鸡球虫耐药性的研究进展及其应对措施

鸡球虫病对养鸡生产危害严重,造成的经济损失巨大。目前防制鸡球虫病主要是依靠药物,而随着抗球虫药物的广泛使用,几乎所有的抗球虫药均已出现了耐药虫株。球虫对不同类别药物如离子载体类抗球虫药、作用于线粒体的抗球虫药及作用于内膜系统的抗球虫药所产生的耐药性机理是不尽相同的。鸡球虫耐药性的主要特点:能耐受药物的极高浓度,具有交叉耐药性和多重耐药性,对药物耐受有差异性,具有遗传性和相对稳定性。针对鸡球虫耐药性,人们所采取的应对措施是提高球虫对药物的敏感性、改变用药方式、使用中兽药、使用营养添加剂和研制抗球虫新药。     

鸡球虫耐药性的研究进展

长期以来，人们对鸡球虫病的防治以药物控制为主要手段，但是大量抗球虫药的长期使用，导致了鸡球虫耐药性的产生，给鸡球虫病的防治带来严重的障碍，通过对鸡球虫耐药性的产生、作用机理、主要特点、耐药性的检测方法、球虫耐药性虫株的诱导以及对耐药性虫株敏感性的恢复等方面的研究，进一步提出对鸡球虫耐药性的展望，为消除球虫的耐药性，更好地防治鸡球虫病提供科学依据。     

鸡球虫药物防治及耐药性研究进展

鸡球虫病的防治长期以来仍依赖于抗球虫药的应用,由于球虫极易产生耐药性,球虫耐药性的越来越突出,给球虫病的防治带来困扰。本文从防治鸡球虫病的药物,鸡球虫耐药性主要特点、产生机制,及鸡球虫病的药物防治方法等方面做一综述。     

鸡场球虫病调查

鸡球虫病是一种主要由艾美耳属球虫引起的呈世界性分布、严重危害养鸡生产的重要鸡病之一。目前,鸡球虫病的防治主要依赖于药物。但球虫几乎对所有使用过的抗球虫药物都出现了耐药虫株。事实表明,任何一种抗球虫药在使用一定时间后,都会引起球虫产生耐药性,只是产生耐药性所需时间和耐药性强弱不同而已。一些缺乏耐药性知识的生产者,将控制失败的原因归于药物失效或剂量不足,而     

鸡球虫病药物防治存在的问题与对策

鸡球虫病是一种对养鸡业危害很大的原虫病，集约化养鸡场是球虫病爆发的最适宜场所，其病死率达40％～80％。集约化养鸡业尽管受到鸡球虫病的严重威胁．几十年来仍能健康发展，这完全得益于抗球虫药的保护。换言之，没有抗球虫药的应用，就不可能有集约化养鸡业蓬勃发展的今天。截止目前，控制鸡球虫病的主要手段仍然是依赖于抗球虫药的防治。由于抗球虫药的长期使用导致了球虫对多数抗球虫药产生了耐药性，球虫耐药性的产生，导致抗球虫药使用年限缩短，防治失败或效果不佳，引起临床或亚临床鸡球虫病，造成巨大的经济损失。此外抗球虫药的使用还存在用药程序的不合理以及盲目用药等问题，严重影响到抗球虫药的抗球虫效果。下面就鸡球虫病药物防治时存在的问题及对策做简要介绍。     

鸡球虫耐药性研究进展

到目前为止，鸡球虫病的防治仍以药物控制为主，大量抗球虫药的长期使用，导致了鸡球虫耐药性的产生，给鸡球虫病的防治带来很大的困难。本文总结近年来国内外学者研究的成果，在鸡球虫耐药性概述、抗球虫药及其作用机制、耐药性产生的机制、耐药性的特点、耐药性的检测方法、耐药性的获得及敏感性恢复，耐药性的延缓或解决措施等方面进行了综述，提出对鸡球虫耐药性的展望，为消除耐药性，更好地防治鸡球虫病提供依据。     

药物防治鸡球虫病时存在的问题与对策

鸡球虫病是一种对养鸡业危害很大的原虫病,集约化养鸡场是球虫病爆发的最适宜场所,其病死率达40%～80%。集约化养鸡业尽管受到鸡球虫病的严重威胁,几十年来仍能健康发展,这完全得益于抗球虫药的保护。换言之,没有抗球虫药的应用,就不可能有集约化养鸡业蓬勃发展的今天。截止目前,控制鸡球虫病的主要手段仍然是依赖于抗球虫药的防治。由于抗球虫药的长期使用导致了球虫对多数抗球虫药产生了耐药性,球虫耐药性的产生,导致抗球虫药使用年限缩短,防治失败或效果不佳,引起临床或亚临床鸡球虫病,造成巨大的经济损失。此外抗球虫药的使用还存在用药程序的不合理以及盲目用药等问题,严重影响到抗球虫药的抗球虫效果。下面就鸡球虫病药物防治时存在的问题及对策做简要介绍。     

鸡场球虫病调查

鸡球虫病是一种主要由艾美耳属球虫引起的呈世界性分布、严重危害养鸡生产的重要鸡病之一。目前,鸡球虫病的防治主要依赖于药物。但球虫几乎对所有使用过的抗球虫药物都出现了耐药虫株。事实表明,任何一种抗球虫药在使用一定时间后,都会引起球虫产生耐药性,只是产生耐药性所需时间和耐药性强弱不同而已。一些缺乏耐药性知识的生产者,将控制失败的原因归于药物失效或剂量不足,而     

倡导饲料不加抗球虫药,为实现饲料无抗铺路

由艾美耳球虫引起的鸡球虫病是一种严重危害养鸡业的寄生虫病,目前其防控主要以抗球虫药为主,但长期和不规范的抗球虫药使用,导致了交叉和多重耐药性虫株的大量出现,鸡肉产品药物残留及环境污染等问题.本文从抗球虫药的耐药现状、药物残留风险和环境污染问题论述了我国抗球虫药物的使用困境,阐明了球虫疫苗优势以及推广应用需要解决的关键问题,倡导球虫疫苗替代抗球虫药防控策略,为实现饲料无抗铺路.     

鸡球虫病药物防治时存在的问题与对策

鸡球虫病是一种对养鸡业危害很大的原虫病，集约化养鸡场是球虫病爆发的最适宜场所，其病死率达40％-80％。集约化养鸡业尽管受到鸡球虫病的严重威胁，几十年来仍能缝康发展，这完全得益于抗球虫药的保护。换言之，没有抗球虫药的应用，就不可能有集约化养鸡业蓬勃发展的今天。截止目前，控制鸡球虫病的主要手段仍然是依赖于抗球虫药的防治。由于抗球虫药的长期使用导致了球虫对多数抗球虫药产生了耐药性，球虫耐药性的产生，导致抗球虫药使用年限缩短．防治失败或效果不佳，引起临床或亚临床鸡球虫病，造成巨大的经济损失。此外抗球虫药的使用还存在用药程序的不合理以及盲目用药等问题，严重影响到抗球虫药的抗球虫效果。下面就鸡球虫病药物防治时存在的问题及对策做简要介绍：     

Antimicrobial Resistance of Faecal Escherichia coli Isolates from Pig Farms with Different Durations of In‐feed Antimicrobial Use

Antimicrobial use and resistance in animal and food production are of concern to public health. The primary aims of this study were to determine the frequency of resistance to 12 antimicrobials in Escherichia coli isolates from 39 pig farms and to identify patterns of antimicrobial use on these farms. Further aims were to determine whether a categorization of farms based on the duration of in‐feed antimicrobial use (long‐term versus short‐term) could predict the occurrence of resistance on these farms and to identify the usage of specific antimicrobial drugs associated with the occurrence of resistance. Escherichia coli were isolated from all production stages on these farms; susceptibility testing was carried out against a panel of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial prescribing data were collected, and farms were categorized as long term or short term based on these. Resistance frequencies and antimicrobial use were tabulated. Logistic regression models of resistance to each antimicrobial were constructed with stage of production, duration of antimicrobial use and the use of 5 antimicrobial classes included as explanatory variables in each model. The greatest frequencies of resistance were observed to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and streptomycin with the highest levels of resistance observed in isolates from first‐stage weaned pigs. Differences in the types of antimicrobial drugs used were noted between long‐term and short‐term use farms. Categorization of farms as long‐ or short‐term use was sufficient to predict the likely occurrence of resistance to 3 antimicrobial classes and could provide an aid in the control of resistance in the food chain. Stage of production was a significant predictor variable in all models of resistance constructed and did not solely reflect antimicrobial use at each stage. Cross‐selection and co‐selection for resistance was evident in the models constructed, and the use of trimethoprim/sulphonamide drugs in particular was associated with the occurrence of resistance to other antimicrobials.     

兽用抗菌药物联合用药的PK-PD研究进展

随着养殖业的迅速发展，兽用抗菌药物的应用越来越广泛，但由于抗菌药物的不合理选择与滥用导致细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率在逐渐提高，几乎所有细菌都获得耐药基因。目前，细菌耐药已成为一个全球性问题，并且临床上，疾病病因复杂，常表现为多种病原菌的继发感染和混合感染，单一用药往往难以有效控制疾病，严重危害养殖业发展。抗菌药物的联合用药可以提升药物的治疗效果，缓解或减少不良反应，降低细菌耐药性发生率，对混合感染或不能进行细菌学诊断的病例，联合用药还可扩大抗菌范围。而药物代谢动力学（PK）与药效学（PD）结合模型可以有效综合药物、机体和致病菌之间的相互关系，为临床提供合理用药方案。因此，作者通过介绍联合用药的优势与问题，抗菌药物PK/PD的分类及PK/PD对联合用药给药方案的优化与指导，总结现阶段兽药抗菌药物联合用药的PK-PD研究进展，以期促进兽医临床抗菌药物的合理使用。     

Antimicrobial use in food and companion animals

The vast literature on antimicrobial drug use in animals has expanded considerably recently as the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis in human medicine leads to questions about all usage of antimicrobial drugs, including long-term usage in intensively managed food animals for growth promotion and disease prevention. Attention is also increasingly focusing on antimicrobial use and on bacterial resistance in companion animals, which are in intimate contact with the human population. They may share resistant bacteria with their owners, amplify resistant bacteria acquired from their owners, and act as a reservoir for human infection. Considerable effort is being made to describe the basis of AMR in bacterial pathogens of animals. Documentation of many aspects of use of antimicrobials in animals is, however, generally less developed and only a few countries can describe quantities of drugs used in animals to kg levels annually. In recent years, many national veterinary associations have produced 'prudent use guidelines' to try to improve antimicrobial drug use and decrease resistance, but the impact of guidelines is unknown. Within the evolving global movement for 'antimicrobial stewardship', there is considerable scope to improve many aspects of antimicrobial use in animals, including infection control and reduction of use, with a view to reducing resistance and its spread, and to preserving antimicrobial drugs for the future.     

国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

抗菌药在畜牧养殖业中的广泛应用导致耐药性的产生,引起动物和人类疾病治疗的失败。因此,兽用抗菌药耐药性问题已经成为一个国际上关注的问题。作者主要介绍了国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理措施,指出中国耐药性管理现状及存在的问题,并提出建议,希望为中国兽用抗菌药的使用和耐药性的管理提供一定的参考和依据。     

Drug resistance in pathogenic African trypanosomes: what hopes for the future?

Trypanosomosis is a serious threat to both man and animals mostly in Africa. Although the first pathogenic trypanosome was discovered over a hundred years ago, there is still no prospect for effective control or eradication of the disease through the development and use of vaccines because of the phenomenon of antigenic variation. Control continues to rely heavily on chemotherapy and vector control strategies. This therapy and prophylaxis depends on the use of drugs which, apart from having been developed over 5 decades ago, suffer from such limitations as toxicity and with their continued use, drug resistance. Resistance to currently used drugs is a serious problem in most fields of anti-microbial chemotherapy, particularly in the case of trypanosomosis where resistance and cross-resistance in animals and man have been developing rapidly. The frequently and widely reported decreasing efficiency of available trypanocides, difficulties of sustaining tsetse control and little hope that a conventional, anti-trypanosome vaccine will be produced in the near future, increase the imperative need for new drugs and alternative effective ways for the control of trypanosomosis. This review examines aspects of drug resistance in pathogenic trypanosomes, measures to minimise it, areas of future research in new drug targets and alternative control strategies. Based on these, it is our opinion that for now the management and control of trypanosomosis will continue to depend on proper usage of the few available trypanocides, especially strategic deployment of the sanative drugs in order to reduce the development of drug resistance, in addition to the continued use of environmentally friendly vector control programmes such tsetse trapping.     

鸡球虫病药物防治的研究现状

鸡球虫病是一种对养鸡业造成严重危害的寄生性原虫病,其防治已成为养鸡业的重要课题。目前,对鸡球虫病的防治主要还是依赖药物。本文综述了鸡球虫病药物防治的研究现状,主要阐述了聚醚类载体抗生素、化学合成类抗球虫药研究情况,同时分析了目前药物防治存在的问题,诸如耐药性、药物残留、防治费用支出较大等,最后简单综述了制定合理给药程序、开发中草药、应用疫苗免疫等解决方案与对策。     

我国部分地区乳房炎奶样中大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎奶样中大肠杆菌的耐药情况,以指导牛场合理使用抗生素,提高治疗效果和畜产品质量,从全国六个省市自治区采取158例奶牛乳房炎的奶样,对奶样中的大肠杆菌进行分离纯化与鉴定,并进行药敏试验。结果显示,158份奶样中,共分离出38株大肠杆菌,其中黑龙江18株(分离率为36.0%)、上海3株(分离率6.0%)、北京3株(分离率27.2%)、新疆10株(分离率33.3%)、山东4株(分离率26.7%)、陕西0株(分离率0)。药敏试验显示,磺胺异噁唑耐药率最高,为73.7%;环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、链霉素药物的敏感率最高,为100%。分离菌株最多耐13种药物,最少耐4种药物,呈现多重耐药性。不同种类的抗生素中,上海和山东对β-内酰胺类药物和氯霉素类药物以及黑龙江、上海和新疆对磺胺类药物的耐药情况比较严重,耐药率高达50%以上。结果表明,各地区分离株对多种抗菌药物产生了不同程度耐药性和多重耐药,临床兽医在治疗时应注意合理用药,提高疗效和畜产品质量,减少耐药性的产生。     

Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode infection,anthelmintic usage and husbandry practices on two small-scale goat farms in Malaysia

Haemonchosis is a common problem on goat farms in tropical countries such as Malaysia. Prevention of production losses generally depends on the use of anthelmintic drugs, but is threatened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This study investigates anthelmintic efficacy on small-scale Malaysian goat farms and describes putative risk factors. Adult goats had moderate to high pre-treatment faecal trichostrongyle egg counts, despite being housed on slatted floors and fed on cut-and-carry forage, raising questions about the source of nematode infection. Our results show multiple resistance to benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic drugs and allow us to discuss the genetic origins of resistance with reference to farm husbandry and management. We conclude that improvement in Malaysian goat production efficiency will require the development of sustainable helminth control strategies, underpinned by a better understanding of the origins and population genetics of anthelmintic resistance.