新疆褐牛公牛与阉牛产肉性能和肉品质比较研究

[目的]为新疆褐牛生产高档牛肉提供数据依据。[方法]选择同等营养条件下、体重相近、生长发育正常的10~12月龄新疆褐牛21头(公牛6头、阉牛15头)作为试验对象,进行新疆褐牛公牛与阉牛产肉性能和肉品质比较研究。[结果]表明:新疆褐牛公牛组与阉牛组增重效果显著差异(P0.05)、屠宰率差异不显著(P0.05);公牛组胴体后腿长、胴体后腿宽极显著高于阉牛组(P0.01),公牛组眼肌面积显著高于阉牛组(P0.05),其余指标差异不显著(P0.05);阉牛组的肉色比公牛组的肉色鲜亮,差异显著(P0.05),阉牛组牛肉脂肪颜色白色与公牛组脂肪颜色稍黄,差异不显著(P0.05),大理石花纹阉牛组显著优于公牛组(P0.05),阉牛组牛肉蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH值显著小于公牛组(P0.05),阉牛组牛肉的水分高于公牛组(P0.05)。[结论]新疆褐牛阉牛体脂肪沉积好,肉色泽鲜亮、蒸煮损失少、剪切力小、水分含量高且大理石花纹丰富,适合高档牛肉生产。     

阉割对延边黄牛肉质及胴体性状的影响

为了研究阉割对延边黄牛肉质及胴体性状的影响,试验选用6月龄左右的延边黄牛公牛20头,其中10头采用手术法阉割,所有试验牛在相同饲养条件下育肥至36月龄屠宰。结果表明:公牛肉的粗蛋白质含量显著高于阉牛(P0.05),公牛肉的剪切力值极显著高于阉牛(P0.01);阉牛肉的水分和粗脂肪含量显著高于公牛(P0.05),阉牛的大理石花纹等级显著高于公牛(P0.05),阉牛的背膘厚极显著高于公牛(P0.01)。公牛与阉牛肉的蒸煮损失、氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。说明阉割能够提高延边黄牛牛肉和胴体品质。     

去势对安草杂交公牛生长性能和肌肉营养成分的影响

为了探讨去势对安草杂交牛生产性能和肌肉营养成分的影响,试验选择健康状况良好、体重在435 kg左右的16月龄安草杂交牛公牛12头(去势6头,未去势6头),通过150 d的育肥试验后屠宰,测定增重和肌肉中营养成分的相关指标。结果表明:去势组的宰前活重、平均日增重较未去势组降低4.52%和14.91%,差异显著(P0.05);去势组胴体重极显著低于未去势组(P0.01),屠宰率和净肉重显著低于未去势组(P0.05);去势组背最长肌脂肪含量显著提高(P0.05);去势组必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量和总氨基酸含量均显著低于未去势组(P0.05);去势组单不饱和脂肪酸含量极显著高于未去势组(P0.01)。说明未去势安草杂交牛公牛育肥性能和屠宰性能均优于去势公牛;但安草杂交牛去势育肥能够改善牛肉的风味,可见,去势育肥是生产高档牛肉的重要方式。     

去势对荷斯坦奶公牛生长性能、血液生化指标及屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究去势对荷斯坦奶公牛生长性能、血液生化指标及屠宰性能的影响。选择34头健康、体重相近荷斯坦奶公牛(270kg左右),随机分为2组,每组17头,一组进行去势处理,另一组未进行去势处理。结果表明:(1)去势对荷斯坦奶公牛的生长性能没有显著影响(P0.05);(2)去势显著降低了前期日粮中Ca、P的表观消化率(P0.05),但显著增加了后期粗脂肪(EE)的表观消化率(P0.05);对两期其他营养物质的表观消化率没有显著影响(P0.05);(3)去势显著提高了后期血清中尿素氮(BUN)、白蛋白(ALB)的含量(P0.05),极显著提高了甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.01);对两期其他血液指标没有显著影响(P0.05)。(4)去势显著降低了胴体重(P0.05),极显著降低了眼肌面积(P0.01),但极显著提高了大理石花纹等级(P0.01);对其他屠宰指标没有显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,去势对荷斯坦奶公牛育肥性能没有显著影响,但增加了体内脂肪沉积能力,极显著提高了大理石花纹等级。     

肉用西门塔尔牛与和牛杂交群体的肉品质分析

本研究旨在对肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体进行肉质性状比较,以期为肉品质性状遗传机制剖析及优质肉牛培育提供理论指导。收集肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体肉质性状表型数据,包括眼肌面积、剪切力、系水力、pH、肉色、脂肪颜色和大理石花纹等指标,进行相关性及差异性分析,从而综合评价两群体的肉品质。结果显示,两群体的脂肪颜色、系水力及剪切力呈现两两正相关;肉色与脂肪颜色、pH呈正相关,且肉色与pH呈显著相关(P0.05),而系水力与pH、肉色和大理石花纹呈负相关。在两试验群体间,和牛杂交群体的大理石花纹、眼肌面积、pH性状表现为极显著优于肉用西门塔尔牛(P0.01)。从性别比较来看,肉用西门塔尔牛母牛在大理石花纹、pH、剪切力等性状上极显著或显著优于公牛(P0.01;P0.05);而和牛杂交群体母牛的肉色和剪切力性状表现为显著或极显著高于公牛(P0.05;P0.01)。总体而言,和牛杂交群体的肉质性能优于肉用西门塔尔牛;群体内比较表明,肉用西门塔尔牛群体母牛肉质性能优于公牛,而和牛杂交群体母牛肉质性能低于公牛。     

育成荷斯坦奶公牛与其他3个品种牛的肉品质比较研究

通过对育成荷斯坦奶公牛与西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛及新疆土种牛肉品质部分指标的比较分析研究,旨在探讨荷斯坦奶公牛的肉品质。选择在相同营养模式下18月龄左右4个品种牛各3头进行屠宰,取右半边胴体的背最长肌作为肉品质试验样品,分别对牛肉的肉品质、常规营养成分及氨基酸含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶公牛肉色、失水率、系水力、熟肉率、大理石花纹等指标均优于新疆褐牛、新疆土种牛,次于西门塔尔牛;荷斯坦奶公牛嫩度优于新疆土种牛;粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量分别为20.14%、1.11%,且各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05),干物质含量为26.30%,显著高于新疆褐牛和新疆土种牛(P<0.05),低于西门塔尔牛(P>0.05),粗脂肪含量为10.04%,显著高于其他品种牛(P<0.05);荷斯坦奶公牛含有人体需要的各种氨基酸,其中蛋氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、牛磺酸等含量丰富,氨基酸组成比例良好。     

去势对17～21月龄西门塔尔牛生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究去势对西门塔尔牛日增重及体尺的影响。选取50头健康的、16月龄的西门塔尔公牛,经药物驱虫后,依据体重进行单因素配对试验设计。结果表明,17~21月龄的体重和全期平均日增重去势组均比未去势组低,差异不显著(P0.05);17~21月龄,去势组与未去势组间的体高、体斜长、胸围和腰角宽的长度及其全期月增加数差异均不显著(P0.05);去势后第1个月(17月龄),去势组的体高、腰角宽和坐骨端宽的月增加数均极显著低于未去势组(P0.01);17~19月龄去势组的坐骨端宽比未去势组少(P0.05);全期平均腹围月增加数,去势组极显著高于未去势组(P0.01)。结果说明,去势西门塔尔牛的全期平均日增重低于未去势西门塔尔牛;去势西门塔尔牛的生长曲线为指数曲线,未去势西门塔尔牛的生长曲线为S型;去势会短期抑制体高、腰角宽、坐骨端宽的月增长;去势能提高去势西门塔尔牛腹围的增长;西门塔尔牛在1.5岁时的体尺接近成年体尺。     

肉用西门塔尔牛与和牛杂交群体的肉品质分析

本研究旨在对肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体进行肉质性状比较,以期为肉品质性状遗传机制剖析及优质肉牛培育提供理论指导。收集肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体肉质性状表型数据,包括眼肌面积、剪切力、系水力、pH、肉色、脂肪颜色和大理石花纹等指标,进行相关性及差异性分析,从而综合评价两群体的肉品质。结果显示,两群体的脂肪颜色、系水力及剪切力呈现两两正相关;肉色与脂肪颜色、pH呈正相关,且肉色与pH呈显著相关（P < 0.05）,而系水力与pH、肉色和大理石花纹呈负相关。在两试验群体间,和牛杂交群体的大理石花纹、眼肌面积、pH性状表现为极显著优于肉用西门塔尔牛（P < 0.01）。从性别比较来看,肉用西门塔尔牛母牛在大理石花纹、pH、剪切力等性状上极显著或显著优于公牛（P < 0.01;P < 0.05）;而和牛杂交群体母牛的肉色和剪切力性状表现为显著或极显著高于公牛（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）。总体而言,和牛杂交群体的肉质性能优于肉用西门塔尔牛;群体内比较表明,肉用西门塔尔牛群体母牛肉质性能优于公牛,而和牛杂交群体母牛肉质性能低于公牛。     

去势对17~21月龄西门塔尔牛生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究去势对西门塔尔牛日增重及体尺的影响。选取50头健康的、16月龄的西门塔尔公牛,经药物驱虫后,依据体重进行单因素配对试验设计。结果表明,17~21月龄的体重和全期平均日增重去势组均比未去势组低,差异不显著(P>0.05);17~21月龄,去势组与未去势组间的体高、体斜长、胸围和腰角宽的长度及其全期月增加数差异均不显著(P>0.05);去势后第1个月(17月龄),去势组的体高、腰角宽和坐骨端宽的月增加数均极显著低于未去势组(P<0.01);17~19月龄去势组的坐骨端宽比未去势组少(P<0.05);全期平均腹围月增加数,去势组极显著高于未去势组(P<0.01)。结果说明,去势西门塔尔牛的全期平均日增重低于未去势西门塔尔牛;去势西门塔尔牛的生长曲线为指数曲线,未去势西门塔尔牛的生长曲线为S型;去势会短期抑制体高、腰角宽、坐骨端宽的月增长;去势能提高去势西门塔尔牛腹围的增长;西门塔尔牛在1.5岁时的体尺接近成年体尺。     

营养水平对荷斯坦肥育牛胴体品质及肉品质量的影响

将24头去势荷斯坦公牛随机分成3组,进行为期180 d的肥育试验.Ⅰ组饲喂低营养日粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别饲喂中、高营养日粮.结果显示:试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较,宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、胴体出肉率及内骨比均显著提高(P＜0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间胴体出肉率和肉骨比差异显著(P＜0.05).胴体品质:Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的背膘厚、胴体脂肪、肠系膜脂肪、眼肌面积和大理石花纹均优于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的背膘厚、胴体脂肪、肠系膜脂肪三项指标显著差异(P＜0.05).常规化学成分:各组间干物质、粗脂肪和粗蛋白显著差异(P＜0.05);各组的钙、磷差异不显著(P＞0.05).牛肉质量:Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的滴水损失、pH值和剪切力值均优于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅱ和Ⅲ组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果表明,日粮营养水平对荷斯坦肥育牛的胴体品质及肉品质量具有显著影响.     

去势对西门塔尔牛不同部位牛肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究去势对西门塔尔牛胴体不同部位牛肉品质的影响。试验选取50头健康、16月龄的西门塔尔公牛,经药物驱虫后,依据体重进行单因素配对试验设计。结果显示,未去势组的pH为辣椒条 >腹肉 >臀肉 >外脊 >米龙,辣椒条的pH比外脊和米龙高3.88%和5.35%(P<0.01),比臀肉高2.29%(P<0.05);腹肉和臀肉的pH分别比米龙高3.30%和2.99%,差异极显著(P<0.01);去势组的pH为腹肉 >辣椒条 >外脊 >臀肉 >米龙,腹肉的pH比米龙高4.33%(P<0.01),比臀肉高2.36%(P<0.05);辣椒条的pH比米龙高3.37%,差异显著(P<0.05)。未去势组的脂肪含量为腹肉 >外脊 >臀肉 >辣椒条 >米龙,各部位间的脂肪含量差异均不显著(P>0.05);去势组的脂肪含量为腹肉 >臀肉 >外脊 >辣椒条 >米龙,腹肉的脂肪含量比外脊、辣椒条和米龙高82.81%、132.59%和196.02%,差异显著(P<0.05)。未去势组的灰分含量为米龙>外脊 >臀肉 >腹肉 >辣椒条,米龙的灰分含量比辣椒条高21.90%,差异显著(P<0.05);去势组的灰分含量为辣椒条≥外脊 >米龙 >臀肉 >腹肉,辣椒条和外脊的灰分含量分别比腹肉高30.60%和30.60%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。去势组和未去势组胴体各部位的剪切力、蒸煮损失、蛋白质含量、失水率、肌红蛋白和干物质含量的组内统计差异相似。结果表明去势对胴体各部位的脂肪沉积能力有调节作用,对除米龙外其他部位pH有影响,对胴体各部位灰分含量有影响;去势对胴体各部位的剪切力、蒸煮损失、蛋白质含量、持水性、肉色和干物质含量的影响无明显差异。     

Influence of Castration on Meat Quality in Different Parts of Simmental Cattle

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of castration on meat quality in different parts of Simmental cattle.50 healthy Simmental cattle(16 month) were used in a paired design of single factor by body weight.The pH values of uncastrated group in different parts showed chuck tender >thin flank >rump >striploin >topside, the pH values of chuck tender was higher than striploin, topside and rump 3.88%(P<0.01), 5.35%(P<0.01) and 2.29%(P<0.05), respectively;The pH values of thin flank and rump were higher than topside 3.30% and 2.99%, respectively, the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01).The pH values of castrated group in different parts showed thin flank >chuck tender >striploin >rump >topside.The pH values of thin flank was higher than topside and rump 4.33%(P<0.01) and 2.36%(P<0.05), The pH values of chuck tender was higher than topside 3.37%, the difference was significant(P<0.05).The fat content of uncastrated group in different parts showed thin flank >striploin >rump >chuck tender >topside, there were no significant difference(P>0.05).The fat content of castrated group in different parts showed thin flank >rump >striploin >chuck tender >topside, the fat content of thin flank were higher than striploin, chuck tender and topside 82.81%, 132.59% and 196.02%, respectively, the difference were significant(P<0.05).The ash content of uncastrated group in different parts showed topside >striploin >rump >thin flank>chuck tender.The ash content of topside was higher than chuck tender 21.90%, the difference were significant(P<0.05).The ash content of castrated group in different parts showed chuck tender ≥ striploin >topside >rump >thin flank.The ash content of chuck tender and striploin were higher than thin flank 30.60% and 30.60%, respectively, the difference were extremely significant(P<0.01).The shear stress, cooking loss, protein content, water loss rate, myoglobin and dry matter content in different parts of castrated group and uncastrated group had an similar statistics difference.The results suggested that the castration might regulate the fat deposition in difference parts of carcass, influence the pH value in difference parts of carcass expert topside, influence the ash content in difference parts of carcass;there were no statistics difference with the castration on shear stress, cooking loss, protein content, water loss rate, myoglobin and dry matter content in difference parts of carcass.     

Genetic relationships between meat quality traits and fatty acid composition in Japanese black cattle

Genetic parameters were estimated to investigate the relationships between meat quality traits and fatty acid composition from 11 855 Japanese Black cattle. The meat quality traits included beef marbling score (BMS), beef color score, firmness of beef (FIR), texture of beef (TEX) and beef fat color score (BFS). The data on fatty acid composition included oleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) contents, the ratio of MUFA to saturated fatty acids (MUS) and the ratio of elongation. The heritability estimates for meat quality traits ranged from moderate (0.30) to high (0.72). The strong genetic correlations between them were useful for simultaneous genetic improvement. In addition, high heritability estimates of fatty acid composition, ranging from 0.60 to 0.63, indicated that they could also be improved genetically. The genetic correlations of fatty acid composition with BMS, FIR and TEX were weak and negative. In contrast, positive and stronger genetic correlations were found between BFS and fatty acid composition, in particular, related to the level of unsaturation (0.77 and 0.79 for MUFA and MUS, respectively). This implies that improving the level of unsaturation makes fat darker (more yellow) and thus requires balancing with BFS.     

Effect of Different Crossbred Combinations on Fatting Performance in Beef Cattle

This study was aimed to determine the effects of different crossbred combinations on fatting performance in beef cattle. Using single factor randomized block design, 30 bulls (health, similar weight and age) were chosen, Simmental cattle×Kerqin beef cattle (group A), Charolais cattle×Kerqin crossbred beef cattle (group B) and Kerqin beef cattle (group C) were divided into three groups with 10 bulls per group. After 95 d, the body weight, slaughter performance, meat quality and the economic benefits of fattening were measured. The results showed that there were no significant influence on dry matter intake among trials (P>0.05). The F/G, ethanolic extract (EE) of muscle in crossbred groups (groups A and B) were significant lower than group C (P<0.05). The weight of carcass, weight of meat, rate of carcass, and the weight of shank, plate, chine and rump in crossbred groups were significant higher than group C (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in content of amino acids among groups (P>0.05),and it had difference in the content of palmitoleic acid (PAA),stearic acid(SA) and linoleic acid (LA). In this trial, it had better fattening performance and the economic benefits in crossbred cattle groups than Kerqin beef group cattle, but the ethanolic extract and unsaturated fatty acids of muscle in Kerqin beef cattle were higher than the crossbred groups, and it had better fattening performance by crossbred.     

杂交组合对肉牛育肥效果的影响

试验旨在研究杂交组合对肉牛育肥效果的影响。采用单因素分组试验设计,选取体重和年龄相近、生长发育正常的西门塔尔牛×科尔沁牛（西科,A组）、夏洛莱牛×科尔沁牛（夏科,B组）及科尔沁牛（C组）各10头公牛,正试期95 d后,测定其体重,屠宰、肉品质等指标,并核算经济效益。结果显示,杂交对采食量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但杂交组牛料重比、肌肉脂肪含量显著低于科尔沁牛（P<0.05）,杂交组牛的胴体重、净肉重、胴体率及前腿、腹肉、脊肉和后腿重量均显著高于科尔沁牛（P<0.05）,各组之间16种氨基酸含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,西科、夏科杂交牛及科尔沁牛之间棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸含量存在差异。结果表明,在本试验条件下,杂交组牛育肥效果和经济效益好于科尔沁牛,但科尔沁牛的脂肪和不饱和脂肪酸含量高于杂交组合牛;杂交组合对肉牛的综合育肥效果更好。     

Comparative Study on the Beef Traits Between Jiaxian Red Cattle and Crossbred Beef Cattle

In order to study the beef traits and beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull with crossbred beef cattle, 5 purebred Jiaxian Red bull, 5 Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation, 5 Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and 5 Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were chosen and assigned into groups A,B,C and D for continual finishing for 3 months of age under the same feeding and management conditions and slaughtered at the end of the trial. The results showed that there were no significant difference in body height, body length, chest girth and cannon circumference between Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and purebred Jiaxian Red bull, the same as in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). The weight of head, skin, fore hooves and tail, the skin thick, esophagus, trachea, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and carcass meat percentage, loin eye area and the meat bone ratio in crossbred beef cattle groups were not significant differences compared with purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P>0.05), but its hind legs wide in carcass was significantly higher than that of purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P<0.05). The high-grade meat weight and high quality meat weight in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were 70.22 and 105.22 kg, respectively, and was the highest in four groups,but the high-grade beef percentage among four groups did not show significant differences (P>0.05). The high quality meat percentage in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 reached 34.43%, was significantly higher than that of Jiaxian Red bull and Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P<0.05), and was higher than that of Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the content of inosinic acid that related with the meat flavor in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 was the highest in four groups, while the content of unsaturated fatty acid and the flavor related amino acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine, in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 were the highest in four groups,and their values were 53.85% and 8.04%, respectively. To sum up, the results suggested that there was no significant difference in body development and beef traits using Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle and Charolais cattle to improve Jiaxian Red bull, while Red Angus cattle crossbred with Jiaxian Red bull could moderately improve the weight of high-grade beef and high-quality beef, and Charolais cattle could moderately improve the beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull.     

阉割处理对12月龄早胜黄牛公牛肉品质的影响

[目的]为了研究阉割对早胜黄牛公牛肉质的影响,[方法]试验选择健康无病、发育正常、养殖环境一致的12月龄早胜黄牛公牛和阉牛（6月龄早期阉割处理）各3头,短期育肥3个月,屠宰后取背最长肌,对蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力、pH值、肉色（L^*、a^*和b^*）、系水力、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分及氨基酸组成和含量进行了研究。[结果]试验结果表明：阉割公牛背最长肌的pH、红度（a^*）、黄度（b^*）、系水力、粗脂肪、Glu、Leu含量显著高于公牛（P<0.05）;而背最长肌蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力、亮度（L^*）、粗蛋白、水分显著低于公牛（P<0.05）,在公牛和阉牛的氨基酸组成及含量中,多数氨基酸含量不存在显著差异,但阉牛氨基酸含量略高于公牛氨基酸含量。[结论]阉割处理可以显著提高12月龄早胜黄牛的嫩度和系水力,改善牛肉的色泽,增加牛肉干物质和氨基酸含量,说明阉割有助于提高早胜黄牛育肥公牛的肉品质。