日粮纤维的营养价值及在母猪日粮中的应用效果

在现代饲料配制中,纤维饲料在母猪日粮中的应用越来越普遍,并且越来越重要.日粮中适量添加纤维可以改善母猪的繁殖性能,防止便秘,降低无乳症的发病率,在母猪生产中具有重要的意义.本文主要介绍了日粮纤维的定义、理化特性及在母猪日粮上应用情况,为养殖者提供参考.     

饲粮纤维改善母猪饱感、便秘及繁殖性能的研究进展

饲粮纤维是一类不能被动物小肠内消化酶消化,但能被后肠道微生物分解的碳水化合物。近年来,饲粮纤维在母猪上的应用进行了越来越深入的研究,研究表明它不仅能增加母猪饱感、减少刻板行为、缓解便秘,还能改善母猪繁殖性能。本文主要综述了饲粮纤维的定义、理化特性及其对母猪繁殖性能的影响及作用机理,为其在母猪生产上的应用提供一定的参考和思路。     

日粮纤维营养及其在母猪日粮中的应用研究

随着＂人畜争粮＂矛盾的突出及人们对日粮纤维认识的不断深入,近年来有关日粮纤维对猪的影响研究已引起人们的普遍关注。日粮纤维可提高母猪繁殖性能、改善母猪肠道健康、改善母猪福利等。本文主要介绍了日粮纤维的理化特性、营养特性及其在母猪日粮中的应用研究进展,以期为广大养猪业者提供参考。     

日粮纤维提高母猪繁殖性能机理的研究进展

适当提高日粮纤维含量可以提高母猪繁殖性能,是母猪生产中经常采用的技术措施。文章从日粮纤维对妊娠期相关激素、营养代谢、肠道结构、肠道微生物等作用机理来阐述日粮纤维对母猪繁殖性能的影响。     

膳食纤维在母猪生产中的应用研究进展

膳食纤维在动物营养和肠道健康等方面具有重要的生理功能,特别是对妊娠母猪具有重要的生理学意义。日粮中添加适宜比例的膳食纤维可改善母猪肠道菌群结构,维持机体血糖稳态,提高泌乳力和繁殖性能等。本文主要阐述膳食纤维的涵义、理化特性及生理功能,并重点强调其在母猪生产中的合理应用。     

膳食纤维在繁殖母猪生产中的应用

膳食纤维在动物营养和肠道健康等方面具有重要的生理功能,特别是对妊娠母猪具有重要的生理学意义。日粮中添加适宜比例的膳食纤维可改善母猪肠道菌群结构,维持机体血糖稳态,提高泌乳力和繁殖性能等。文章主要阐述膳食纤维的涵义、理化特性及生理功能,并重点强调其在母猪生产中的合理应用,以期为膳食纤维在实际生产中的应用提供参考。     

饲粮纤维对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响

本文从纤维的理化性质,母猪利用纤维的生理基础,高纤维饲粮对妊娠母猪繁殖性能和哺乳期的影响,高纤维饲粮评价指标及高纤维饲粮影响妊娠母猪繁殖性能可能的机理等方面进行了综述。     

猪的膳食纤维营养与应用概述

膳食纤维对不同生长阶段猪营养作用表现不同。日粮中添加膳食纤维有助于仔猪肠道发育并维持肠道健康和微生态平衡,减少仔猪断奶应激,缓解仔猪断奶腹泻。肥育猪日粮中添加膳食纤维,可增强后肠发酵,减少粪氮的排放量,降低环境污染,也可节约常规原料。妊娠母猪日粮中添加膳食纤维可减少限饲应激和便秘的发生,并且能改善母猪的繁殖性能,促进哺乳仔猪生长。本文主要综述了膳食纤维的定义、理化性质、分析体系及其在猪营养上的应用,以期为实际生产提供一定的指导意义。     

日粮纤维的营养学功能及对母猪产仔数的影响

母猪繁殖性状主要包括总产仔数、产活仔数、初生个体均重及初生窝重、泌乳力、断奶仔猪数、断奶个体均重及断奶窝重,其中,产仔数是最重要的繁殖力评定指标。日粮纤维对家畜的营养物质的消化率存在负面影响,但是近半个世纪以来由于日粮纤维独特的性质在母猪的营养研究中备受关注。文中将从日粮纤维的定义及分析方法、理化特性着手,阐述日粮纤维添加到母猪妊娠日粮中对产仔数的影响并分析其可能原因。     

日粮纤维在妊娠母猪饲粮上的应用

日粮纤维对猪肠道健康与营养利用等具有重要作用,对妊娠母猪尤为重要。在妊娠母猪日粮中添加适量的纤维,能够被妊娠母猪后肠部分或全部发酵降解产生一系列生理生化反应,进而改善妊娠母猪繁殖性能、维持肠道菌群稳态、调节内分泌、减少便秘等。文章就日粮纤维的定义及其在妊娠母猪养殖生产上的应用展开综述,以期为日粮纤维在妊娠母猪饲粮中的合理添加及利用提供理论依据。     

苜蓿草和酶制剂对母猪行为学和繁殖性能的影响研究

旨在研究饲喂苜蓿草和酶制剂对母猪行为学和繁殖性能的影响,探索减少母猪异常行为发生以及提高母猪繁殖性能的饲喂技术。选取配种时间、胎次、体况相近的经产二元母猪45头,随机分为试验Ⅰ组(n=15)、试验Ⅱ组(n=15)和对照组(n=15)。试验Ⅰ组母猪于投喂精饲料后立即饲喂苜蓿草浆,饲喂量为2 kg/(头·d);试验Ⅱ组母猪的基础日粮中添加0.5 kg/(头·d)的苜蓿草粉;2个试验组母猪的基础日粮中均添加1 kg/t的酶制剂(优利酶);对照组母猪饲喂基础日粮。正式试验周期为4个月。试验期间观察并记录各组母猪的刻板行为和便秘发生情况,并测定其繁殖性能指标。结果表明,在整个试验期内的各个观测月份,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组母猪的刻板行为和便秘发生次数均显著(P<0.05)低于对照组,并且试验Ⅰ组母猪的刻板行为和便秘发生次数均低于试验Ⅱ组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的窝均产活仔数、仔猪出生窝重均显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,发情间隔与对照组相比均显著(P<0.05)缩短;试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组母猪的各项繁殖性能指标组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上提示,母猪日粮中添加2 kg/(头·d)的苜蓿草浆或0.5 kg/(头·d)苜蓿草粉,同时添加1 kg/t的酶制剂,能够显著减低母猪刻板行为和便秘的发生次数,并显著提高母猪的繁殖性能。     

Research Advance in Effects of Starch and Fat on Glucolipid Metabolism and Reproductive Performance of Sows

With the fetal growth and mammary gland development during late gestation,the metabolic of sows is gradually increased.Owing to imbalance of glucose and lipid metabolism,the metabolic disorder appears.The physiological changes and environmental stress experienced by sows in the reproductive cycle are of great significance to glycolipid metabolism.Energy accounts for more than 70% of the dietary composition.It is direct and effective to develop appropriate dietary energy sources during gestation and lactation for improving the reproductive performance of sows by regulating the balance of glycolipid metabolism.Starch and fat are the main energy sources of sows’ dietary.Previous studies have shown that dietary energy sources have a significant effect on puberty initiation of gilts or improvement of reproductive performance of sows.However,it is rarely reported that summary on the effects of different sources and levels of starch and fat on the reproductive performance of sows based on the glycolipid metabolism characteristics of sows.This paper firstly reviewed the characteristics of glycolipid metabolism during pregnancy and the possible mechanism behind metabolic changes,summarized the adverse effects of metabolic disorders during pregnancy on reproductive performance of sows,and then introduced the absorption and metabolism characteristics of starch and fat in dam,compared and analyzed the effects of different levels and sources of starch and fat on the reproductive performance of sows.Finally,to maximize the economic benefits of the pig farm,the basis for selecting the appropriate energy source was summarized according to the actual production purpose.The purpose of this paper was to offer data and theoretical support for the selection of appropriate levels and sources of starch and fat to improve the reproductive efficiency of sows.     

淀粉与油脂对妊娠母猪糖脂代谢及其繁殖性能影响的研究进展

妊娠后期随着胎儿生长速度和乳腺发育加快，母猪机体代谢强度逐渐增加，机体糖脂代谢失衡，出现代谢紊乱。能量占整个日粮成分的70%以上，选择适当的日粮能量来源以调节糖脂代谢的平衡是提高母猪繁殖效率的有效方法。淀粉与油脂作为母猪日粮主要能量来源，均可显著影响后备母猪的初情期启动或经产母猪的繁殖性能，但以母猪本身的糖脂代谢特征为出发点，评述不同来源与水平的淀粉或油脂对母猪繁殖性能的影响鲜有总结报道。文章首先综述了母猪妊娠期糖脂代谢特点和代谢机制，简述了妊娠期代谢紊乱对母猪繁殖性能的不良影响，介绍了淀粉与油脂在母体的吸收及代谢特点，对比分析了不同水平与来源的淀粉和油脂对母猪产仔性能和泌乳性能的影响。最后，为最大化提高猪场经济效益，根据实际生产目的，总结了选择合适能量来源的依据。该综述旨在选择日粮适宜水平和来源的淀粉和油脂以期为提高母猪繁殖效率提供数据支持和理论指导。     

妊娠期饲粮纤维水平对深县母猪繁殖性能及血清生殖激素水平的影响

本试验旨在探讨妊娠期饲粮纤维水平对深县母猪繁殖性能和血清生殖激素水平的影响。选择头胎妊娠深县母猪30头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复2头猪。试验期从母猪妊娠开始到哺乳期结束。1组、2组、3组母猪在妊娠期分别饲喂粗纤维(中性洗涤纤维)水平分别为10%(31.58%)、12%(31.96%)和14%(32.65%)的饲粮,哺乳期各组母猪饲喂相同的饲粮。结果表明:1)2组和3组母猪的窝产仔数和窝产活仔数均极显著高于1组(P0.01)。2组母猪的死胎率显著低于1组(P0.05)。2组母猪的初生窝重、初生个体重、断奶窝重和断奶个体重均极显著高于1组和3组(P0.01)。3组母猪所产仔猪的断奶窝重极显著高于1组(P0.01),初生窝重和断奶个体重显著高于1组(P0.05)。2)饲粮纤维水平对母猪妊娠第85天时的血清雌二醇、孕酮和催乳素水平均无显著影响(P0.05),但2组和3组母猪妊娠第114天时的血清孕酮和催乳素水平均显著高于1组(P0.05),而血清雌二醇水平各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合各项指标得出,深县母猪妊娠期饲粮的粗纤维(中性洗涤纤维)水平为12%(31.96%)时其繁殖性能最佳。     

日粮纤维在猪日粮中的应用研究进展

日粮纤维，一方面会降低养殖成本及养分利用率和猪只生长性能；另一方面，可以通过肠道微生物发酵与抑制病原菌定植提高猪只肠道健康水平。高日粮纤维猪只日粮的负面影响受纤维来源、类型和添加水平影响，而合理使用日粮纤维能改善仔猪肠道健康并提高母猪繁殖性能；添加纤维降解酶可以缓解日粮纤维的抗营养作用，以保证其对仔猪肠道健康的改善作用。文章就日粮纤维类型、使用方法及对猪只营养、肠道健康的影响进行了综述，以期为日粮纤维的有效利用提高养殖生产效益提供参考和依据。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of dietary glucose inclusion on reproductive performance,milk compositions and blood profiles in lactating sows

Twenty‐four multiparous sows were used to investigate the effects of dietary glucose inclusion on reproductive performance, milk compositions, blood metabolites and hormones during lactation. The sows were randomly assigned to four treatments and each treatment had six replicates (sows). The diets were added with 0%, 1%, 3% or 5% glucose at the expense of corn and fed to sows for 24 days. The loss of backfat thickness during lactation was quadratically decreased (p = 0.008) and the wean‐to‐oestrus interval was shortened (linear, p = 0.013; quadratic, p = 0.009) with increasing levels of dietary glucose supplementation. The reproductive performance was not affected (p > 0.05) by different dietary glucose contents. Increased concentrations of total solid and fat in milk were noted (p < 0.05), whereas there was no difference on colostrum compositions. With increasing levels of dietary glucose inclusion, the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.004) and glucose (p = 0.029) were linearly increased at weaning. The concentrations of insulin were increased at post‐farrowing (linear, p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.013) and weaning (linear, p = 0.029; quadratic, p = 0.017), respectively. Furthermore, the pulses of insulin and FSH at weaning were linearly (p = 0.049) and quadratically (p = 0.015) increased with the increasing levels of dietary glucose inclusion. In conclusion, this study indicated that inclusion of 3% glucose in lactating diet could reduce backfat loss, increase milk fat and have no negative effect on reproductive performance in multiparous sows.     

不同粗纤维水平日粮对妊娠母猪生殖激素水平的影响

为研究不同粗纤维水平日粮对妊娠母猪生殖激素水平的影响,选用30头胎次、配种时间及体况均相近的经产PIC配套系父母代母猪,随机分成5组,妊娠期间分别饲喂含3%、5%、7%、9%和11%的苜蓿草粉粗纤维日粮,通过调节各组的饲喂量,使其所摄入的能量、蛋白、钙、磷等水平基本一致。3%为对照组,日粮中不另加粗纤维。研究结果显示:提高日粮中粗纤维水平会降低妊娠各阶段母猪雌二醇的浓度,但增加妊娠后期孕酮和催乳素的浓度,且当日粮中粗纤维含量达到9%时效果最佳。     

Effects of dietary soluble or insoluble fiber intake in late gestation on litter performance,milk composition,immune function,and redox status of sows around parturition

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary soluble fiber (SF) or insoluble fiber (ISF) intake in late gestation on litter performance, milk composition, immune function, and redox status of sows around parturition. A total of 60 Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments: normal level of dietary fiber (CON, 16.16% dietary fiber with 1.78% soluble fiber and 14.38% insoluble fiber), high insoluble fiber (ISF, 30.12% dietary fiber with 2.97% soluble fiber and 27.15% insoluble fiber), and high soluble fiber (SF, 30.15% dietary fiber with 4.57% soluble fiber and 25.58% insoluble fiber). Digestible energy and crude protein intake were comparable among treatments via adjusting feed intake from day 90 of gestation to parturition. After parturition, all sows were fed the same lactation diet. Results showed that litter performance of sows was not markedly affected by maternal fiber intake. However, sows fed ISF or SF diet had increased concentration of plasma mmunoglobulin G at day 107 (P < 0.05) and parturition (P < 0.01), and the SF diet had a tendency to increase fat content in both colostrum and milk relative to the CON diet. Furthermore, sows fed ISF diet had increased glutathione peroxidase activity (P < 0.05) at day 107, but decreased the plasma level of malondialdehyde at parturition (P < 0.05). High maternal SF intake tended to decrease the number of weaned piglets due to the increased preweaning mortality, as compared with sows fed the ISF diet. In conclusion, high fiber intake in late gestation may improve immune function and redox status, but differentially influenced the milk composition and preweaning mortality.     

玉米赤霉烯酮对母猪繁殖性能和胎盘免疫相关基因表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)对母猪繁殖性能和胎盘免疫相关基因表达量的影响。选择胎次相近、体重200 kg、妊娠第30天的长×大二元杂交母猪40头,随机分为2组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲粮在基础饲粮中添加1.5 mg/kg的ZEN。试验期74 d。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)饲粮中添加ZEN显著提高了妊娠期母猪死胎数和弱仔猪数(P0.05),显著降低了母猪总产仔数(P0.05);2)饲粮中添加ZEN显著提高了妊娠期母猪血清孕酮含量(P0.05);3)饲粮中添加ZEN显著提高了妊娠期母猪胎盘中Toll样受体-2(TLR-2)和孕酮受体(PGR)基因表达量(P0.05)。由此可见,母猪妊娠期饲粮中添加1.5 mg/kg ZEN可显著降低母猪总产仔数,并显著提高死胎数和弱仔猪数。饲粮中低水平的ZEN对母猪繁殖性能仍产生不利影响。