猪β-干扰素在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及其活性

为了高效表达分泌型的猪β-干扰素,将去除信号肽的编码梅山猪β-干扰素成熟多肽基因(mPoIFNβ)插入酵母-大肠杆菌穿梭载体pPIC9K,构建成分泌型重组表达载体pPIC9K-mPoIFNβ。将以SalⅠ线性化的pPIC9K-mPoIFNβ用化学方法(LiCl),与鲑鱼精DNA(ssDNA)共转化入毕赤酵母菌株GS115,转化子经MD平板筛选和PCR鉴定后获得阳性菌株,再经高浓度G418筛选到多拷贝菌株。以1%甲醇连续诱导4 d,SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明:表达产物为22 ku和26 ku的混合物,在GS115中的表达量约为80 mg/L,占分泌型总蛋白的29.4%~30.8%,表明猪β-干扰素基因在毕赤酵母中获得了高效分泌表达。对表达产物进行理化分析发现,重组酵母菌表达的蛋白耐酸(pH2),对热(56℃)部分敏感,并能被特异性的抗猪β-干扰素抗体中和而不与抗猪γ-干扰素抗体反应。以细胞病变抑制法(CPE50)测定干扰素抗病毒活性,在MDBK(牛肾细胞系)中表达的猪β-干扰素的抗VSV比活性达到2.0×106U/mg;对口蹄疫病毒在IBRS-2细胞中的增殖也有明显的抑制作用。     

猪γ-干扰素在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及其抗病毒作用

为了获得高效分泌表达重组猪γ-干扰素(rPoIFNγ),将去除信号肽的编码梅山猪γ-干扰素成熟蛋白基因(mPoIFNγ)插入酵母-大肠杆菌穿梭载体pPIC 9K中,构建成分泌型重组表达载体pPIC 9K-mPoIFNγ.将线性化的pPIC 9K-mPoIFNγ以化学方法(LiCl)转化入毕赤酵母菌株GS115(组氨酸缺陷型),转化子经MD平板筛选和PCR分析鉴定后,以G418(4 g/L)筛选到多拷贝菌株.SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测结果表明,所获得的重组子能够分泌表达出17 000和23 000左右的mPoIFNγ特异蛋白,其表达量约为120 mg/L,占分泌型总蛋白的65%;细胞病变抑制法(CPE50)测定干扰素生物活性,结果表明rPolIFNγ具有较高的抗病毒生物活性,在MDBK中的抗VSV比活性为1.67×106 U/mg.     

鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因在毕赤酵母GS115中的表达

为了利用酵母表达技术制备鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白,试验采用基因工程技术,将编码鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因亚克隆至含有分泌信号肽序列的毕赤酵母表达载体中,构建成分泌型重组表达载体pPIC9K-Mx;用电转化法将线性化的pPIC9K-Mx转化至毕赤酵母菌株GS115中,G418梯度筛选转化菌;再经MM与MD平板对比生长试验筛选,PCR鉴定目的片段,筛选出高拷贝重组子,该高拷贝菌株分别经0.5%、1%甲醇诱导,表达产物再经SDS-PAGE检测。结果表明:成功构建了鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因的毕赤酵母表达载体,经G418抗性筛选得到高拷贝菌株;在甲醇含量维持在1%时,鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白在毕赤酵母GS115中获得良好表达,表达产物大小约为75ku;表达蛋白约占表达上清液的39.2%。     

H1N1猪流感病毒HA基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

利用RT-PCR扩增H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA基因,亚克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,构建分泌型重组表达载体pPIC9K-HA。将线性化的pPIC9K-HA电转化毕赤酵母菌GS115。将经MD平板筛选和PCR鉴定的阳性菌株用G418筛选多拷贝重组子。最后用1%甲醇诱导表达重组子,经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测,H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA基因在毕赤酵母中成功得到了表达,产物约60.4KD,并具有免疫活性。本研究为进一步研究猪H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA基因的功能及检测方法奠定了基础。     

禽传染性支气管炎病毒M基因在毕赤酵母中表达与蛋白反应活性检测

将禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)M基因克隆到毕赤巴斯德表达载体pPIC9K中,构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-M,电击转化毕赤巴斯德酵母GS115,经MD和MM平板筛选和PCR鉴定后,采用G418抗性梯度筛选得到高拷贝重组菌株GS115/pPIC9K-M His~+Mut~+,重组菌株用1%的甲醇诱导分泌表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE、Western-blot分析.结果表明,IBV M基因在毕赤酵母中成功获得了表达,表达蛋白的相对分子质量约为33 000,能与IBV阳性血清特异性结合.将表达蛋白初步纯化后作为包被抗原,ELISA检测结果显示表达蛋白与特异性抗体反应良好,表明表达的M蛋白生物学活性良好.本研究表达的IBV M蛋白可作为制备IB诊断抗原的基础材料,对IB的防治有重要理论和实用价值.     

J亚群禽白血病病毒gp85基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

为获得J亚群禽白血病病毒gp85蛋白,将gp85基因克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K,构建了pPIC9K-gp85表达载体。将鉴定正确的表达载体经Sal Ⅰ酶切线性化后电转化毕赤酵母宿主菌GS115,经MD及G418抗性平板筛选后挑取阳性克隆进行PCR鉴定,获得重组酵母菌株GS115/pPIC9K-gp85。对阳性重组菌进行诱导表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE、Western blotting和Dot-ELISA分析,结果表明,gp85基因在毕赤酵母中获得分泌表达,表达产物与J亚群禽白血病病毒多克隆抗体有良好的反应活性,分泌表达量达40 mg/L。本研究为J亚群禽白血病病毒诊断方法的建立及gp85蛋白的深入研究奠定了基础。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒纳米抗体融合蛋白真核表达及鉴定

为防控猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)病的流行,构建了靶向PEDV NB3-NB6-Fc纳米抗体融合蛋白的真核表达载体,并探究能否在毕赤酵母中分泌表达。通过实验室保存的pUC57-NB3-NB6-Fc质粒,成功构建分泌表达载体pPIC9K-NB3-NB6-Fc,经SacⅠ酶将其线性化并电转化入毕赤酵母GS115菌株。经过MD、梯度G418-YPD平板和PCR方法筛选多拷贝阳性重组转化子。经鉴定为阳性重组菌株用8 mL/L甲醇在29℃条件下诱导72 h,用SDS-PAGE和Western blot方法检测上清液中重组蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,成功诱导出大小为53.2 ku的分泌型重组蛋白,经Swiss-model在线预测该蛋白具有相对紧密的空间结构。成功获得pPIC9K-NB3-NB6-Fc-GS115分泌表达菌株,可为PED的预防和治疗提供材料。     

猪IL-2基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及生物活性分析

本研究根据密码子偏爱原则设计猪IL-2引物,克隆其基因后构建pPIC9k-IL-2重组表达载体,线性化后电转化毕赤酵母GS115,获得优化密码子的重组酵母转化子;再用G418抗性梯度法筛选得到多拷贝重组菌株,不同条件下进行甲醇诱导表达。结果表明:经PCR鉴定IL-2基因已整合到酵母基因组中。表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳分析发现相对分子质量为16、20ku两条目的蛋白表达带,脱糖基化分析表明目的蛋白得到了适度的糖基化修饰,Western blotting分析显示表达的蛋白具有良好的免疫反应性,分子筛纯化可以获得纯度为95%的蛋白质,淋巴细胞增殖活性分析表明所得的蛋白质具有促淋巴细胞增殖的活性。毕赤酵母表达系统可以高效地表达具有生物活性的重组猪IL-2蛋白分子。     

猪肠激酶催化亚基基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

依据GenBank猪肠激酶催化亚基(EKL)基因的编码序列设计引物,通过RT-PCR方法从猪小肠黏膜组织中扩增EKL cDNA基因,利用SnaBⅠ和Not Ⅰ酶切位点,将该EKL片段插入到酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K质粒中,并与载体中的α因子信号肽序列融合,构建EKL基因分泌型酵母重组质粒载体pPIC9K/EKL.重组质粒载体经Sal Ⅰ线性化后,以电转化的方法将其转移到组氨酸缺陷型的酵母宿主菌GS115中.然后利用以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基(MD)和以甲醇为碳源的培养基(MM)筛选出组氨酸His+型和甲醇利用正型(Mut+)酵母重组体,再经G418加压筛选获得高拷贝猪EKL基因的重组酵母.经PCR检测证明EKL基因已整合到毕赤酵母的染色体中.重组酵母经摇瓶发酵培养和甲醇诱导,表达产物经SDS-PAGE及酶促活性检测,结果显示在酵母菌培养基中检测到相对分子质量为35 000的重组蛋白.经过对制备的胰蛋白酶原进行酶促水解检测,证明该重组蛋白具有激活胰蛋白酶原的活性,表明制备的重组猪EKL具有生物活性.     

猪α干扰素基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

将猪α干扰素(PoIFN-α)基因克隆入毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPICZαA中,电转化毕赤酵母KM71H菌株,抗生素ZeocinTM浓度梯度筛选高抗性转化子,以PCR鉴定阳性重组菌株。筛选出的高拷贝重组菌株分别通过BMGY/BMMY培养基和YPG培养基,用甲醇诱导表达。SDS-PAGE和Westernblot印迹杂交结果证实,表达产物为重组PoIFN-α融合蛋白,经细胞毒性试验检测(WISH/VSV系统),表达产物的抗病毒活性为4.1×104IU/mL。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.