掌叶大黄根腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

通过对甘肃礼县种植的二年生掌叶大黄根腐病发病部位分离纯化,然后利用根部离体接种法致病性测定,旨在明确导致掌叶大黄根腐病的病原物,为其防治提供理论依据。结果表明,从掌叶大黄根腐病株中共获得8种分离物,主要致病菌分别为粉红单端孢霉、尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌,其分离频率随病原菌种类和植株发育进程而异,粉红单端孢霉和立枯丝核菌在不同生长期发病部位均可分离获得,分离频率分别为41.18%～55.56%和3.03%～44.44%,尖孢镰刀菌仅在生长后期获得,分离频率为9.09%。刺伤大黄幼根接种致病菌后,根腐病发病率均较无刺伤接种显著提高。尖孢镰刀菌潜育期最短,病斑面积最大,致病力最强,而粉红单端孢霉和立枯丝核菌潜育期长,病斑面积小,致病力相对较弱。以上说明伤口有助于掌叶大黄根腐病病原菌的侵染,建议掌叶大黄定植和栽培管理过程中要尽量保证植株的完整性,严防伤口产生。另外,利用根部离体接种法进行根腐病致病性测定操作简单,回接时间短,再分离率高,结果可靠,可在植物根部病害研究中应用。     

苜蓿根腐病病原菌的分离及鉴定

从甘肃张掖、酒泉2市采集苜蓿Medicago sativa根腐病样品15份,按照柯赫证病律对其进行病原物分离、鉴定.结果表明：发病部位分离到的菌株以镰孢霉Fusarium spp.占优势,经致病性测定和接种试验证明,腐皮镰孢霉F.solani致病性最强,接种后病株率达60%以上;其次是尖孢镰孢霉F.oxysporum和串珠镰孢霉F.moniliforme,致病性弱,发病株率为16.7%～23.3%;腐皮镰孢霉与尖孢镰孢霉或串珠镰霉混合接种,发病率均高于单独接种的发病率,而病株上获得的其他分离物均无致病性.研究证明苜蓿根腐病是以腐皮镰孢霉为主要病原,并与尖孢镰孢霉和串珠镰孢霉复合侵染导致的一种病害.     

匍匐翦股颖叶斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

对匍匐翦股颖Agrostis stoloni fera叶斑病的病原菌进行组织分离、培养,确定其病原菌为新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunata(半知菌亚门丝孢纲丝孢菌目暗色菌科弯孢霉属).对其进行生物学特性研究,发现温度、pH值对病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发存在着显著影响,光照对病原菌菌丝生长存在显著影响,对孢子萌发无显著影响.其中最适于病原菌菌丝生长的温度为28～31 ℃,pH值为5～6.最适于孢子萌发的温度为31～34 ℃,pH值为5～6.12 h光照交替有利于菌丝的生长.     

草坪禾草根腐病病原菌生物学特性研究

从草坪禾草根腐病病株不同发病部位分离到的病原菌,经致病性测定确定该病原菌为腐霉属的瓜果腐霉。本试验研究了不同温度、光照、pH值、碳氮源营养和多种培养基对瓜果腐霉菌菌落扩展、孢子囊产量和卵孢子产量的影响。结果表明,瓜果腐霉菌菌落扩展的温度范围为15~40℃,最佳温度为30~35℃,孢子囊产生的最适温度为15~25℃,卵孢子产生的最适温度为20~25℃。菌落在pH值为7~8的培养基上能够迅速扩展,孢子囊产量最大的pH值为9~10,pH值为6时卵孢子的产量最大。黑暗条件有利于菌丝生长和卵孢子的产生,光照条件下孢子囊产量最大,紫外光处理能加速菌丝的生长和孢子囊的产生,但同时却抑制了卵孢子的形成。淀粉对孢子囊和卵孢子的产生有明显的促进作用;瓜果腐霉可以很好的利用NH₄NO₃产生孢子囊,而脲有利于卵孢子的产生。     

青贮玉米蠕形菌的分离鉴定及其致病性分析

本研究为初步明确引起青贮玉米(Zea Mays L.)叶斑病的蠕形菌种类,采集疑似病斑叶片样本,对病原菌进行分离纯化,形态特征观察,ITS-rDNA序列和GADPH基因序列系统发育分析及致病性测定。形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果表明分离得到的142株病原菌为3属6种真菌,其中麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和玉米生平脐蠕孢(B.zeicola)为优势病原菌,分别为77株和48株;其次为大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)9株,疣状弯孢(Curvularia verruculosa)2株,新月弯孢(C.lunata)3株,穗状弯孢(C.spicifera)3株。致病性测定发现麦根腐平脐蠕孢和玉米生平脐蠕孢对青海省8个主栽青贮玉米品种均有致病性,其余4种病原菌的致病性各有差异。本研究初步明确引起青贮玉米叶斑病的蠕形菌种类及其致病性,为后续开展病害诊断及其综合防控奠定了基础。     

内蒙古红豆草黄萎病菌的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

依照柯赫氏法则,利用形态学结合分子生物学的方法首次对内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市中国农科院草原研究所沙尔沁基地红豆草疑似黄萎病的病样进行分离和鉴定,利用蘸根接种法对病原菌的致病性进行测定。同时,首次在室内条件下对病菌的生物学特性,如生长最适温度、酸碱度以及碳源、氮源对病原菌生长速率和产孢量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,引起沙尔沁基地红豆草黄萎病的病原菌为大丽轮枝孢菌,菌株具有较宽的温度和酸碱度适应范围,最适于菌株生长和产孢的温度均为25℃,最适于菌株生长和产孢的pH值范围分别为7~10和5~6。在碳源选择上,大丽轮枝孢菌在可溶性淀粉上的生长速度最快,而蔗糖最有利于其产孢。在氮源选择上,大丽轮枝孢菌在牛肉膏和L-脯氨酸上的生长速度较快,且L-脯氨酸最有利于其产孢。     

澳洲坚果叶斑病新病原及生物学特性

摘 要：在澳洲坚果园进行病样采集时,发现一种叶部病害,为明确该病害的病原菌种类,将采集的病叶进行分离,并运用科赫法则测定致病性,根据病原菌的形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,分离菌株的菌落形态和分生孢子形态都与小孢拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis microspora）一致,经分子生物学鉴定,其ITS序列与小孢拟盘多毛孢的ITS序列的同源性为99%,将引起澳洲坚果叶斑病的病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢。生物学特性结果表明：PDA培养基最有利于病原菌生长,培养3天后,菌落直径达62.9 mm,最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为硫酸铵,病原菌在15-30 ℃均能生长,最适生长温度为28℃,病原菌在pH为4-11范围内均可生长,pH为7时生长最佳,全光照有利于病原菌生长。本文首次报道Pestalotiopsis microspora引起澳洲坚果叶斑病。     

二月兰种带真菌致病性研究

二月兰是重要的地被、景观和绿肥作物。通过种子、离体叶片和温室盆栽试验，对分离自二月兰种子的链格孢菌，芸薹生链格孢，细极链格孢，黑附球菌，变红镰刀菌，顶孢哈氏霉，细基格孢属等5属7种可培养真菌进行了致病性测定。结果表明，7种真菌可致二月兰种子萌发后烂种烂芽率16.50%~68.50%，其中芸薹生链格孢、顶孢哈氏霉可引致种子发芽率降低18.18%~27.27%。7种种带真菌分别引致二月兰离体叶片出现褪绿和坏死腐烂等症状，发病率100%，病斑面积8.84%~99.38%，病情指数22.50~95.00。盆栽条件下，种带真菌均可致植物出现萎蔫褪绿和坏死叶斑等症状，病株率100%，叶片发病率41.56%~79.88%，病情指数16.22~56.93。与对照（不接种带真菌）相比，种带真菌侵染二月兰植株后第9天植物丙二醛（MDA）含量增加30.40%~204.15%，过氧化物酶（POD）活性变幅为-1.81%~82.87%，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高18.78%~86.14%，叶绿素含量（SPAD值）降低13.24%~37.85%。致病性试验表明，芸薹生链格孢致病性最强，顶孢哈氏霉致病性最弱。     

甘肃省马铃薯坏疽病鉴定及其病原生物学特性研究

本试验研究了马铃薯坏疽病的症状及病原形态等。结果表明,该病害在块茎上形成圆形、椭圆形或不规则形的凹陷病斑,病斑呈土黄色至淡紫色,大小约1~3 cm,其中央有小黑点。从甘肃省采集到的马铃薯坏疽病26份标样中分离得到8个茎点霉属真菌分离物,经形态特征比对和致病性测定鉴定为同一种真菌分离物,且在症状特征、病原形态学、生化特征及ITS序列分析基础上鉴定该病原物为Phoma foveata;30%丙环唑·苯醚甲环唑、35%多菌灵磺酸盐、5%菌毒清、10%苯醚甲环唑、32.5%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯等对马铃薯坏疽病菌抑菌能力较强,其EC₅₀值分别为2.43×10^-5, 1.77×10^-2, 7.40×10^-2, 1.31×10^-1和2.31×10^-1 μg/mL;该病原菌菌丝生长速率及分生孢子萌发率均在20℃最高;在不同培养基上菌落形态及生长速率有差异,但在PDA培养基上生长最快;其分生孢子在pH值为3~10时均可萌发,但pH为6时分生孢子萌发率最高;本研究为国内首次详细报道该病害,该结果为甘肃省有效控制马铃薯坏疽病害提供了依据。     

草坪草红丝病与粉斑病病原菌生物学特性研究与杀菌剂室内毒力测定

草坪草红丝病与粉斑病是发生于世界范围内可危害多个草种的重要草坪草病害。本研究对我国首次报道的红丝病和粉斑病病原菌生物学特性进行了研究并在室内测定了14种杀菌剂对该两种病原菌的毒力。研究结果表明:红丝病和粉斑病病原菌菌丝适宜生长pH为5~7,最适生长pH为6,菌丝的致死温度为50 ℃水浴处理10 min。红丝病和粉斑病病原菌能够利用多种碳氮源,最适碳源和最适氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和L-谷氨酰胺。红丝病病原菌最适培养基为燕麦片煎液琼脂培养基(OMA);粉斑病病原菌最适培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)和马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基(PSA)。5%烯唑醇在14种供试杀菌剂中对红丝病病原菌和粉斑病病原菌毒力最高,其EC₅₀值分别为0.113和0.282 mg/L;然而,15%甲霜灵·10%霜霉威毒力最低,其EC₅₀值分别为121.522和214.532 mg/L。研究结果为深入了解病原菌的基础生物学及制定防治策略提供科学依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.