新疆部分规模化羊场绵羊肺炎支原体血清学调查

为调查新疆部分地区规模化羊场绵羊肺炎支原体的感染情况,分别采用绵羊肺炎支原体(MO)、肺炎支原体(MP)双抗体夹心ELISA和间接ELISA检测具有呼吸道症状羔羊血清中的MO/MP抗原抗体,共检测5个地区5个规模化羊场67份发病羔羊血清。结果显示,5个不同地区羊场MO-Ag阳性率为26.66%~100%,MO-Ab阳性率为46.66%~100%,其中3个羊场MO-Ag阳性率为100%,湖羊、小尾寒羊的阳性率(75%~100%)远高于萨福克羊(26.66%);5个不同地区均存在MP感染,MP-Ag阳性率为0~29%,MP-Ab阳性率为19%~58.33%;75%的发病羔羊均存在MO和MP双重感染。调查结果表明,新疆地区规模化羊场普遍存在绵羊肺炎支原体感染,且呈高态势水平,应加强防控措施。本调查结果为新疆地区绵羊传染性胸膜肺炎的防控提供了血清流行病学数据。     

基于主成分分析法建立绵羊一般抗病力的评估模型

综合评价不同品种绵羊免疫力或抗病力的差异,为开展绵羊抗病育种提供基础。以引进品种萨福克羊、培育品系多胎萨福克羊、地方品种哈萨克羊以及多胎萨福克羊与哈萨克羊杂交F1羔羊(萨哈F1)为实验对象,应用ELISA方法检测绵羊外周血IFN-α、IFN-γ、Ig G、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12免疫分子的质量浓度,并对10个免疫指标进行主成分分析。结果表明:选取累计贡献率达到86.228%时的5个特征值作为主成分,基本反映10个免疫指标包含的全部信息,通过建立的主成分评估模型,比较4个绵羊群体的主成分综合得分,萨哈F1得分最高,其次为哈萨克羊、多胎萨福克羊、萨福克羊。说明杂交羊的一般抗病力最强,本地绵羊的一般抗病力优于引进绵羊。     

天峻县藏系绵羊传染性胸膜肺炎的血清学诊断

用羊传染性胸膜肺炎间接血凝试验,对来自青海省天峻县的290份绵羊血清.进行了羊传染性胸膜肺炎血清抗体检测.结果:从290份绵羊血清中捡出抗绵羊传染性胸膜肺炎抗体的阳性血清207份,阳性率为71.38%;表明青海省天峻地区的羊群中存在绵羊肺炎支原体的感染.     

贵南县贵德黑裘皮羊传染性胸膜肺炎的血清学诊断

用间接血凝试验对贵南县贵德黑裘皮羊品种资源保护场的99份黑藏羊血清进行了绵羊肺炎支原体抗体检测。结果:检出阳性血清26份,阳性率26.26%。     

多胎萨福克羊养殖效益分析

新疆伊犁地区通过引进新的肉羊品种多胎萨福克羊,杂交改良本地哈萨克羊等低产品种,不仅产羔数增加了37.35％,且相同月龄的羔羊屠宰率提高了3％,按照100只母羊计算,多增收68,000元,这一养殖方式增加养殖者及养殖企业的积极性,改变以往饲养模式,有利于该品种在本地推广应用.     

新疆部分地区梅迪维斯纳病毒感染的血清学调查

旨在了解新疆地区梅迪维斯纳病的流行现状和特点，本研究于2017—2019年从新疆阿克苏、阿勒泰、巴州、昌吉、哈密、石河子和伊宁收集2 647份羊血清样品，采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）进行梅迪维斯纳病抗体检测，对不同地区、品种、性别来源绵羊的梅迪维斯纳病抗体阳性率进行统计分析。结果显示，阿克苏、阿勒泰、巴州、昌吉、哈密、石河子和伊宁梅迪维斯纳病抗体阳性率分别为28.95%（121/418）、0.67%（5/751）、2.50%（2/80）、4.91%（8/163）、1.14%（3/264）、1.22%（1/82）和17.10%（152/889）；其中，阿勒泰羊、和田羊、哈萨克羊、美利奴羊、萨福克羊、小尾寒羊的梅迪维斯纳病抗体阳性率分别为0.35%（1/288）、1.14%（3/264）、22.87%（231/1 010）、13.86%（42/303）、1.85%（13/702）和2.50%（2/80）；新疆本土品种羊与引进品种羊血清梅迪维斯纳病抗体阳性率分别为0.79%（8/1 015）、1.58%（15/947）；公羊与母羊梅迪维斯纳病抗体阳性率分别为3.59%（34/946）、15.17%（258/1 701）。本研究结果分析表明，需要对梅迪维斯纳病进行早期检疫，及时发现并淘汰病羊，改善饲养管理条件，这对促进羊产业健康发展具有重要意义。     

国内部分地区羊支原体肺炎血清学调查及分析

为了解国内羊肺炎支原体的流行情况,本研究应用正向间接血凝试验(IHA)对2014年~2015年间采自我国12个省44个市、县的3 402份未免疫血清样品进行了绵羊肺炎支原体(MO)、山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种(Mccp)抗体的检测。结果显示:MO抗体阳性率为31.92%(1 086/3 402),其中阳性率最高的省份为内蒙古76.8%(636/828),其次是河北50%(60/120)、吉林21.99%(93/423);Mccp的抗体阳性率为10.67%(363/3 402),其中阳性率最高省份为河南35.14%(39/111),其次为河北27.5%(33/120)、山东22.5%(27/120);另有来自河北、辽宁、吉林、海南、黑龙江、内蒙古和安徽7省份的少量血清样品同时检测出MO和Mccp两种抗体,表明该病的流行存在不同菌株混合感染的情况,这在河北地区最为严重(15%)。分析表明,羊支原体肺炎在我国大部分地区流行相当严重,尤其在河北、河南和山东等集约化舍饲养殖发展的地区。绵羊的抗体阳性率明显高于山羊,表明MO在致病性和感染性方面相对Mccp更强。本研究为评估羊支原体肺炎在我国的流行状况以及制定有效防制措施提供了实验依据。     

新疆南疆地区绵羊戊型肝炎血清流行病学调查

对新疆南疆4个行政区6个品种的434份绵羊血清,采用双抗原夹心酶联免疫法检测抗戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)IgG抗体,比较不同地区、不同品种及不同年龄段绵羊戊型肝炎抗体阳性率的差异.结果显示,所检测血清总的抗体阳性率为32.25%(140/434),4个地区绵羊抗体阳性率依次为32.34%(65/201),37.25%(19/51),47.25%(43/91),14.29%(13/91),差异极显著(p＜0.01);2岁以上绵羊与1岁以下绵羊抗体阳性率依次为47.25%(43/91)和21%(25/121),差异极显著(p＜0.01);不同品种绵羊HEV感染率差异显著(p＜0.05).由此可见,新疆南疆地区绵羊普遍存在HEV感染.     

新疆地区绵羊戊型肝炎血清流行病学调查

采集新疆6个地区4个品种绵羊的826份血清（南疆348份、北疆478份）,应用双抗原夹心酶联免疫法（DS-ELISA）检测抗戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）IgG抗体,比较不同地域、不同年龄以及不同品种绵羊HEV抗体阳性率的差异。结果显示,所检测羊血清中HEV抗体阳性率为19.13%（158/826）,南、北疆羊HEV抗体阳性率分别为21.26%（74/348）和17.58%（84/478）,差异显著（P〈0.05）。卡拉库尔羊、小尾寒羊HEV抗体阳性率分别为23.94%（79/330）和17.33%（65/375）,差异显著（P〈0.05）。3岁以上、2～3岁和1岁以内羊的HEV抗体阳性率差异不显著（P〉0.05）。这表明新疆地区绵羊HEV感染普遍存在。     

新疆北疆地区牛、羊病毒性腹泻—黏膜病的血清学调查

为了了解新疆北疆部分地区的牛、羊病毒性腹泻一黏膜病的感染情况,采用双抗原夹心酶联免疫法（ELISA）对随机采自新疆伊犁、塔城等地区的105份牛血清样品和49份羊血清样品进行BVDV抗体检测。结果显示,牛血清样品中有19份阳性,阳性率为18．1％;而羊血清样品中有45份阳性,阳性率为91．8％。结果显示,BVD在该地区较为流行,尤其是羊的感染率比较高。     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

兰州地区苜蓿和红豆草根际溶磷菌筛选及菌株部分特性研究

利用溶磷圈法对苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷细菌进行了分离,共获得分离物386个,其中137个具有溶磷能力.苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷菌数量分布有差异.其数量为RS>RP>NRS>HP.对筛选获得的12株溶磷圈较大的菌株进行菌落形态特征观察发现,大多数菌落呈灰白色或乳白色、不规则、半透明、边缘不整齐、突起、无光泽、无色素.进一步利用钼蓝比色法对菌株分解磷矿粉能力测定显示,各菌株分解磷矿粉能力差异较大,溶磷量最大为338.4mg/ml,最小为25.9mg/ml,这与其自身溶磷机制有关.溶磷量与菌株培养液pH值之间存在显著相关性.12株菌株大部分具有分泌IAA的能力,其中LM6和LH9分泌IAA能力较强.     

精氨酸在畜禽营养生理中的应用进展

精氨酸在动物体内参不仅参与多种营养物质的合成分解代谢,同时通过精氨酸酶、一氧化氮两条代谢途径,参与机体内的免疫调节。由于断奶仔猪与哺乳母猪自身不能合成足量的精氨酸以满足代谢需要,因此需要从外源摄取以满足需求;另外,家禽体内也缺乏可以合成精氨酸的氨甲酰磷酸酶,其整个生长阶段更是需要补充外源性精氨酸。