湖南省新化县高风险区羊布鲁氏菌病横断面研究及活羊流通网络调查

湖南省新化县近几年动物布鲁氏菌病疫情和人间病例不断增多。为掌握新化县羊群布鲁氏菌病的群体流行率,了解饲养场户、贩运户和经销商对该病的知晓情况以及羊贩运户和经销商的一般经济行为,寻找养殖环节中导致布鲁氏菌感染的风险因素,应用流行病学方法,以新化县10个乡镇现存栏羊15只以上的养殖场户为研究对象,第一阶段以场户为单位,以估计流行率为目的,以名单为抽样框,随机抽样;第二阶段在群内选择个体,以发现疫病为目的,随机或基于风险采样。将采集的血清样品,采用虎红平板凝集和竞争酶联免疫吸附垂直试验进行检测。重点调查出现动物布鲁氏菌病疫情和人间病例乡镇的养殖场,以及活羊贩运经纪人和经销商等从业人员,掌握羊群布鲁氏菌病流行情况和活羊流通情况。调查结果显示:新化县高风险区存栏羊15只以上养殖场户的羊布鲁氏菌病流行率为0(95%CI:0～2.8%);新化县羊养殖场户以小规模自繁自养为主,一般放牧于自家附近山头;出栏羊主要在县内流通,养殖场户内生物安全防护措施不到位;养殖场户的布鲁氏菌病总体知晓率为80.6%,屠宰零售商为15.2%,贩运经纪人为25.0%,职业人群自我防护差;活羊调入以省外为主,冬季调运频繁,主要流向屠宰终端,经纪人在流通环节中充当重要角色。调查结果提示:应加强活羊流通领域的检疫监管,特别是冬季,要提高监测频次;当地需坚持实行"监测+扑杀"的综合防控策略,持续开展布鲁氏菌病相关的健康宣教和行为干预,重点针对屠宰经销商和经纪人,以提高职业人群的预防意识,培养其良好的职业行为和习惯。本研究为新化县布鲁氏菌病防控提供了依据,也为全国布鲁氏菌病防控积累了经验。     

规模养殖场羊布鲁氏菌病的防控措施

羊布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的人畜共患病,主要侵害生殖系统.该病在动物疫病防控中属于二类传染病,传染性强、病程缓慢、造成母羊流产,不易治愈.人感染布鲁氏菌病后主要表现为长期发病、波浪热、多汗、关节痛、睾丸炎、肝脾肿大.羊布鲁氏菌病最易传染饲养员、接产兽医、屠宰工人等畜牧生产人员,严重危害人员身体健康和肉羊产业发展.     

一例山羊布鲁氏菌病的调查处置

近期,由县疾病预防控制中心反馈县内一养羊户布鲁氏菌病血样检测阳性病例后,县畜牧兽医部门立即启动调查、监测和现场处置等工作。尽管该阳性羊场得到处置净化,但由畜向人传播布鲁氏菌病规律分析来看,羊布鲁氏菌病的防控还需在今后工作中引起高度重视。     

羊肉产品中的布鲁氏菌污染及其风险传递调查

[目的]了解羊肉产品的布鲁氏菌污染情况和风险传递过程。[方法]对养殖和屠宰环节的羊及羊肉产品进行取样调查。[结果]屠宰环节布鲁氏菌检出率从高到低依次为羊内脏(3.14%)、羊肉(2.96%)和环境(1.11%);大中型屠宰场布鲁氏菌检出率(6.23%)高于小型屠宰场(0.48%);控制性结果表明在不发生二次污染的情况下,仅可从内脏中检出布鲁氏菌;子宫(77.78%)和脾脏(46.67%)存在布鲁氏菌的风险较大,不表现临床症状的羊子宫也有带菌风险;屠宰环节布鲁氏菌感染抗体阳性率为1.13%,羊肉产品和环境中均存在布鲁氏菌污染;屠宰环节工作人员对布鲁氏菌病防控的认识不到位,本次调查发现2名从业人员被感染。[结论]存在养殖环节的布鲁氏菌病感染羊进入屠宰生产链的风险。     

牛羊布鲁氏菌病人畜感染及防控调查报告

以问卷形式调查张家川县养殖农户和畜牧兽医从业人员对布鲁氏菌病及其防护措施的知晓率。结果表明:布鲁氏菌病防控总体知晓率为82.25%～92.04%,畜间具体症状表现、防控手段、消毒防护措施的知晓率为62.04%～66.94%,人间高险人群、患者症状、行为干预和认知程度知晓率为31.02%～60.90%。     

2017年山东省威海市牛羊布鲁氏菌病基线调查

[目的] 掌握山东省威海市牛羊布鲁氏菌病的基线,分析人畜间布鲁氏菌病感染情况,查找布鲁氏菌病的传播风险因素,为该地区布鲁氏菌病防控决策提供数据支撑。[方法] 采用两级采样策略,选择牛羊群和选定群体中的个体,采集血清进行布鲁氏菌病检测。同时,通过问卷调查、档案查阅等方式,分析人畜布鲁氏菌病感染和传播的风险因素。[结果] 在牛群中未检出布鲁氏菌病阳性;羊群布鲁氏菌病表观群体流行率为0.48%（95%CI：0.10%~0.86%）,个体表观流行率为0.41%（95%CI：0.33%~0.49%）。[结论] 威海市家畜布鲁氏菌病净化效果较好,疫情处于稳定控制状态;羊饲养户跨地区调入活羊时不申报落地检疫,未隔离就混群饲养,是导致布鲁氏菌病传入的主要风险因素;多途径接触发病动物、产品及污染物是人感染布鲁氏菌病的主要原因。需持续通过定期监测、禁止免疫、控制流通、强化监督等综合防控策略来净化和根除该病;应继续加强有关布鲁氏菌病的宣传教育,提高养殖户、牛羊屠宰加工人员等风险人群的风险防患和自我保护意识,降低布鲁氏菌病传入以及感染人的风险。     

畜间布鲁氏菌病防控要点

布鲁氏菌病,简称布病,属于人畜共患传染病的一种,我国农业农村部将其列为二类动物疫病,卫健委将其列为乙类传染病。布病由布鲁氏菌感染引起,羊、牛、猪最易感染,养殖人员、兽医、屠宰工人等是易感人群。布病不仅影响畜牧业发展,而且危害人体健康。本文介绍布病的流行病学特点,提出畜间布病免疫监测、安全防护、应急处置等防控要点,及养殖饲养管理建议,为保障畜牧生产经营者和动物群体健康,消除布鲁氏菌病发生和流行的风险隐患,提供有效方法。     

羊屠宰环节布鲁氏菌病检疫漏检的初步定量风险评估

[目的 ]评估屠宰环节布鲁氏菌病漏检对屠宰从业人员和消费环节羊肉消费者的潜在健康风险及其干预措施。[方法 ]利用屠宰环节肉品风险评估专项监测中的定量监测数据,以及文献检索数据、专家咨询和调研结果,采用@RISK软件,分析估计屠宰环节布鲁氏菌病检疫漏检情况下的感染人数和消费者因烹调不当发生布鲁氏菌感染的风险。[结果 ]构建了屠宰环节布鲁氏菌病漏检感染风险模型。假设接触漏检羊感染布鲁氏菌病的概率为20%,那么0.001%、0.08%、1.5%三种漏检概率可能导致的感染人数分别为0~4人、0~114人和7~1 829人(90%置信区间);不同接触感染概率的感染人数有较大差异:5%概率时每年有0~541人可能感染布鲁氏菌病;60%概率时,多数情况下有155人感染布鲁氏菌病,最多可达到6 473人。应用该模型对某省居民消费漏检布鲁氏菌病羊肉后新增布鲁氏菌病感染人数的估算结果表明:按照0.1%概率计算,该省2016年度屠宰313.25万只羊可能新增布鲁氏菌病感染病例111~148例(90%置信区间)。如果因厨房生熟不分、烹调不当等因素而使感染概率提高至1%,则可能出现1 234~1 352个新增病例。[结论 ]羊屠宰环节存在布鲁氏菌病检疫漏检现象,从业人员受布鲁氏菌病感染风险较高;消费环节存在因烹调不当而导致的布鲁氏菌病感染风险;应加强养殖环节羊群布鲁氏菌病的控制和宰前检疫,提升从业人员和消费者对布鲁氏菌病危害的认知水平。     

对牲畜布鲁氏菌病的防治建议

正布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的人兽共患传染病,布鲁氏菌一直被畜牧兽医部门和卫生部门所重视。近年来,我国人和牲畜不断有布鲁氏菌病的阳性病例报道,布病已成为关系到公共卫生安全的重要疫病之一。本文从畜牧兽医角度,阐释布鲁氏菌病的危害、剖析防控难点、提出防治建议。     

布鲁氏菌新型检测技术研究进展

布鲁氏菌(Brucella)是一种细胞内寄生的革兰氏阴性杆菌,它主要感染牛、羊、猪、狗、骆驼和鹿等动物,并通过接触受感染的动物或通过食用受感染的食物和实验室接触传播给人类。布鲁氏菌的传播引起布鲁氏菌病,该病是一种流行范围广、危害极其严重的人畜共患传染病,是世界上最常见的细菌性人畜共患病,在兽医临床上对动物和人类都会产生巨大的危害。布鲁氏菌一旦感染,治疗非常困难,因此对于布鲁氏菌病重点在于防控。由于目前布鲁氏菌的检测方法众多,原理多样,易造成人们对布鲁氏菌检测方法使用原理的不清晰以及混淆,导致对布鲁氏菌病检测的局限性,文章主要对布鲁氏菌的常规检测技术、分子生物检测技术、以及一些以免疫反应为基础的新型检测技术进行了系统综述,同时对布鲁氏菌的防控进行展望,以期为布鲁氏菌的检测与防控提供指导。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.