蓝莓的一个新纪录种

通过与蓝莓上已报道的类拟盘致病菌系统发育对比,发现有5株类拟盘菌株聚集形成一个相对独立分支,表明这5株菌可能属于1个危害蓝莓的新纪录种;为确定该危害蓝莓的类拟盘多毛孢种类,采用三层次系统发育比较法和传统形态鉴定法对其进行鉴定,结果表明5株病原菌均属于Pestalotiopsis kenyana,分生孢子大小为(20.7~28.8)μm×(4.7~7.2)μm,中间三色细胞同色,长为13.2μm~18.0μm,具2~3根顶端附属丝,1根基部附属丝。     

苹果白绢病菌生物学特性及室内药剂毒力测定

在辽宁绥中县发现苹果白绢病发生为害,为明确病原菌种类,将采集病样进行分离培养,并进行柯赫氏法则验证致病性,根据病原菌形态和rDNA-ITS和LSU序列分析对病菌进行分子鉴定,同时进行了病菌生物学特性及防治药剂毒力测定。结果表明,分离株的菌落形态与整齐小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.一致,经分子鉴定,其ITS序列和LSU序列与整齐小核菌的有性型序列同源性达100%,将引起苹果白绢病的病原菌鉴定为整齐小核菌。病原菌在10 ~ 35℃均可生长,25 ~ 30℃时病菌生长最快,病原菌在pH值范围为3 ~ 12时均可生长,碱性环境不适宜病菌生长。室内毒力测定结果显示,5种药剂戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、噻呋酰胺、咯菌腈和氟硅唑均对白绢病菌有抑制作用,其中,噻呋酰胺抑菌效果最好,EC50为0.0565 mg/L。     

贡柑黑腐病病原菌的分子鉴定

贡柑黑腐病是近年来在贡柑上发生的一种新型病害，该病害可导致嫩梢快速枯死，大量嫩叶脱落，严重影响树势和产量。本研究从病区采集发病枝叶，对贡柑黑腐病病原菌进行分离、纯化，并采用rDNA-ITS序列分析技术对其进行分子鉴定。结果表明，贡柑黑腐病病原菌为链格孢属（Alternaria Nees）真菌，rDNA-ITS序列与GenBank中芸薹链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc.)和柑桔链格孢菌(Alternaria citri Ellis & Everhart)的ITS序列的同源性为99%。结合形态学特征，推断该病原菌为柑桔链格孢菌。     

广西猕猴桃果实病害病原菌的分离与鉴定

为了弄清广西各猕猴桃产区猕猴桃果实病害的病原菌种类,作者于2021年8-9月采果期收集了广西壮族自治区桂林市、河池市、百色市、贺州市及宜州市等5个市15个猕猴桃主产县38个代表性果园的成熟果实进行病果的病原菌的分离与鉴定。共计分离获得174份真菌材料和5份细菌材料,分别使用鉴定真菌的通用引物ITS1/ITS4和鉴定细菌的通用引物27F /1429R做PCR 扩增。将序列在NCBI数据库中进行Blast比对,确定菌株的分类地位。结果发现15个主产县猕猴桃果实病害的病原真菌主要有葡萄座腔菌科的2个属Botryosphaeria和Neofusicoccum、二孢菌属(Lasiodiplodia)、间座壳菌属(Diaporthe)、枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、 镰刀菌(Fusarium)、炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum) 、毛霉属(Mucor)和类拟盘多毛孢属(Neopestalotiopsis),其中葡萄座腔菌属、间座壳菌属、二孢菌属和Neofusicoccum为主要真菌,分别占获得真菌材料总份数的47.70%,29.89%,9.20%和6.90%,毛霉属和类拟盘多毛孢属为猕猴桃果实病原菌系首次报道。病原细菌种类有葡萄杆菌(Gluconobacter)、Atlantibacter 和泛菌属(Pantoea),这3个属的细菌在猕猴桃果实病原细菌相关报道中均未见报道。鉴定结果初步锁定了广西猕猴桃果实病害病原菌种类,可为猕猴桃果实病害的预测及综合防治提供理论依据。     

一株分离自感病桑天牛的高毒力球孢白僵菌菌株对6种植物病原真菌的拮抗作用研究

球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)Bi05菌株分离自感染白僵病致死的桑天牛幼虫僵体。测试分析白僵菌Bi05菌株对植物病原真菌链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、茎点霉(Phoma sp.)、拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis funera)、杨树腐烂病菌(Valsa sordida Nits)、曲霉(Aspergillus ruber)、油松枯梢病菌(Sphaeropsis sapinea)的拮抗作用,探究该菌株是否具有防治害虫和植物病害的双重生防功效。在平板对峙培养试验中,白僵菌Bi05菌株对除油松枯梢病菌之外的其余5种病原菌均有一定的抑制作用,对茎点霉、拟盘多毛孢菌、杨树腐烂病菌的抑制率均在50%以上;在白僵菌Bi05菌株孢子悬浮液的抑菌试验中,显示浓度为108m L-1的孢子悬浮液对6种病原菌均有抑制作用,且抑制效果优于平板对峙培养;在Bi05菌株发酵液的抑菌试验中,培养7 d时对茎点霉、拟盘多毛孢菌、杨树腐烂病菌的抑制率分别达到30.67%、41.38%、46.80%。以上试验结果表明,白僵菌Bi05菌株对茎点霉、拟盘多毛孢菌、杨树腐烂病菌有较明显的抑制效果。     

引致枇杷叶斑病的链格孢菌的鉴定及其化学防治药剂筛选

结合形态学与分子生物学分析，对采自重庆地区疑似由链格孢菌引起的枇杷叶斑病样品进行病原菌分离鉴定。结果表明，所得病原菌的rDNA-ITS序列与 GenBank中登陆的四株链格孢菌Alternaria alternate（登录号分别为：FJ228163、KT192329、KM100451、KP278185）的相似性均为99%，结合病原菌的菌落、分生孢子形态特征及致病性测定结果，将其鉴定为链格孢菌Alternaria alternate，GenBank登录号为KY397985，并命名为24-CQYB。室内毒力测定结果显示，咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯、甲基硫菌灵、多菌灵及苯醚甲环唑等5种杀菌剂对24-CQYB菌株生长均有抑制作用，其中苯醚甲环唑的抑制效果最好，EC50为3.84 mg/L。     

匍匐翦股颖叶斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

对匍匐翦股颖Agrostis stoloni fera叶斑病的病原菌进行组织分离、培养,确定其病原菌为新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunata(半知菌亚门丝孢纲丝孢菌目暗色菌科弯孢霉属).对其进行生物学特性研究,发现温度、pH值对病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发存在着显著影响,光照对病原菌菌丝生长存在显著影响,对孢子萌发无显著影响.其中最适于病原菌菌丝生长的温度为28～31 ℃,pH值为5～6.最适于孢子萌发的温度为31～34 ℃,pH值为5～6.12 h光照交替有利于菌丝的生长.     

犬皮肤癣菌病病原的分离及其ITS区序列分析

分离一例格力犬皮肤癣菌病的病原,并对其ITS区序列进行分析,以确定其种属。用沙氏培养基对病料进行分离、培养,根据菌落形态特征与镜检结果对分离到的病原菌进行初步鉴定,采用真菌鉴定通用引物ITS1及ITS4对分离菌的ITS区序列进行PCR扩增、测序,将测序结果进行对比分析,并对其亲缘关系进行系统发育分析。分离到的病原菌经形态学鉴定,被初步判定为小孢子菌属真菌,其ITS区序列与Gen Bank中的犬小孢子菌(ATCC 36299)的ITS序列(FJ 385030.1)相似性为99%,且在系统发育树上属同一分支。结果表明,引起该犬皮肤癣菌病的病原菌为犬小孢子菌。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。