Expression of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin by recombinant fowlpox virus

A vaccine strain of fowlpox virus (FPV) was genetically engineered to produce avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). This was accomplished by inserting a cDNA copy of the avian influenza virus HA gene, which was regulated by a vaccinia virus promoter, into the FPV thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Two types of recombinant viruses, differing only in the orientation of the HA gene relative to an adjacent foreign gene (lacZ), were created. Following preliminary identification of FPV recombinants based on the generation of beta-galactosidase (lacZ gene product), correct insertion of the HA gene into the genomes of these viruses was verified by hybridization studies. Susceptible chickens vaccinated with these FPV recombinants produced specific hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against the HA antigen. In view of this immune response, these viruses may serve as vaccines against avian influenza virus. In this regard, they appeared to be less virulent than the parental virus.     

Poxviruses as vaccine vectors

The discovery of Jenner in 1798 founded the science of immunology and eventually led to smallpox eradication from the earth in 1980 after a world-wide vaccination campaign with vaccinia virus (another poxvirus) and paradoxically, despite the eradication of smallpox, there has been an explosion of interest in vaccinia virus in the eighties. This interest has stemmed in part from the application of molecular genetics to clone and express foreign genes from recombinant vaccinia viruses. Vaccinia is also gaining renewed interest due to bioterrorism.

These recombinant viruses have multiple applications in research and vaccinology and led to the development of vectored vaccines, such as the recombinant vaccinia rabies vaccine used to eliminate rabies in Western Europe and, more recently, in the United States. Secondly, alternative poxvirus vectors, such as avipox viruses, were proved to be even safer and efficacious non-replicating vectors (suiciole vectors) when used in non-avian species.     

Recombinant virus vaccines--present status and future prospects

Several DNA viruses have recently emerged as useful eucaryotic vectors. The ability to incorporate large amounts of foreign DNA in the vaccinia virus genome without loss of infectivity, evidence to correct glycosylation and processing of expressed proteins and the wide host range of vaccinia virus all contribute to the versatility of this system as a research tool. The development of recombinant DNA technology and its use in genetic engineering has provided opportunities to construct DNA-recombinant viruses that can provide protection against a spectrum of diseases. A brief account is given of current developments and future prospects of DNA recombinant viruses, with particular reference to vaccinia virus.     

重组辛德毕斯病毒E基因痘苗病毒的构建

为了构建表达辛德毕斯病毒E基因的重组痘苗病毒,本研究通过基因重组的方法将辛德毕斯病毒E基因及绿色荧光蛋白（enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP）基因分别连接至痘苗病毒转移载体pSTK,酶切鉴定得到阳性重组质粒pSTK-SINE-EGFP。采用脂质体转染的方法,将该重组质粒与痘苗病毒天坛株共转染BHK-21细胞,通过同源重组获得重组痘苗病毒。利用EGFP筛选阳性重组痘苗病毒vTTVV-SINE-EGFP,收集感染重组痘苗病毒的BHK-21细胞,SDS-PAGE电泳检测辛德毕斯病毒E基因在细胞中的表达情况,Western blot分析表达产物的免疫原性。结果证明辛德毕斯病毒E基因能在重组痘苗病毒vTTVV-SINE-EGFP中获得表达,且表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。表达辛德毕斯病毒E基因的重组痘苗病毒的成功构建,为研制辛德毕斯病毒活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

Immunisation of cattle with a recombinant togavirus-vaccinia virus strain

Genetic engineering techniques have been used to construct a vaccinia virus recombinant which contains and expresses togavirus (Sindbis) genetic information. Intradermal inoculation of this recombinant strain into calves caused a transient pock-type lesion at the site of inoculation and elicited the production of substantial levels of anti-Sindbis virus neutralising antibodies. These results suggest that recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines may have potential for use in veterinary medicine.     

表达H5亚型AIV HA和NA基因重组鸡痘病毒的构建及在高母源抗体商品鸡的免疫效力试验

母源抗体的干扰是重组鸡痘病毒(FPV)活载体基因工程疫苗至今未能得到推广应用的主要原因,本试验使用FPV新的复制非必需区构建的载体pP12-18构建在高母源抗体商品鸡具有较高免疫力的基因工程疫苗.将H5亚型禽流感病毒分离株的血凝素(HA)基因和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因定向插入鸡痘病毒转移载体pP12-18中,H5A和NA基因的启动子分别为PS和PE/L,获得用不同的启动子启动不同的外源基因且两基因盒方向为背向串联的重组转移载体p12LSH5HANA.将p12LSH5HANA转染至已感染鸡痘病毒282E4疫苗株(wt-FPV)的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中.p12LSH5HANA与wt-FPV基因组DNA之间的同源重组产生了重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-12LSH5HANA.通过在含X-Gal的营养琼脂上连续挑选蓝色病毒蚀斑,获得纯化的重组病毒.经传代证实该重组病毒具有良好的遗传稳定性.用105PFU的rFPV-12LSH5HANA免疫无特定病原体(SPF)鸡,能激发机体产生有效的血凝抑制(HI)抗体.初步的动物试验表明,该重组病毒能使经滴鼻点眼攻毒的SPF鸡抵抗H5亚型AIV的致死性攻击,保护率为100%.在高母源抗体的商品鸡上,rFPV-12LSH5HANA与原有载体构建的重组疫苗rF-PV-11SH5HANA的免疫效力有显著差异,保护率分别为81.4%和45.4%.结果表明,选择FPV合适的复制非必需区构建载体是提高重组FPV在高母源抗体商品鸡免疫效力的有效策略之一.     

表达绿色荧光蛋白的MVA重组毒株的构建及筛选

为了构建及筛选表达绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的改良型痘苗病毒安卡拉（MVA）重组毒株,并对其进行鉴定,本研究基于同源重组原理设计引物,通过PCR扩增获取含有MVA两侧同源臂的外源基因GFP片段,将GFP基因片段转染到感染了MVA的CEF细胞中使之同源重组到MVA ORF086-087位点（基因组中70303-70304 bp之间）,利用倒置荧光显微镜观察并标记表达GFP的单个噬斑,筛选获取重组毒株,应用倒置荧光技术、PCR及Western blotting对该重组毒株进行鉴定。结果显示,经过3轮噬斑筛选,在倒置荧光显微镜下可观察到大量表达GFP的单个噬斑,PCR扩增检测结果表明目的基因已成功整合到重组毒株MVA-GFP中。Western blotting结果表明,GFP在感染的细胞内成功表达。本研究利用基因工程技术成功获得表达GFP的重组毒株MVA-GFP,可为进一步将其他抗原基因插入GFP位点中筛选无标记的重组毒株及疫苗研究提供材料。     

重组痘苗病毒载体研究进展

通过同源重组将外源基因插入到痘苗病毒基因组内,以痘苗病毒为载体使外源基因在动物细胞内表达以获得目的蛋白,从而达到免疫接种的目的.痘苗病毒有宿主范围广、允许插入外源基因片段长、可通过多种途径进行接种、能诱导体液和细胞免疫反应及易于增殖生产等优点,在疫苗研制中得到了广泛的应用.以痘苗病毒作为载体表达狂犬病病毒糖蛋白研制成的狂犬病疫苗已经在野生动物狂犬病控制中发挥了巨大的作用,用痘苗病毒研制的艾滋病病毒疫苗也已经进入了临床试验.     

应用禽痘病毒表达载体研制重组疫苗的研究进展

禽痘病毒是继痘苗病毒之后又一种重要的动物病毒表达载体，它具有严格的宿主特异性和生物安全性，从而使它成为禽类病原基因工程活载体疫苗研制过程中的一种应用极为广泛的工具；同时它在其它哺乳动物乃至人类病原基因的表达方面也显示了独特的优越性及广阔的开发和应用前景，本文对禽痘病毒作为表达载体的研究进展，应用前景及目前存在的问题作了综述。     

新城疫病毒分子生物学及其疫苗的研究进展

新城疫是当今全球范围内最严重的家禽传染病之一,特别是对养鸡业造成重大经济损失。利用分子生物技术已研究出了很多基因工程疫苗用于预防鸡新城疫,比如基因工程活载体疫苗、亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗等。近年来随着反向遗传操作技术的发展,新城疫病毒已经被开发成病毒载体,可以携带外源基因研制新城疫病毒活载体疫苗,表达IBDV和IBV的新城疫活载体疫苗已经成功研制。本文将从新城疫病毒的分子生物学及疫苗方面进行综述。     

伪狂犬病病毒糖蛋白gp50基因的克隆和表达

从包含伪狂犬病病毒（ＰＲＶ）闽Ａ株ＢａｍＨＩ－７片段的重组质粒ｐＰＲ１２８中分离出含有完整糖蛋白ｇｐ５０基因的２．１ｋｂＤＮＡ片段，用ＫｐｎＩ和ＳｔｕＩ酶切后，将其酶切片段分别克隆到ｐＵＣ１９载体中，构建了２．１ｋｂ片段完整测序用质粒。对其序列进行分析，发现与文献报道结果一致，证明分离的ｇｐ５０基因是正确的。将包含ｇｐ５０基因的２．１ｋｂ和１．６ｋｂＤＮＡ片段分别插入带有痘苗病毒天坛株ＴＫ基因区段的ｐＧＪＰ－５质粒Ｐ７．５启动子的下游，构建了ｐＧＢＴ５０－３６和ｐＧＢＴ５０－Ｓ２２个嵌合载体。将嵌合载体通过磷酸钙共沉淀法转染预先感染ＴＫ＋痘苗病毒天坛株的人ＴＫ－１４３细胞或ＣＶ－１细胞，进行体内同源重组。经蚀斑纯化，在ＢｄＵＲ选择压力下，通过光敏生物素标记的探针杂交，获得带有ＰＲＶｇｐ５０基因的重组痘苗病毒。用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，重组痘苗病毒有特异性ＰＲＶｇｐ５０抗原存在。     

Bluetongue vaccines in Europe

The article reviews the history, present status and the future of BT vaccines in Europe. So far, an attenuated (modified live viruses, MLV) and inactivated virus vaccines against BT were developed and used in the field. Moreover, the virus-like particles (VLPs) produced from recombinant baculovirus, and live recombinant vaccinia or canarypox virus-vectored vaccines were tested in the laboratory. The main aims of BT vaccination strategy are: to prevent clinical disease, to reduce the spread of the BTV in the environment and to protect movement of susceptible animals between affected and free zones. Actually, all of the most recent European BT vaccination campaigns have used exclusively inactivated vaccines. The use of inactivated vaccines avoid risk associated with the use of live-attenuated vaccines, such as reversion to virulence, reassortment of genes with field strain, teratogenicity and insufficient attenuation leading to clinical disease. The mass vaccinations of all susceptible animals are the most efficient veterinary method to fight against BT and successful control of disease. The vaccination of livestock has had a major role in reducing BTV circulation and even in eradicating the virus from most areas of Europe.     

A virus vector based on Canine Herpesvirus for vaccine applications in canids

Canine Herpesvirus (CHV) is being developed as a virus vector for the vaccination of European red foxes. However, initial studies using recombinant CHV vaccines in foxes revealed viral attenuation and lack of antibody response to inserted foreign antigens. These findings were attributed both to inactivation of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and excess foreign genetic material in the recombinant viral genome. In this study, we report an improved CHV-bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector system designed to overcome attenuation in foxes. A non-essential region was identified in the CHV genome as an alternative insertion site for foreign genes. Replacement of a guanine/cytosine (GC)-rich intergenic region between UL21 and UL22 of CHV with a marker gene did not change growth behaviour in vitro, showing that this region is not essential for virus growth in cell culture. We subsequently produced a CHV-BAC vector with an intact TK gene in which the bacterial genes and the antigen expression cassette were inserted into this GC-rich locus. Unlike earlier constructs, the new CHV-BAC allowed self-excision of the bacterial genes via homologous recombination after transfection of BACs into cell culture. The BAC-CHV system was used to produce a recombinant virus that constitutively expressed porcine zona pellucida subunit C protein between the UL21 and UL22 genes of CHV. Complete self-excision of the bacterial genes from CHV was achieved within one round of replication whilst retaining antigen gene expression.     

重组动物疱疹病毒活载体疫苗的构建与应用研究进展

重组病毒活载体疫苗是通过基因工程方法构建的活载体疫苗，规避了传统疫苗的一些缺点，具有极大的优势和应用前景。目前被广泛用作重组病毒载体的动物疱疹病毒有火鸡疱疹病毒（Herpesvirus of turkey，HVT）、伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus，PRV）、鸭瘟病毒（Duck enteritis virus，DEV）、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（Infectious laryngotracheitis virus，ILTV）等。对疱疹病毒基因组序列进行分析显示，其基因组大，复制非必需区域多，容纳外源基因的能力强。同时疱疹病毒具有宿主范围广泛、免疫持续期长、安全性较好及相关基因操作技术成熟等优点。笔者总结了当前构建重组动物疱疹病毒的主要方法，包括传统同源重组技术、细菌人工染色体（BAC）技术、Fosmid文库及CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术，简述了各个方法的基本原理及技术特点，比较了各个方法的优缺点，并分析了各个方法的最适运用条件，从而更准确地为研究工作提供理论及技术参考；对外源基因的表达方式进行分析，论证了不同启动子对外源基因表达的调控作用不同，同时对不同疱疹病毒的常用插入位点进行了研究成果的列举总结，并对当前重组病毒HVT、PRV、DEV及ILTV活载体疫苗的研究进展进行总结，对相关生物制品的注册应用信息进行了归纳，介绍了高选择率外源基因及高成功率插入位点，从而为相关生物制品的研制提供理论参考。     

不分节段负股RNA病毒作为活疫苗载体研究进展

不分节段负股RNA病毒（nonsegmented negative—strand RNA viruses,NNSV）属于单负股病毒目,具有许多优良的特性,可以作为活病毒疫苗的候选载体,利用反向遗传学系统,表达外源基因,研发新型疫苗。NNSV载体疫苗的免疫原性,载体的容量,外源糖蛋白对载体病毒生物学的影响,以及插入基因的遗传稳定性等已成为当前活病毒疫苗载体研发的重要课题。     

病毒载体研究进展

外源基因进入细胞通常需要“运载工具”。在漫长的自然进化过程中,病毒是以寄生形式存活下来的最小、最简单的生命体,病毒分子生物学的发展为生物工程领域研究拓展了思路,提供了有效的方法和工具。重组病毒栽体又是当今病毒基因工程研究的热点之一,目前以动物病毒为基础设计的基因克隆及表达栽体主要有取代型的重组病毒栽体和重组的病毒一质粒栽体。文章对应用较广泛的病毒栽体做一综述。     

Immunogenicity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of a recombinant vaccinia virus in calves

Experiments concerned with the immunogenicity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of a recombinant vaccinia:Sindbis virus were conducted. The WR strain of the recombinant vaccinia:Sindis virus was found to be infective for calves and mildly pathogenic, resulting in local tissue reaction. It was not transmissible to other calves. Also, it was found to be immunogenic when inoculated intradermally into calves, and antibody was produced against the parent vector virus (vaccinia) and the Sindbis antigen. Recombinant virus given IV to calves induced no detectable clinical signs, nor did the calves develop neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, second-passage lesion material containing up to 10(7) tissue culture infective doses of the recombinant virus failed to induce development of lesions or illness in intradermally inoculated calves, and virus could not be recovered from the inoculation sites. In this series of experiments, this vaccinia recombinant given intradermally was immunogenic, mildly pathogenic at the local injection site only, and was not transmissible to contact animals, thus demonstrating the potential efficacy and safety of the WR strain of vaccinia virus when used as a live vector system in cattle.     

四联重组痘苗病毒的构建及筛选

构建含黄热病毒E基因、汉坦病毒S基因、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒M基因及炭疽杆菌POAX2基因的重组天坛株痘苗病毒。设计合成含外源筛选标记EGFP基因和4种拟插入外源基因的重组质粒,利用同源重组和荧光标记筛选技术并结合Cre/Loxp敲除系统,最终构建四联重组痘苗病毒。应用PCR对获得的重组痘苗病毒进行鉴定和遗传稳定性的检测,并在电子显微镜下观察其形态特征。构建含4种外源基因的重组痘苗病毒rVTT-C-4＋,该重组痘苗病毒在转录水平上具有良好的遗传稳定性,且于电镜下观察具备完整形态。成功构建四联重组天坛株痘苗病毒,为后续疫苗研究奠定了基础。     

新城疫病毒的分子生物学及应用研究进展

新城疫是当今全球范围内最严重的家禽传染病,特别是对养鸡业可造成重大经济损失。新城疫病毒是一种负链RNA病毒,含有六个主要蛋白,按顺序3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′排列,其中最主要的糖蛋白是F和HN蛋白,这两个蛋白不仅与病毒的毒力和致病性有关,也是诱导产生保护性抗体的蛋白。许多分子生物学技术已经应用于新城疫的诊断。利用分子生物技术也研究出了很多基因工程疫苗比如基因工程活载体疫苗、亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗等。近年来反向遗传操作技术的发展,新城疫病毒已经被开发成病毒载体,可以携带外源基因研制新城疫病毒活载体疫苗,表达IBDV和IBV的新城疫活载体疫苗已经研制。