几种因素对培养小鼠精原干细胞的影响

探讨了小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层及干细胞因子(SCF)、白血病抑制因子(LIF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)等对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞的作用.结果显示,在饲养层上,精原干细胞贴壁时间缩至8～12 h,饲养层具有促进其分裂增殖的作用;培养液中加入不同浓度的SCF、LIF及bFGF,可延长精原干细胞在体外的存活时间,其中加入30μg/LSCF后,其体外存活时间与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).     

细胞因子与激素对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟及卵裂的影响

本试验研究了在培养液中添加不同浓度的GDNF、LIF、SCF及其不同组合对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟与卵裂的影响。结果表明:GDNF、LIF、SCF对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟有极显著影响(P<0.01),不同浓度间无显著影响(P>0.05),添加LIF卵母细胞体外成熟率极显著高于GDNF、SCF(P<0.01),添加GDNF、LIF对卵裂率有显著影响(P<0.05),添加SCF对卵裂率无影响(P>0.05);GDN+LIF+SCF组和GD-NF+LIF组卵母细胞成熟率极显著高于LIF+SCF和GDNF+SCF组(P<0.01),添加GDNF+SCF和LIF+SCF对卵母细胞体外成熟率无显著差异,可见,LIF和GDNF对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟有协同作用。胚胎的早期发育上GDNF+LIF+SCF组优于GDNF+LIF组优于LIF+SCF也优于GDNF+SCF,均能显著提高卵裂率。     

新生牛生精上皮细胞体外培养的研究

两步酶消化法制备新生牛生精上皮细胞悬液,分离纯化、鉴定精原干细胞和支持细胞,冷冻保存支持细胞。以支持细胞为饲养层探索不同培养条件下精原干细胞的增殖情况,免疫组化鉴定。结果表明:10%DMSO与0.1mol/L的海藻糖组合作为冷冻保护剂,冷冻效果较好;血清浓度为2.5%、支持细胞密度为5×105个/mL时,新生牛精原干细胞较易形成集落;精原干细胞及其集落的AKP染色和C-kit免疫组化均呈阳性。     

不同细胞因子对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟与早期胚胎发育的影响

研究在培养液中添加不同浓度的GDNF、LIF、SCF及其不同组合对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟和早期胚胎发育的影响。结果表明：SCF、LIF、GDNF对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟有显著影响（62．0％、75．5％、63．7％vs53．0％,P〈0．05）,不同浓度间无显著影响（P〉0．05）,添加LIF、GDNF对卵裂率有显著影响（48．1％、43．3％vs26．2％,P〈0．05）,SCF对卵裂率无显著影响（37．6％vs26．2％P〉0．05）,不同细胞因子都能显著提高囊胚率（21．6％、27．3％、26．2％vs6．3％,P〈0．05）。10IU&#183;mL^-1的LIF、15Iu&#183;mL^-1的GDNF和15IU&#183;mL^-1的SCF对山羊胚胎体外生产最好;GDNF＋LIF＋SCF组和GDNF＋LIF组卵母细胞成熟率显著高于LIF＋SCF,GDNF＋SCF,GDNF和LIF组（83．3％、80．3％vs72．8％、65．4％、63．3％、77．9％,P〈0．05）,GDNF＋SCF和LIF＋SCF添加组间对卵母细胞体外成熟无差异（72．8％vs65．4％,P〉0．05）,早期胚胎发育上GDNF＋LIF＋SCF组优于GDNF＋LIF、LIF＋SCF和GDNF＋SCF组,且均能显著提高卵裂率（50．2％、48．9％、47．9％、43．7％vs21．4％,P〈0．05）和囊胚率（31．3％、27．6％、25．5％、24．3％vs13．6％,P〈0．05）。可见GDNF、LIF和SCF能提高卵母细胞的成熟率,早期胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率,LIF和GDNF对卵母细胞体外成熟有协同作用。     

体外培养小鼠精原干细胞的研究

探讨一种新的体外培养精原干细胞的方法,为进一步研究精原干细胞增殖与凋亡提供依据。采用组合酶消化、差速贴壁法分离精原干细胞,并设计了支持细胞条件培养基、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)处理培养基以及对照培养基3种培养体系,应用细胞活力分析仪检测精原干细胞数量以及活性,精原干细胞标记蛋白c-kit受体和磷酸酶染色技术进行鉴定,激光共聚焦显微镜技术检测细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)和BCL-2家族蛋白Bax和Bcl2表达的变化。结果:应用组合酶消化和差速贴d壁法得到了纯度70%以上的精原干细胞;在体外培养7 d以内,PCNA的表达条件培养基组明显好于GDNF处理组以及对照组,Bcl2的表达条件培养基组高于GDNF组和对照组,Bax的表达条件培养基组低于GDNF组和对照组。研究表明在7 d内体外培养精原干细胞,条件培养基明显促进细胞增殖,抑制细胞的凋亡。     

红景天多糖对幼鼠精原干细胞体外增殖的影响

为研究如何在体外获得更好的精原干细胞培养效果,以出生后6～8 d的小鼠为对象,应用两步酶消化法和差速贴壁法分离纯化精原干细胞.分别将浓度为100、200、300和400 ng/mL的红景天多糖加入以Sertoli细胞为饲养层的精原干细胞培养液中,以不添加红景天多糖组为对照,通过RT-PCR法和碱性磷酸酶（AP）染色鉴定细胞,MTT法研究红景天多糖对精原干细胞增殖的影响.RT-PCR和染色结果显示,分离得到的细胞为精原干细胞;MTT结果显示试验组比对照组细胞数量有显著增多（P＜0.05）,增殖率可达152％,且红景天多糖的最适添加量300 ng/mL.说明红景天多糖能显著促进小鼠精原干细胞的体外增殖.     

表皮调节素、上皮有丝分裂原和干细胞因子对山羊精原干细胞增殖的影响

为了揭示表皮调节素(Epiregulin/EREG)、上皮有丝分裂原(Epigen/EPG)和干细胞因子(SCF)对山羊精原干细胞(SSCs)增殖的影响,改进SSCs体外培养体系。在含有胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和白细胞抑制因子(LIF)的SSCs培养基基础上,分别添加20 ng/mL干细胞因子、20 ng/mL表皮调节素、20 ng/mL和100 ng/mL上皮有丝分裂原。对富集后山羊SSCs进行12 d的培养,测定培养过程中山羊SSCs生长曲线和细胞活性。结果表明:添加100 ng/mL上皮有丝分裂原和20 ng/mL的表皮调节素相比其他组能够显著促进山羊SSCs的体外增殖和细胞活力(P0.05);其中培养12 d后添加20 ng/mL表皮调节素的细胞活力显著高于其他组,但细胞数量与100 ng/mL上皮有丝分裂原组无显著差异。20 ng/mL SCF相比对照组能够显著提高体外增殖和细胞活力(P0.05),但低于100 ng/mL上皮有丝分裂原和20 ng/mL表皮调节素组(P0.05)。因此,添加100 ng/mL上皮有丝分裂原、20 ng/mL干细胞因子和20 ng/mL表皮调节素能够提高山羊SSCs的增殖,其中添加20 ng/mL表皮调节素效果最佳。     

精原干细胞体外培养及影响因素

影响精原干细胞体外培养的主要因素有温度、饲养层细胞、细胞因子包括分化抑制因子(LIF)和生长因子(SCF和bFGF)等。本文拟对其研究进展和精原干细胞体外培养所涉及到的精原干细胞的鉴定和分离纯化技术的研究进展进行综述。     

生精胶囊促进小鼠精原干细胞增殖的研究

为了探讨体外促进小鼠精原干细胞(SSCs)增殖的可行性,试验取7～8日龄雄性乳鼠睾丸,分离、纯化SSCs并分别接种于普通培养液、神经营养因子(GDNF)培养液和生精胶囊提取液的培养液内进行增殖培养,观察小鼠SSCs的生长状况.结果表明:将SSCs接种于普通培养液3 d后,出现了增殖现象,可见增殖培养产生SSCs克隆,并...     

GDNF、LIF和SCF对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)不仅是胚胎体外生产的关键一环,还可以为体细胞核移植提供受体卵母细胞.卵母细胞的成熟是一个复杂的动态过程,影响卵母细胞体外成熟的因素众多,成熟率通常为40%～80%,优化培养条件是提高体外培养卵母细胞成熟率及体外成熟卵母细胞质量的关键,大量的研究者通过在培养液中添加细胞因子来促进卵母细胞成熟[1].文献报道将胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)、白血病抑制因子(LIF)、干细胞因子(SCF)用于小鼠、绵羊和人的细胞培养中取得了较理想效果[2],但未见将三种成分用于山羊的报道.本试验研究比较了不同浓度GDNF、LIF、SCF及其不同组合对山羊体外培养卵母细胞成熟率的影响,拟优化培养条件,提高卵母细胞的成熟率.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.