奶牛乳房炎的病因与诊治

1发病原因 乳房炎主要是病原微生物侵入乳腺内感染引起及化学、物理因素刺激而引发的炎性变化。奶牛乳房炎的病原体有80～130多种，其中主要为无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、霉形体、乳房链球菌、大肠杆菌、化脓杆菌等。据调查，     

中草药防治奶牛乳房炎研究进展

乳房炎是奶牛常见病和多发病之一,潘虎等（1996）调查表明,临床型乳房炎发病率为33．41％,隐性乳房炎发病率为73．91％,乳区阳性检出率为44．74％。目前全世界约有2．2亿头奶牛,其中约有1／3奶牛患有乳房炎,每年造成的损失高达350亿美元,仅美国损失就达20亿美元（Chaffs,1997;Jose等,1997）。使用抗生素治疗,虽可达到杀菌消炎的目的,提高奶牛产奶量,但却不能彻底根治乳房炎。由于耐药菌株产生和乳中抗生素残留,影响人体健康。日益引起国内外学者的重视。中草药含有多种生物有效成分,对奶牛效果良好,毒副作用甚微,几乎无残留、无抗药性、对乳制品无副作用．     

牛羊乳房炎的防治方法

乳房炎是指乳腺、乳池和乳头的局部炎症,是由多种微生物感染或理化因素引起的乳腺组织病变,包括乳腺感染、乳腺炎症、微循环受阻和免疫障碍等一系列综合症。该病多发生于泌乳期的山羊、绵羊和奶牛,表现为乳房红、肿、热、痛及机能障碍的炎性特征,影响泌乳机能和产乳量。目前对乳房炎的治疗主要是应用抗生素类药物,但是抗生素会造成药物残留,还要废弃掉停药后半个月的奶,奶农的损失较大。因此,对牛羊乳房炎应当以预防为主,防重于治。     

奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌的血清型及耐药性调查研究

奶牛乳房炎是微生物感染或理化刺激引起的一种奶牛乳腺炎症，是造成奶牛业损失最严重的疾病之一。全世界约有2．2亿头奶牛，其中约有1／3的奶牛患有各种类型的乳房炎 。引起奶牛乳房炎的主要原因是感染病原微生物，可由多种病原菌共同或单独引起。迄今为止，人们已从奶牛乳房中分离到了130多种微生物，其中以金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌为主，这3种细菌引起的乳房炎占发病率的90％以上 。但各地奶牛乳房炎的病原感染情况不尽相同，因地理环境、卫生条件、饲养方式不同而有差异。现阶段国内外仍主要采用抗生素治疗乳房炎，但由于抗生素的大量使用及滥用，导致细菌耐药性而降低了疗效，而且使奶中抗生素的残留增加。为此，我们对内蒙古呼和浩特地区奶牛乳房炎进行了大肠杆菌的分离、鉴定和药物敏感性试验，并测定了血清型，这对于研制有效的疫苗、筛选敏感药物预防和治疗乳房炎具有重要意义。     

中兽药在治疗奶牛几种常见病的应用

一、奶牛乳房炎 奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖业最常见的疾病之一.全世界约有2.2亿头奶牛,其中约1/3奶牛患各种类型的乳房炎.据报道,美国每年因奶牛乳房炎造成的损失达20亿美元,而我国奶牛乳房炎的发病率则高于世界平均水平.有资料报道:某牛场临床型乳房炎及阳性乳区分别为8.47％和3.32％;隐性乳房炎及阳性乳区分别为78.94％和50.34％;临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎的阳性乳区奶样和健康奶牛的奶样细菌检出率分别为86.67％、87.83％和73.00％;检出的细菌主要是葡萄球菌和链球菌.奶牛乳房炎造成的损失约70％是由隐性乳房炎引起的产奶量下降,我国每年因隐性乳房炎造成的损失约达1.35亿元人民币.     

上海某奶牛场乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定和药敏试验

乳房炎大多是由细菌侵入乳腺而引起的一种炎症反应,在奶牛的疾病中位居首位,造成较大的经济损失。乳房炎根据有无临床症状可以分为临床性乳房炎和隐性乳房炎。临床性乳房炎又可以分为急性型乳房炎和慢性型乳房炎两种。乳房炎的病原体有130多种,其中主要的病原为金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、乳房链球菌、大肠杆菌等。     

奶牛乳房炎的病因分析

乳房炎是成年奶牛最普遍的感染性疾病.依其表现形式可分为临床型乳房炎和亚临床型乳房炎.临床型乳房炎主要表现为乳腺肿胀、坚硬,乳汁出现凝块、变色等;而亚临床感染则引起乳产量下降、乳成分发生变化并排泄病原体.亚临床阶段可持续存在或快速发展为临床型乳房炎.目前,乳房炎已成为制约奶牛生产的一个重要原因.本文综合有关文献对乳房炎的病因作一综述.     

奶牛乳房炎防治及控制

乳房炎是造成奶牛养殖业经济损失最大的疾病。众所周知．乳房炎是一种关于乳腺感染的疾病。其实当人们开始饲养第一批奶牛的时候,乳房炎就已经存在了。目前因乳房炎平均每年每头奶牛损失超过1500元人民币,乳房炎引起的损失占牛奶生产过程中损失的70％,这还不包含治疗乳房炎的费用、丢弃的抗生素奶、治疗和护理的劳动成本等。当奶牛患乳房炎后,牛奶中的体细胞上升,味道也会变差。     

绵羊乳房炎的危害与防治

绵羊乳房炎是由病原微生物感染而引起的羊的乳头、乳腺、乳池的局部炎症,病原菌微生物引起绵羊乳房炎与奶牛乳房炎不同的是种类相对较少,主要有葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌。乳房炎的危害不仅给养殖业造成巨大的经济损失,使绵羊产奶量下降,甚至还会影响泌乳功能,最终使母畜被迫淘汰。目前对绵羊乳房炎的控制主要采取改善环境和药物治疗等措施,抗生素治疗是首选。     

消炎醌治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎疗效观察

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺受到物理、化学、微生物学刺激所发生的一种炎性变化，它是世界乳牛业的主要危害因素之一。它不仅影响产奶量，造成巨大经济损失，而且影响乳的品质，危及人的健康。据临床症状的有无可分为临床型和隐性乳房炎。奶牛患临床型乳房炎时，乳房和乳汁均有肉眼可见的异常，其乳房主要症侯为红、肿、热、痛，乳汁异常、清稀、有絮片、凝块，分泌减少等。据国际奶牛联合会资料，临床型乳房炎的患病率仍占成年乳牛的２０％；在我国有的奶牛场高达５５％，给乳牛业带来了巨大的损失。消炎醌是从甘西鼠尾草（Ｓ．Ｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓ…     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.