不同刈割强度下羊草转录组研究

刈割是一种重要的草地管理措施,刈割留茬高度直接影响草地生产力及群落结构,在牧草生产中具有重要意义。为研究羊草在不同刈割强度下的转录响应,利用Illumina HiSeq-PE150高通量测序技术,对不同刈割留茬高度(0,2,4,8,12 cm)处理下羊草再生叶片进行了转录组测序。共得到139767803条读长(reads),41.94 Gb原始数据。经过过滤、质控与从头组装后,总共得到转录本270207条,总长度为191.6 Mb。通过与多种数据库比对得到48097条单基因簇(Unigene)注释结果。筛选出了所有刈割强度处理与不刈割对照组显著差异基因共2579条,经过生物信息分析,将其定位到碳水化合物代谢、损伤应答、过氧化氢分解、植物激素信号转导等功能与代谢通路。利用聚类方法得到了随着刈割强度增强,表达量规律变化的基因,分别富集到了过氧化物酶体、光合作用等代谢途径。对羊草在不同刈割高度下的转录组进行了研究,为草本植物分子生物学研究提供了宝贵的数据资源,对于解析羊草响应刈割的分子调控机制及相关基因挖掘具有重要指导意义。     

刈割对豆科牧草的影响

根据近年国内外发表的有关草地刈割对豆科牧草影响方面的论述及研究结果,分析了刈割对豆科牧草生长发育及形态结构、生产力、品质及贮藏物质的含量和分配、光合生理生态、根系形态和土壤微环境以及植物种群和植物体内酶含量等的影响, 得出适宜的刈割能促进豆科牧草的再生和分蘖(枝),提高产量和改善营养价值,有利于草地植被结构改善,提高优良牧草的比例.为确定合理的刈割制度,保证尽可能减少或消除刈割的不利影响,对草地合理利用、草地刈割机制认识和人工草地建植等提供理论和技术依据.     

刈割对牧草影响的研究概况

适宜的刈割方式是牧草管理和利用的重要手段之一,能促进牧草的再生和分蘖(枝),提高牧草的产量和改善营养价值。不同的刈割方式(包括刈割时间、刈割次数、留茬高度)对牧草的生长、再生及牧草周围的环境都会产生不同影响。本文综述了刈割对牧草的生长、再生、草地群落结构、草地生产力及草地微环境的影响。     

草地植物多样性对人类干扰的多尺度响应

人类干扰是草地生态系统植物多样性变化的主要导因之一。植物多样性的形成依赖于一定空间和时间尺度上的生态系统结构与过程,只有在特定的时空尺度上才能充分表达其主导作用与效应。植物多样性的尺度特征和人类干扰的大尺度效应决定了草地植物多样性保护的复杂性和艰巨性。论述了不同尺度的草地植物多样性对放牧、旅游、刈割、施肥及开垦等各种人类干扰响应的方式、过程与生态后果,明确了尺度问题在研究中的重要作用,探讨了草地植物多样性在人类干扰下的变化导因与响应机制,以期为草地植物多样性的保护、合理利用及草地生态系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

影响牧草再生性的因素分析

对影响牧草再生性的诸因素进行了分析,阐明了牧草再生性对刈割和放牧利用方式的响应,以及刈割和放牧后牧草体内贮藏的碳水化合物和氮素在再生中的变化规律及作用,为草地的放牧利用和刈割提供了理论和技术依据。     

模拟采食对"黑土型"退化草地混播人工植被的影响

对三江源区“黑土型”退化草地混播人工植被进行模拟采食研究。结果表明：①草地生物量随刈割高度增加而降低，优良牧草生物量比例随刈割高度增加而上升，杂类草生物量比例随刈割高度增加而下降。②刈割时间和频率对草地牧草的再生性能影响极显著，随刈割时间的推移和次数增加，群落优势植物的再生生物量逐渐下降，而早期刈割和适宜的刈割频率下牧草的再生速度和强度较高。     

不同刈割频次下老芒麦和草地雀麦的生产力形成机制

本文于2013-2014年在内蒙古呼和浩特市和林格尔县种植的老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)和草地雀麦(Bromus riparius)单播草地上进行不同频次刈割(一年刈割1次、2次、3次和4次)试验,调查各刈割处理产量、枝条数和植株高度,分析了老芒麦和草地雀麦产量的影响因子及其与枝条数和高度之间的关系。研究表明:刈割极显著降低了老芒麦的再生枝条数(P0.01),从而影响其产量,产量与植株高度无显著相关性;草地雀麦产量不受刈割频次的影响,刈割增加了其再生枝条数,在高频次刈割时会通过增加其再生枝条数来缓解植株高度降低的问题,但随着刈割茬次的增加其再生草产量仍会降低(P0.01)。内蒙古呼和浩特地区老芒麦和草地雀麦的适宜的刈割频次均为每年2次。     

贵州黑麦草人工草地杂草入侵对刈割强度的响应

通过研究多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)+白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)混播人工草地,探讨了刈割强度与杂草入侵能力间的相互关系。结果表明:入侵杂草的物种数、密度和生物量与刈割强度具有较强的相关关系,其物种数随刈割强度的增加而呈增—减—增的趋势,密度随刈割强度的增加而增加,生物量在轻度刈割、中度刈割时降低,重度刈割时增加。从刈割强度对杂草入侵能力变化的幅度来看,刈割对多年生黑麦草+白三叶人工草地中杂草的入侵影响不大。     

不同刈割频次对旱作混播人工草地群落特征的影响

为了确定人工草地高效生产和稳定持续利用的最佳方案,于2002~2017年8月中旬(生物量高峰期)刈割前进行刈割频次对羊草(Leymus chinensis)+草原2号杂花苜蓿(Medicago varia Marein. cv. Caoyuan No.2)+无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)混播旱作人工草地群落特征影响的研究。16年连续刈割划分为刈割前期(第1~5年)、中期(第6~11年)和后期(第12~16年)。结果表明:(1)随着刈割频次的增加,3种牧草的平均高度、总密度和总地上生物量均降低(不含一年刈割一次);其中,在刈割前期和中期对刈割响应不明显,且有所滞后,在刈割后期响应较为明显。(2)长期刈割使人工草地的地上生物量占比发生明显改变。在刈割前期,各刈割频次下3种牧草的总地上生物量占比差异不明显;从刈割中期开始,3种牧草的总地上生物量占比呈随刈割频次增加而降低的趋势(不含一年刈割一次)。(3)在内蒙古半干旱区羊草+草原2号杂花苜蓿+无芒雀麦混播旱作人工草地的长期刈割利用以一年刈割一次为宜。     

刈割对牧草生物量和品质影响的研究进展

刈割是一种常见的草地利用和管理方式,它可以通过两方面途径来影响牧草产量及品质。首先,刈割可以利用植物的补偿性生长,促进牧草生长并提高牧草产量。其次,刈割可以利用植物均衡性生长特性,改变牧草营养物质的沉积和分配方向,进而影响牧草品质。常见的刈割包括刈割频次、刈割时间和刈割方式。全面综述3种刈割对牧草产量及品质影响和相应作用机理,为适当利用刈割提高牧草产量及品质提供参考。     

高速公路岩质边坡植被恢复模式特征研究——以北京-承德高速公路（三期）为例

以北京-承德高速公路（三期）建设项目为试验项目,研究了岩质边坡植被恢复中灌草配置模式初期植被群落特征。结果表明：岩质边坡植被恢复中灌草混合群落播种3个月后覆盖度达90%,复层群落特征日益明显;初期群落植株高度表现为：野菊花〉紫穗槐〉沙打旺〉紫花苜蓿〉高羊茅〉胡枝子。播种灌木在植被恢复初期生长受限,移栽灌木是实现边坡灌木...     

Effect of intensity and frequency of defoliation on aerial growth and carbohydrate reserve levels in Acacia karroo plants

Acacia karroo trees were defoliated by goats at two intensities and four frequencies; 2, 4, 8 and 12‐weekly. Leaf accumulation and carbohydrate reserve levels were compared to a non‐defoliated control, and to plants (defoliation controls) which were defoliated for the first time that season each time a frequency treatment was defoliated. These plants are activated by defoliation in such a manner that successive defoliations can result in this activation being additive. There is clearly a defoliation level below which they are not activated. Activation appears to be negated to a degree by defoliations at 2 and 4‐weekly frequencies, relative to the 8‐weekly defoliation frequency. The 12‐weekly frequency at heavy defoliation produced less than the same defoliation at 8‐weekly frequency. The 2‐weekly frequency treatments produced as much leaf as the 4 and 12‐weekly defoliations at the same defoliation intensity. The more frequently plants were defoliated, the more carbohydrate reserves dropped. However, plants adjusted to cope with very frequent defoliations. There was no connection between leaf accumulation and carbohydrate reserve levels following the different frequencies and intensities of defoliation.     

荒漠草原植物抗旱生理生态学研究进展

荒漠草原植物由于长期在干旱环境下生存,形成了一系列抵御干旱逆境的生理生态机制.研究其生理生态学适应机制,对当前植物抗逆育种、生态环境恢复和作物抗旱性能评价等都具有重要意义.简要回顾了近20年来国内外在荒漠草原植物生理生态学方面的研究进展,包括形态结构、水势和渗透调节、光合和水分利用效率、蒸腾和气孔导度以及种群和群落等对水分胁迫的响应,并结合各个领域当前采用的主要实验手段进行了评述.进而分析了我国在上述领域的研究现状和应予以重点关注的问题.     

不同密度枣园植草草地生产性能对刈牧的响应

为了探讨混播饲草在不同密度枣园内对刈牧处理的响应,分别于4 m×3 m,4 m×5 m,4 m×7 m枣园内带状混播种植多变小冠花、白三叶、百脉根,2013和2014年度,平均每隔20 d进行刈牧,测定其地上生物量,并且取草样测定CP,NDF和ADF含量,2014年度最后1次刈牧时,在刈牧区和未刈牧区每隔20 cm分层测定地下生物量。结果表明,在枣园密度为4 m×5 m时,饲草地上生物量在2013年和2014年分别达到2169和2008 kg·hm^-2,显著高于低密度枣园（P<0.05）,对应CP产量分别达443和402 kg·hm^-2。刈牧处理,显著降低了饲草根系生物量（P<0.05）,且饲草根系消减系数降低,根系浅层化。虽然刈牧影响饲草的可持续利用,但降低了饲草根系与枣树根系的竞争。     

外源无机盐与硫胺素对枝叶去除后紫花苜蓿的再生性影响

放牧活动是包含牧食折损、枝叶去除、唾液沉积等多个过程的融合,而觅食者分泌的唾液对牧草具有潜在影响。本试验选择外源无机盐与硫胺素处理作为试验组,以去离子水与羊唾液处理为参考对照,并将4种溶液涂抹作用于不同枝叶去除水平的紫花苜蓿截面处,探究植食性动物(羊)唾液中的无机盐与硫胺素是否对紫花苜蓿的再生性产生影响,分析枝叶去除与羊唾液是如何诱导植物的补偿再生,同时探寻紫花苜蓿从形态与生理上对无机盐和硫胺素的差异响应。试验结果表明,1)与单一的枝叶去除处理相比,在羊唾液的催化作用下,枝叶去除后的紫花苜蓿再生能力明显提高,其中硫胺素是羊唾液中的有效成分;2)相对于外源无机盐,硫胺素对枝叶去除紫花苜蓿牧草有更为显著的正效应,紫花苜蓿地上累积生物量显著增加,茎叶比差异也达到了4.3~7.9倍;在80%枝叶去除水平下,总分蘖数大约是无机盐组的1.56倍;3)不同处理下紫花苜蓿的生理指标差异性不均一。在各项处理中,紫花苜蓿的叶绿素含量值都接近49.3 mg/g;在20%枝叶去除水平下,清水与羊唾液处理均促进根系可溶性糖含量大幅度增加;对于无机盐组,POD活性随着枝叶去除水平呈递增变化,而硫胺素处理没有引起POD活性的改变。通过本研究,期望进一步了解紫花苜蓿响应放牧的内在机制,为改善人工草地现状和提高牧草的农业效益提供参考,同时也为放牧生态学的发展提供理论支持。     

The response of Acacia karroo plants to defoliation by hand compared to defoliation by goats

Abstract

The leaf and shoot growth of Acacia karroo plants defoliated by goats was compared to that of plants in which leaf only or leaf plus shoot‐tips were removed by hand, to simulate goat browsing.

There were no differences in leaf or shoot production between plants whose leaf only was removed compared to those that had both leaf and shoot‐tips removed. Leaf growth on the plants defoliated by goats at moderate levels was approximately three‐fold that on plants defoliated moderately by hand. The plants defoliated by hand produced approximately twice the amount of leaf that the undefoliated plants produced. Heavy defoliation by both hand and goat, produced approximately half the leaf growth that moderately defoliated plants produced, following equivalent defoliation. Shoot production of all plants defoliated by hand was no different to that of the undefoliated control plants and was considerably less than that of the plants defoliated by goats.     

Effect of the intensity and phenophase of defoliation and water stress on the rate of photosynthesis and the recovery of carbohydrate reserves in acacia karroo hayne

Abstract

A field study was conducted with Acacia karroo plants to determine changes in relative photosynthetic rates, the extent of carbohydrate reserve depletion and the rate reserves take to recover, following defoliation by goats at different intensities and phenophases, at a “wet” and a “dry” site.

The rate of photosynthesis of fully expanded leaves increased markedly following defoliation. Light defoliation increased photosynthetic rate the most. Total non‐structural carbohydrate levels dropped significantly after defoliation. The magnitude of decrease was directly related to the intensity of defoliation.

Following the heavy defoliations, recovery of carbohydrate levels was much faster than after the light defoliations. Rates of recovery were also faster following defoliation in the second half of the growing season, than in the first half. However, the plants that had been heavily defoliated in the second half of the growing season had not fully recovered carbohydrate levels before leaf fall in late autumn.

Moisture stress had very little effect on carbohydrate levels in comparison with the defoliation treatments.     

Effect of intensity of defoliation by goats at different phenophases on leaf and shoot growth of acacia karroo hayne

Abstract

Defoliation by goats (leaves plus shoots) during the growing phenophases resulted in a considerable stimulation of leaf and shoot growth relative to non‐defoliated plants. The response differed considerably depending on the intensity and phenophase of defoliation. Plants were most susceptible to defoliation and young shoot removal during the spring flush when carbohydrate levels were at their lowest. During the rest of the growing season carbohydrate levels were high. At these times moderate to heavy (50 % to 75 % leaf removal) defoliations resulted in the greatest leaf and shoot growth.

In contrast, the initial and continuing impact of avian and insect consumption of leaves only reduced leaf and shoot production. The stimulatory effect of defoliation in one season carried through the dormant season to the following growing season. Defoliations during the dormant season did not have any positive or negative impact on plants relative to non‐defoliated plants. Leaf and shoot material removed when the plants were growing, was replaced within weeks of defoliation.     

季节放牧对典型草原植物群落不同生长季特征的影响

在内蒙古典型草原区建立放牧试验平台,研究秋季、冬季和初春放牧对草地植物返青期土壤温湿环境和植物生长以及生长旺季植物群落地上生物量及其构成的影响。结果表明:在草地返青季,秋季放牧草地表层土壤湿度相对于其他处理显著降低,而温度相对升高;土壤表层湿度与草地枯落物总量、立枯量呈显著正相关;秋季和冬季放牧显著降低草地返青期的地上生物量;秋季放牧显著降低优势植物地上生物量;而初春放牧不影响草地返青期的群落生物量。在生长旺季,初春放牧草地群落及其高大优势植物大针茅和羊草的生物量显著增加,而其下层的糙隐子草和杂类草生物量显著减少。     

Presidential address

In intact plants C¹⁴‐assimilates were translocated from the treated leaf on the primary tiller to young leaves on that tiller, to secondary tillers, and also to the roots. Plants defoliated after labelling revealed movement of materials from the storage organs to all the new leaves. Here these materials were used as a respiratory substrate and for the production of structural materials. Although initially after defoliation new leaves retained all their assimilates, presumably for their own growth, assimilates were soon translocated from these leaves to the roots.