体外产气量法研究日粮中添加不同水平棉籽油对绵羊瘤胃发酵动力学的影响

试验采用体外产气量法研究日粮中添加不同水平的棉籽油对绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。棉籽油的添加水平分别设0(对照组)、1%、2%和3%。结果表明:日粮添加不同水平的棉籽油使人工瘤胃的最大产气量依次降低,但各处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,添加棉籽油并未显著改变发酵液pH值和NH3-N浓度。与对照组相比,添加棉籽油可以降低羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)和木聚糖酶(XYLase)活性,仅在发酵48h后,各处理组的CMCase活性达到显著水平(P<0.05),但各处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,随棉籽油添加水平的升高可以依次降低干物质(DM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的降解率,发酵48h后,2%和3%组DM显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但两者间差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,添加棉籽油并未显著影响总挥发酸浓度(TVFA)、乙酸摩尔百分比、丙酸摩尔百分比和乙丙酸比。     

富含十八碳不饱和脂肪酸的植物油对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷生成的影响

选取3种典型的植物油:菜籽油、豆油和亚麻油,利用体外培养系统进行体外发酵,研究植物油的类型和添加水平对瘤胃体外发酵和甲烷生成的影响。3种植物油分别添加底物干物质的3%、5%和7%,未添加植物油组为对照,共10个处理,每个处理设3个重复。结果表明,菜籽油对甲烷产量无显著影响(P>0.05),豆油7%添加水平显著抑制了甲烷生成,而亚麻油所有添加水平均显著降低了甲烷生成量(P<0.05)。在豆油和亚麻油处理组中,随着添加水平的提高,甲烷产量线性下降(P<0.01)。3种植物油均显著改变了瘤胃发酵模式,随着植物油中所含不饱和脂肪酸不饱和度的增加,乙酸和丁酸的摩尔比例显著降低,丙酸摩尔比例显著升高(P<0.05);植物油添加水平的提高显著降低了乙酸和丁酸摩尔比例,显著升高了丙酸摩尔比例(P<0.05),乙酸丙酸比例显著降低。本试验结果表明植物油降低甲烷的效果跟其来源和添加水平有关;随着植物油添加水平的提高和所含不饱和脂肪酸不饱和度的增加,甲烷生成量显著降低。     

不同添加水平菜籽油对放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验采用体外产气法,以牦牛作为瘤胃液供体,混合天然牧草为发酵底物,添加不同水平的菜籽油,测定体外培养48 h后,各试验组的相关瘤胃发酵参数,研究不同添加水平的菜籽油对放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明,培养48 h后,各试验组发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度和纤毛虫数量差异均不显著(P>0.05),表明适量添加菜籽油对牦牛瘤胃发酵无显著影响;从产气量上看,添加7%菜籽油时,瘤胃累积产气开始下降,添加量为9%时,菜籽油对瘤胃累积产气具有抑制作用,因此建议菜籽油的添加量不宜超过日粮的7%。     

不同油脂对瘤胃微生物体外产气及其区系动态变化的影响

本试验利用3头瘤胃瘘管山羊提供瘤胃液,以淀粉、纤维素、酪蛋白为底物进行体外培养,研究花生油、菜油、玉米油和豆油等对瘤胃发酵产气及微生物活力状况的影响。结果表明:培养液36 h总产气量在20.61～39.67mL,除花生油组与对照组差异不显著外(P>0.05),其他油脂组都显著低于对照组(P<0.05);随着培养时间的延长各组产气量呈现波动变化。培养液总脱氢酶以豆油组最高,显著高于对照组;并依次显著高于玉米油、花生油、菜籽油等组(P<0.05)。另外,培养液原虫DNA、细菌DNA、微生物DNA、原虫/细菌区系比例的均值与对照组,以及油脂组间差异都不显著(P>0.05),但随着培养时间的延长,微生物DNA在各时间点都以豆油与玉米油组的较高;原虫DNA一般在16 h达到最高,而细菌DNA则在8 h或16 h最高,并显著高于1 h或4 h的量(P<0.05、P<0.01),且各个试验组在培养过程中随时间的动态变化模式也不尽相同。总体看来,不同油脂对瘤胃微生物体外产气及区系动态变化的影响不同。     

添加游离不饱和脂肪酸或植物油对瘤胃微生物体外发酵及微晶纤维素降解的影响

用体外静态培养法研究添加游离不饱和脂肪酸混合物(FFAM)和植物油对瘤胃微生物培养液pH值、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和微晶纤维素降解的影响。采用4×4的2因子试验设计,4种植物油为豆油、棉籽油、菜籽油和亚麻油,每种植物油设置0、5、10和15mg4种添加水平,另外再设置1个5mgFFAM处理。结果显示,5mgFFAM处理组的pH值显著高于其它处理组(P<0.01),TVFA浓度和微晶纤维素粉的消失率显著低于其它处理组(P<0.01),TVFA中丙酸的比例显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。植物油种类和添加水平对瘤胃微生物发酵及微晶纤维素降解有显著影响(P<0.01)。亚麻油添加量达到10mg,豆油添加量达到15mg后瘤胃pH值开始显著上升,TVFA浓度和微晶纤维素粉消失率显著下降(P<0.05)。在15mg添加水平,按照微晶纤维素粉消失率从小到大的顺序排列,4种植物油处理的顺序为:亚麻油、豆油、棉籽油和菜籽油,与不饱和度顺序一致。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠对黄牛体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响

为了探索十二烷基苯磺酸钠(sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate,SDBS)对黄牛瘤胃发酵特性的影响,采用体外培养法,以发酵木薯渣粉和玉米粉各200mg为瘤胃发酵底物,SDBS按培养液底物浓度共设四个浓度:0(对照组)、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%,每个浓度设三个重复,分别培养3、6、9和12h,在每次培养结束时,记录产气量,取出培养液,测定培养液的原虫数量、pH、氨态氮和微生物蛋白含量。结果表明:(1)添加SDBS 0、0.20%、0.40%和0.80%,瘤胃培养液的原虫数量、pH、氨态氮含量均随着SDBS浓度的递增显著降低(P0.05),其中添加SDBS 0.20%和0.40%组,能够缩短培养液pH稳定的时间,并且使pH稳定在适宜微生物生长的范围内;(2)与对照组比较,添加SDBS 0.2%、0.40%均能显著提高瘤胃培养液的产气量和微生物蛋白含量(P0.05),其中添加0.40%组的产气量和微生物蛋白含量均显著高于添加0.2%组的产气量和微生物蛋白含量(P0.05)。综上可见,添加适量的SDBS能够显著降低黄牛体外瘤胃发酵的原虫数量、pH、氨态氮含量,显著提高其产气量和微生物蛋白含量。提高黄牛体外瘤胃发酵性能的SDBS的最适添加量为0.4%。     

体外培养条件下不同植物油对脂肪酸合成的影响

采用体外批次培养技术,比较豆油、玉米油和葵花油在瘤胃中脂肪酸氢化及t11-C18:1累积规律。以微晶纤维素作培养底物,培养液中添加5mg植物油(豆油、玉米油和葵花油),培养时间点为2、4、8、16和24h,测试每个时间点培养液中PUFA含量。3种油培养液脂肪酸含量结果比较:大豆油能显著提高培养液中C18:0和t11-C18:1浓度(P0.05),玉米油能显著提高培养液中c9,c12-C18:2含量(P0.05),但3种植物油培养液中c9-C18:1含量无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

添加植物油对瘤胃内共轭亚油酸前体物累积规律的影响

采用人工瘤胃法研究了豆油和棉籽油中亚油酸等多聚不饱和脂肪酸在瘤胃微生物作用下的氢化中间产物trans11油酸变化规律以及对瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明添加豆油和棉籽油使trans11油酸得到累积,其中4%处理组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。处理组的总挥发酸浓度均高于对照组,棉籽油处理组与对照组差异达到显著(P<0.05)。处理组NH3N浓度均高于对照组,2%豆油、2%棉籽油和4%棉籽油处理组与对照组差异达到显著(P<0.05)。     

不同水平微生物发酵蛋白补充料对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在利用体外法研究微生物发酵蛋白补充料对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响。体外试验分为6组,其中对照组只含培养底物,5个试验组分别添加占全混合日粮5.66%、8.44%、11.30%、14.27%和17.24%的发酵蛋白补充料,并保持0.200 0 g培养底物不变,测定培养液产气量、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、菌体蛋白(BCP)和氨态氮(NH3-N)等指标,比较分析发酵蛋白补充料及其不同添加量对瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果表明:添加发酵蛋白补充料可以提高培养液产气量和NH3-N浓度(P0.05),而对pH和TVFA浓度无显著性影响;在日粮精粗比6:4时,随着添加量的升高,瘤胃微生物数量增加,饲料中培养液产气量、干物质消失率和BCP含量均提高(P0.05),培养液NH3-N浓度降低(P0.05)。经过DPS软件Topsis法综合分析发现,在精粗比6:4日粮下,微生物发酵蛋白补充料最适添加量为14.27%。     

胍基乙酸对锦江黄牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

为研究饲料中添加胍基乙酸对牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响,试验选取3只身体健康、2岁左右、体重为(200~250)kg、安装瘤胃瘘管的锦江黄牛供采集瘤胃液。采取体外产气法对添加不同水平胍基乙酸(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%)体外发酵培养,测定24 h培养液中pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度及干物质消化率等瘤胃发酵指标。结果表明:(1)随着胍基乙酸添加量的增加,0.4%添加组产气量显著提高40.82%(P<0.05)。胍基乙酸添加组的pH显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),但均在正常范围内;NH3-N浓度随着添加剂量的增加呈先降低后升高趋势,其中0.1%、0.2%添加组显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),分别降低了10.55%、15.29%。瘤胃微生物蛋白含量随着胍基乙酸添加量的增加而增加,0.4%添加组显著提高了1.41%(P<0.05)。干物质消化率(IVDMD)随着胍基乙酸添加量的增加先增加后减少,其中0.4%添加组显著提高了11.24%(P<0.05)。(2)胍基乙酸组挥发性脂肪酸总量、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸有上升趋势,并且0.4%添加组显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),其中TVFA提高了6.58%,丙酸含量提高了9.08%。但是乙酸/丙酸各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,胍基乙酸添加可以促进瘤胃发酵功能。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.