动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测研究进展

氟喹诺酮类是一类广谱高效抗菌药物,在临床上的应用相当广泛。随着该类药物的广泛应用及深入研究,一方面,有关FQs类药物的不良反应和耐药性报道越来越多,其潜在的严重不良反应逐渐受到人们的重视。另一方面,作为兽药和饲料添加剂而大量的用于动物,因而其残留在动物可食性产品中的可能性相对很大。这些残留物可直接对人造成危害外,更严重的是低浓度的残留药物可能会对FQs类药物敏感的致病菌产生耐药性,从而间接危害人类健康。目前,用于FQs残留检测的方法有微生物法、色谱法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法、免疫分析法等。     

氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测方法的研究进展

氟喹诺酮（fluoroguinolones,FQs）类药物作为强效的抗菌药被广泛地用于预防与治疗家禽的肠道、呼吸道等系统的细菌感染。但是人类食用含FQs类药物残留的食品会造成系统损伤及产生细菌耐药性,因此,建立灵敏、准确的检测FQs类药物残留的方法十分必要,包括对食物、血液、尿液等中的FQs类药物残留的检测。作者对近3年来国内外检测FQs类药物残留的最新研究方法进行了调研,主要包括电化学法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法、酶联免疫吸附法、荧光偏振免疫分析法、毛细管电泳免疫-激光诱导荧光检测法、上转换荧光共振能量转移法、表面等离子体共振传感器法及薄层色谱法等,对以上几种方法在检测FQs类药物残留中的具体应用分别进行了介绍,并分析了其优缺点,同时对今后FQs类药物残留检测方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

高效液相色谱-荧光法检测禽肉中七种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的研究

氟喹诺酮类药物（Fluoroquinnolones,FQs）是近年来发展迅速并被广泛应用的新一代全合成抗生素。它抗菌谱广、高效、低毒、组织穿透力强,抗菌作用是磺胺类药的近千倍,与第3代头孢类抗生素相媲美。由于FQs是化学合成药物,价格低廉,故在医学和兽医学中应用广泛。在畜禽和水产养殖中,FQs主要用于治疗、     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物残留研究进展

氟喹诺酮类（Fluoroquinolones,FQs）物作为广谱高效抗菌药物在动物性食品中的应用相当普遍。但其对人及动物的药物残留危害问题亦日益凸显。本文综述了动物性食品中FQs残留的研究进展,包括残留危害、残留限量、休药期和检测方法,以期为进一步开展FQs残留检测的研究和监测提供借鉴。     

氟喹诺酮类药物(FQs)耐药性产生的分子机制

随着氟喹诺酮类药物的广泛使用，细菌对该类药物产生耐药性日趋严重，这引起了国内外的高度重视。本文就FQs耐药性产生的分子机制，即药靶的改变，药物在菌体内蓄积浓度下降及由质粒介导的耐药等机制做了综述。     

氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性的研究进展

随着氟喹诺酮类药物(FQs)在兽医和人医临床上的广泛使用,细菌对该类药物的耐药性日趋严重,这引起了国内外的高度重视。本文就FQs耐药性的研究进展,包括耐药性的发展,耐药性产生的分子机制即靶酶的改变,药物在菌体内蓄积浓度下降,以及由质粒介导的耐药等机制做了综述。     

氟喹诺酮类药物在动物性食品中的残留检测研究进展

氟喹诺酮类 ( Fluoroquinolones,FQs)为一族人工合成的新型杀菌性抗菌药物 ,因其抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、与其他抗菌药物无交叉耐药性、毒副作用小等特点而广泛用于动物和人类的多种感染性疾病的治疗。随着 FQs在食品动物中的广泛应用 ,其残留问题已引起广泛的关注。FQs残留除了其毒副作用对人直接危害外 ,更为严重的是动物性食品中残留较低浓度的药物容易诱导人类致病菌产生耐药性 ,从而不利于该类药物在人类疾病的治疗 ,因此必须十分重视 FQs在动物性食品中的残留问题。目前国内有关兽用 FQs在动物残留的研究报道很少 ,仅邱银生等 ( 1…     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物多残留检测研究进展

氟喹诺酮类药物是一类人工合成的抗菌药物,在兽医领域应用广泛,但其残留对人畜危害严重.论文对动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物多残留检测方法进展做一综述,主要包括微生物法,高效液相色谱法,液相色谱-质谱法,薄层色谱法,毛细管电泳法,ELISA方法,免疫亲和色谱法,免疫传感器法,胶体金免疫层析法,电化学发光法,分析了不同多残留检测方法的优缺点,为生产选择检测方法提供建议,也为进一步研究氟喹诺酮类药物多残留检测提供参考.     

喹诺酮类药物的残留分析

简要说明了喹诺酮类药物在动物生产中的使用情况 ,及其在控制动物疾病方面的功效、作用机理和排泄途径。着重介绍了其在动物组织中残留量的各种筛选方法和定量检测方法     

高效液相色谱同时测定牛奶中4种氟喹诺酮类药物残留

氟喹诺酮类药物因其具有吸收好、组织浓度高、半衰期长、抗菌谱广与其他抗菌药物无交叉耐药性等优点而在临床上被广泛应用。由于该类药物常有不合理用药和滥用药的情况发生，因此，氟喹诺酮类药物残留问题越来越引起人们的重视。氟喹诺酮类药物的常规测定方法主要有反相高效液相色谱法、分光光度法、荧光法、薄层色谱法等。     

Distribution of muscle fiber type in fetal equine gluteus medius muscle

The gluteus medius muscles were removed from a four-year-old female Welsh pony and her nine-month-old fetus. The muscles were divided into sections which were histochemically examined to determine the variation in the distribution of fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), and slow-twitch oxidative (SO) muscle fibers throughout the entire cross-section of the muscle. The fetal muscle had a larger percent of FOG fibers and smaller percent of SO fibers than the same muscle from the mare. Variation in the distribution of muscle fiber type within the fetal gluteus medius was found. This is the first study of fiber type variation in fetal equine muscle.     

大白猪不同部位肌肉肌纤维表达特点

取3头本地大白猪4个不同部位的肌肉组织,运用免疫组化方法,测定快肌纤维和慢肌纤维的表达情况。免疫组化结果表明在猪的不同部位肌肉组织中,快肌纤维与慢肌纤维含量之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。快肌纤维的表达在股二头肌中最多,其次为背最长肌和内脊肌,头半棘肌最少。慢肌纤维的表达在头半棘肌中最多,其次为内脊肌和股二头肌,在背最长肌中表达最少。通过对猪4种骨骼肌中快肌纤维和慢肌纤维的免疫组化分析显示,二者的表达在猪不同部位的肌肉存在显著差异。     

Regionalisation of the muscle fascicle architecture in the equine longissimus dorsi muscle

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The longissimus dorsi is the largest muscle in the equine back and plays an important role in locomotor ability and performance in the horse. In vivo studies suggest that the mechanical function varies between different muscle segments, in part determined by anatomy. It is possible therefore that variations in function reflect variations in the anatomy of the longissimus dorsi along its length. OBJECTIVES: To identify if there are regional variations in muscle architecture of the longissimus dorsi. METHODS: Computed tomography scans were obtained from 8 cadaver backs to identify the cross-sectional area and volume of the muscle. The 3D orientations of the muscle fascicles were quantified in situ by their direction cosines using a magnetic digitisation system. RESULTS: Mean +/- s.e. volume of the muscle was 2.34 +/- 0.18 l for each side and mean length of the vertebral column from T4 to L6 dorsal spinous processes was 56.57 +/- 2.0 cm. There were significant differences in the cross-sectional area and the moment arm lengths between muscle segments (P<0.05). In the lumbar region, the mediolateral moment arms were 2-3 times greater than the dorsoventral moment arms. There were significant variations in the direction cosines (n = 7129) between muscle segments and between different regions within each segment (P<0.05). POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: These observations indicate that the muscle fascicle architecture predisposes the longissimus dorsi to different functions both along its length and between different regions within each segment. Detailed 3D anatomical measures of the structure with in vivo measures of function (back motion and muscle activity) will be investigated in further studies.     

Age-related changes in metabolic properties of equine skeletal muscle associated with muscle plasticity

The purpose of the present study was to determine the age-related changes in myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition and muscle oxidative and glycolytic capacity in 18 horses ranging in age from two to 30 years. Muscle samples were collected by excisional biopsy of the semimebranosus muscle. MHC expression and the key enzymatic activities were measured. There was no significant correlation between horse age and the proportions of type-IIA and type-IIX MHC isoforms. The percentage of type-I MHC isoforms decreased with advancing age. Muscle citrate synthase activity decreased, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity increased with increasing age. Muscle 3-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase activity did not change with ageing. The results suggest that, similar to humans, the oxidative capacity of equine skeletal muscle decreases with age. The age-related changes in muscle metabolic properties appear to be consistent with an age-related transition in MHC isoforms of equine skeletal muscle that shifts toward more glycolytic isoforms with age.     

Changes in the muscle fibre properties of the mouse temporal muscle after weaning

To clarify changes in the muscle fibre properties of the temporal muscle related to the start of masticatory movement, we immunohistochemically investigated myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform protein expression using pre-weaning and post-weaning mice. In addition, we examined the expression of a gene coding for those MyHC proteins. Immediately after weaning, isoforms with fast and potent contractility were frequent. This suggests that the temporal muscle plays an important role in a marked functional change in the oral cavity from lactation to mastication, contributing to oral function in cooperation with other masticatory muscles.     

Horse lumbrical muscle: possible structural and functional reorganization in regressive muscle

An anatomical study of horse lumbrical muscle (Lm) was carried out by light and electron microscopy in combination with immunochemical and cytochemical methods. Paraffin sections were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Masson's trichrome staining for morphometric analysis. Paraffin sections were also used for immunostaining by anti-PGP 9.5 for reaction with nerve-protein associated-structures, anti-heat-shock protein 70 (hsp 70) for detection of gene expression changes, anti-fast myosin for the determination of muscle fibre types, and for detection of apoptotic gene expression of muscle fibres by the TUNEL method. The distribution of muscle fibre types on frozen sections was also examined by assaying ATPase (pH 4.2). We found that the proximal end of the tendon of the unipennate-shaped Lm binds to the deep digital flexor tendon, and the distal end of the Lm tendon connects to the medial surface of the palmar annular ligament. The Lm was not always present, but when found it varied in length greatly, up to 8 cm (muscle part alone), and weighed less than 1 g. The Lm was white, pale, or reddish in colour depending on the ratio of muscle fibre and connective tissue contents. The semi-tendinized regressive Lm was composed of rich vasculature, peripheral nerves, and nerve-like organs similar to the neuromuscular spindle (NMS). The extrafusal muscle fibres (e-lm) that surround the NMS were replaced with a thick outer capsule of connective tissues (CT) in the Lm nerve-like organ, which we named the neurotendinous capsule (NTC) organ. NTC organs exist alone or as multiple structures (up to eight) surrounded by a common outer capsule at the outermost CT ring. The NTC possesses several intrafusal muscle fibres (ifm) just as the NMS does. That the ifm was associated with nerve endings was confirmed by anti-PGP 9.5 and electron microscopic observation. Some muscle fibres in ifm and e-lm reacted with anti-fast twitch myosin and with anti-hsp 70. The e-lm exhibited at least two fibre types, determined by ATPase (pH 4.2) assay. The ifm exhibited mainly type I (slow twitch) fibres. No apoptotic gene expression was detected in either ifm or e-lm, suggesting the Lm is a vital organ. The degenerating fibres observed in ifm and e-lm indicate that the turnover rate of cytoplasmic components is accelerated. We attribute this phenomenon to the necessity for adaptation to new environmental demands. The surprising finding of tubular aggregates (TAs) in ifm of the NTC organ suggests that the Lm is continuously adapting. Some results related to variation in diameter of the collagen fibrils, isolation of the NTC organ and the myofibrillar protein constituents are also discussed. In conclusion, the so-called regressive Lm has rich vasculature, many peripheral nerves, and newly described NTC organs. The induction of heat-shock protein, lack of apoptotic gene expression in ifm and e-lm fibres, and TA formation in ifm suggest that horse Lm responds to environmental stress through reorganization and/or remodelling of cell constituents. We hypothesize that the horse Lm has lost its original role as a contractile element and changed to another function, likely as a vital nerve organ.