发酵中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道菌群的影响

试验研究日粮中添加发酵中草药对松辽黑猪断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道菌群的影响.试验选择(35±1)d的松辽黑猪断奶仔猪54头,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪.对照组仔猪饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5％发酵中草药添加剂,试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5％不发酵中草药添加剂.预试期5d,正式试验期30 d.结...     

全株发酵杂交构树替代蛋白饲料对育肥猪生长性能、粪污排放量及养分表观消化率的影响

为了研究全株发酵杂交构树替代蛋白饲料对育肥猪生长性能的影响,试验选取健康状况良好、体重相近的长大二元杂交育肥猪96头,随机分成4个处理,其中A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,B、C、D组为试验组,分别饲喂添加不同比例的全株发酵杂交构树饲料日粮,进行为期50 d的试验。结果表明,与对照组相比,3个试验组育肥猪的采食量、日增重、粪污排放量和料肉比显著降低(P0.05),其中采食量降低幅度最多达到17.82%,日增重降低幅度最多达到7.19%;试验组粗纤维和粗脂肪的消化率显著提高(P0.05),且随着发酵杂交构树添加量的增加,呈先升高后降低的趋势;试验组粗蛋白消化率有降低趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,全株发酵杂交构树可以替代育肥猪蛋白饲料,但显著降低了生长性能,从生产角度分析,不推荐使用高添加量的发酵杂交构树饲料替代育肥猪日粮中的蛋白饲料,建议添加量控制在3%以下。因此,在不影响育肥猪生长性能的前提下,就日粮中应用全株发酵杂交构树还需要进一步研究。     

发酵杂交构树粉对宁都三黄鸡胸、腿肌发育指数及肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究发酵杂交构树粉对宁都三黄鸡胸、腿肌发育指数及肉质性状的影响.选取48只体重相近、健康的40日龄宁都三黄鸡,分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复3只.对照组为基础日粮,试验组为基础日粮+7％发酵构树粉.试验期35 d.结果 显示,添加7％发酵构树粉显著降低了三黄鸡胸肌肌纤维直径(P＜0.05),有增加腿肌滴水损失...     

发酵构树饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同比例发酵构树饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响。试验选取35日龄、体重为(7.4±1.1)kg的健康断奶仔猪216头,随机分为Ⅰ(对照)、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,每组3个重复,每个重复18头仔猪。其中,Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ组饲喂3%发酵构树饲料+97%基础饲粮;Ⅲ组饲喂6%发酵构树饲料+94%基础饲粮;Ⅳ组饲喂9%发酵构树饲料+91%基础饲粮。预试期5 d,正试期25 d。结果表明:1)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组断奶仔猪的腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05),各组间平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)表观消化率均显著降低(P<0.05)。3)Ⅲ组血清总胆固醇(TC)含量较Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组显著降低(P<0.05);各组间其他血清生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)各组间血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中不同比例发酵构树饲料可以显著降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率,未对生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化指标产生不利影响,其中6%的替代比例效果最佳。     

全株发酵杂交构树替代豆粕对育肥猪生长性能、肉品质及养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的全株发酵杂交构树替代豆粕对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质和养分表观消化率的影响。选择48头初重（60.44±2.51） kg、健康的“杜×长×大”三元杂交育肥猪,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头猪。A组（对照组）育肥猪饲喂基础日粮,B组、C组、D组育肥猪分别饲喂使用3%、5%、7%全株发酵杂交构树替代豆粕的试验日粮。预试期10 d,正式试验期45 d。结果显示,与A组相比,B组育肥猪的平均日增重增加了2.78%(P>0.05);各试验组育肥猪的眼肌面积、肌内脂肪、蛋白质含量均显著升高（P<0.05）;C组、D组育肥猪对日粮酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、钙、磷的表观消化率均显著升高（P<0.05）。研究表明,使用3%全株发酵杂交构树代替豆粕对育肥猪的生长性能、肉品质和表观消化率的影响作用较好。     

添加70％发酵红薯对高坡黑猪生长及肉质指标的影响

为研究添加高比例发酵红薯替代部分精料对高坡黑猪育肥猪生长、胴体和肉质性能的影响,选择6月龄、体重(62. 4±3.5)kg高坡黑猪24头,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组2个重复,每个重复6头。试验组饲喂70%发酵红薯+30%全价日粮,对照组饲喂全价日粮,进行120 d饲喂试验,然后屠宰进行生长性能、胴体肉质指标测定。结果:在基础日粮中添加70%发酵红薯可显著降低猪生长性能,试验组料重比显著高于对照组81.53%(P0.05);对猪胴体性状也有显著影响,试验组平均背膘厚显著高于对照组13.41%(P0.05),眼肌面积显著低于对照组8.25%(P0.05);能在一定程度上提高猪肉色红度值,降低滴水损失,改善猪肉品质,但差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:在基础日粮中添加70%发酵红薯可显著降低高坡黑猪的生长性能,降低养殖效益,但对肉质指标无不良影响。     

低蛋白、植酸酶、发酵豆粕和有机铜锌对生长猪生长性能和粪污排放的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋白质含量、植酸酶、发酵豆粕和有机铜锌对生长猪生长性能和粪便中氮磷、铜锌排放的影响。选取68日龄、体重(25.05±3.69)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪40头,按照体重一致、公母各半的原则随机分为4个处理,每处理10个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮(粗蛋白水平为16.57%,纯度为96%的CuSO4·5H2O62.5mg/kg,纯度为99%的ZnSO4·H2O127.06mg/kg);有机铜锌组在基础日粮将无机铜锌分别替换成蛋氨酸铜(100 mg/kg)和蛋氨酸锌(250 mg/kg);低蛋白日粮+植酸酶+发酵豆粕组将基础日粮的蛋白水平降低为13.4%,并添加800 mg/kg植酸酶,用10%发酵豆粕替代10%普通豆粕;低蛋白有机铜锌组在低蛋白日粮+植酸酶+发酵豆粕组的基础上将无机铜锌等量替换成有机铜锌。试验期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,低蛋白日粮+植酸酶+发酵豆粕可以提高平均日采食量和日增重(P0.05),降低耗料增重比(P0.05);与对照组和有机铜锌组相比,低蛋白日粮+植酸酶+发酵豆粕可以降低氮磷排放率(P0.05);与对照组和有机铜锌组相比,低蛋白日粮+植酸酶+发酵豆粕可以显著降低粪便中铜锌排放量(P0.05)。综上所述,低蛋白日粮+植酸酶+发酵豆粕可以提高生长猪的生长性能,减少氮磷和铜锌排放;日粮中添加有机铜锌对生长猪粪便中铜锌含量无显著影响。     

CEM制剂对肥育猪生长性能的影响

1 材料与方法 1.1 CEM制剂 安徽农业技术师范学院提供。 1.2 时间与地点 试验于1998年7月12日至10月15日在安徽蒙城某养猪场进行,试前试猪驱虫、称重。 1.3 试猪选择与分组 试验选用60头50日龄体重相近的三元杂交猪(阉公猪和青年母猪各半),随机分为3组,每组20头。 1.4 试验设计 本试验设计一个对照组、两个试验组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组饲喂85％基础日粮 15％CEM发酵料,试验2组饲喂75％基础日粮 25％CEM发酵料。CEM发酵料制作方法为:量取100mL CEM原液,称取100g食糖,一起倒人25kg温水中(30～35℃),搅拌溶解,制成CEM稀释液,然后再称取50kg基础日粮与CEM稀释液充分拌匀,装入塑料袋中压实填紧,密封2～3d即成CEM发酵料。发酵好的CEM发酵料具有浓重的酸、甜、醇香气味,饲喂时取CEM发酵料,分别按15％和25％的比例加入基础日粮中。CEM发酵料每次用后扎紧袋口密封,可长期保存(注意防止袋破漏气)。     

发酵构树叶对肉仔鸡生长及代谢性能的影响

研究旨在探讨发酵构树叶对AA肉仔鸡生长性能及代谢性能的影响,为构树饲料的进一步开发利用提供理论依据.采用GZ3和HS3菌株分别发酵构树叶混合物,对比发酵前后营养成分的差异,并用不同发酵处理的构树叶饲喂AA肉仔鸡,试验随机分为4组:空白对照组(基础日粮)、试验1组(未发酵构树叶组)、试验2组(GZ3发酵组)和试验3组(HS3发酵组).每组5个重复,每重复8只鸡,试验期为42 d.结果表明:1)试验2组粗纤维含量显著低于其他组,比试验1组下降了11.67％;粗蛋白含量最高,比试验1组提高了9％.2)1～42日龄对照组的料肉比为1.88±0.04,略低于试验2组和3组,差异不显著,但显著低于试验1组.3)对照组AA肉仔鸡消化利用率最好,其次是试验2组、3组和1组.试验表明:经过发酵处理的构树叶粗纤维含量均有不同程度的下降,粗蛋白含量均显著增加.饲喂构树叶对AA肉仔鸡的生长无不良影响.     

发酵菌糠对育肥猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响

试验采用单因子设计,研究发酵菌糠对育肥猪的饲喂效果和对胴体品质的影响。选择健康的约克夏猪(约60kg)144头,随机分到4个处理组:基础日粮组、含发酵菌糠14%、16%和18%的试验日粮组。试验期30d。结果表明:本试验条件下,发酵菌糠对育肥猪的生产性能和胴体品质无显著影响。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.