猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联疫苗及其应用

我所研制成的猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)和猪流行性腹泻(PED)二联灭活苗及二联活疫苗，是预防由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的仔猎呕吐，水样腹泻及新生仔猪高死亡率(可达100％)的高度传染性肠道病发病的有效措施。用于妊娠母猪的被动免疫以保护仔猪，也用于主动免疫保护不同年龄的猪只。     

隆重推出--"猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联疫苗"新产品

该系列新产品包括猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)和猪流行性腹泻(PED)二联灭活苗及二联活疫苗,是预防由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的仔猪呕吐,水样腹泻及新生仔猪高死亡率(可达100％)的高度传染性肠道病发病的主要手段。两种疫苗主要用于妊娠母猪的被动免疫以保护仔猪,也用于主动免疫保护不同年龄的猪只。     

猪流行性腹泻与猪传染性胃肠炎二联油乳剂灭活疫苗的田间免疫试验

猪流行性腹泻(PED)和猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)是猪常见的两种急性、烈性、病毒性腹泻.PED和TGE在我国流行十分广泛,冬春季节年复一年地在猪群中发生,给养猪业造成重大的经济损失.由于猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)在病原学、流行病学、临床症状及病理变化等方面都十分相似,只有依靠实验室诊断技术才能区别.而在流行季节,猪群中PED和TGE可以单独发生,亦可混合感染,混合感染率可达30%.因而在腹泻症流行的地区需同时免疫接种PED和TGE疫苗才能有效控制病毒性腹泻的发生与流行.为此我们进行了PED和TGE二联油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究,并进行了免疫试验,现将疫苗的田间试验结果报告如下.     

猪流行性腹泻和传染性胃肠炎弱毒二联疫苗免疫抗体应答的研究

用猪流行性腹泻（PED）和传染性胃肠炎（TGE）弱毒二联疫苗（下称二联苗）免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的妊娠母猪，仔猪出生后第7、14、21和28d抽取仔猪血样用微量血清中和试验检测血清抗体。结果，免疫母猪所产仔猪通过哺乳获得了相当高的血清抗体，在出生后第7d时接近母体的中和抗体水平，并随日龄增大而下降。二联苗免疫母猪所生仔猪和相同株的PED、TGE疫苗株免疫母猪所生仔猪的血清抗体变化基本相似。用二联苗免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的10日龄仔猪，并于免疫后以7d的间隔（1月龄内）或半月（1月龄后）间隔采取血样进行血清抗体检测。结果，用二联苗免疫抗体阴性的10日龄仔猪，抗体在免疫后第21d（TGE）或第28d（PED）达到最高值，但抗体下降缓慢，在免疫后第5月，免疫猪血清中仍能检测出抗体。相同弱毒株的PED和TGE疫苗免疫组的结果与之基本相同。提示，PED和TGE弱毒株联合免疫在诱导妊娠母猪和小猪产生抗体以及母猪产后向哺乳仔猪传递抗体方面未见有相互影响的现象。     

应用高免血清防治仔猪流行性腹泻与传染性胃肠炎

猪流行性腹泻(PED)与猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)均是由冠状病毒引起的,高免血清含有高效价的特异性抗体,给幼龄仔猪注射高免血清防治PED和TGE,能起到较好的预防与治疗作用。     

不同免疫程序对猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了研究不同免疫程序对猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫效果的影响,试验选取河南省8个猪场,每个猪场受试猪随机分为2组,采用2次猪腹泻二联灭活苗、2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗、1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗+1次猪腹泻三联活疫苗、2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗等4种免疫程序进行试验,母猪于产仔当天收集初乳样本942份,采用ELISA法检测猪流行性腹泻(PED) IgA抗体。结果显示,2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗的免疫效果最好,但成本相对较高,其次是2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗和1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗+1次猪腹泻三联活疫苗,最后是2次猪腹泻二联灭活苗。结果表明,猪腹泻三联活疫苗单独或与猪腹泻二联灭活苗组合使用效果优于猪腹泻二联灭活苗。     

免疫接种途径及佐剂对猪传染性胃肠炎、流行性腹泻二联活疫苗免疫效果的影响

猪传染性胃肠炎（TGE）和猪流行性腹泻（PED）是两种严重威胁养猪业的病毒性传染病,其病原猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）和猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）同属于冠状病毒,形态相似,繁殖的靶器官相同,引起猪呕吐、脱水及水样腹泻,对仔猪具有高度致死率[1-3]。     

抗猪传染性胃肠炎病毒与猪流行性腹泻病毒卵黄抗体制备及其临床应用研究

本研究旨在制备猪传染性胃肠炎病毒和猪流行性腹泻病毒高免卵黄抗体,研究其治疗效果。以猪传染性胃肠炎和猪流行性腹泻二联灭活苗免疫产蛋鸡,琼脂扩散方法检测抗体效价达到1∶64时,收集卵黄,采用氯仿抽提和硫酸铵盐析法纯化卵黄抗体,进行微生物学检测、安全性试验,通过人工感染治疗试验和临床应用,观察其治疗效果。结果人工感染治愈率为100%,临床应用治愈率为88.0%,表明制备的卵黄抗体对猪传染性胃肠炎和流行性腹泻具有显著的治疗效果。     

猪传染性胃肠炎及流行性腹泻比较研究

猪传染性胃肠炎（porcinetransmissiblegastroenteritis,TGE）和猪流行性腹泻（porcineepidemicdiarrhoea,PED）分别是由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）和猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）引起的以猪呕吐、腹泻、脱水为特征的传染病。TGE猪传染性胃肠炎对新生仔猪具有高度致死率,虽然不同年龄的猪对这种病毒均易感,但5周龄以上猪的死亡率则很低。     

猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联氢氧化铝细胞灭活疫苗的研究

猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)细胞灭活苗的主、被动免疫试验的保护率为93.55％及76.34％,猪流行性腹泻细胞灭活苗的主、被动免疫试验的保护率为88.89％及90.7％。在此基础上,进行了TGE、PED二联氢氧化铝灭活苗的研究。灭活前细胞毒毒价均为10~(7.0)-10~(7.5)TCID_50/0.3ml,主动免疫保护率:TGE100％、PED92％。被动免疫保护率:TCE87.9％、PED82.4％。免疫期6个月。疫苗保存期一年。田间试验保护率为92～96.35％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。