内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒全基因组序列测定与序列分析

参照内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒株enJSRV-20全基因组序列设计合成3对引物,应用PCR技术扩增内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒基因片段分别连接pMD-18T载体并测序,完成了内源性绵羊反转录病毒基因组序列测定。分析结果显示,测定序列全长7519bp,与内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒代表株enJSRV-20核苷酸同源性为99．4％,与外源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒代表株AF357971．1的核苷酸同源性为90．4％。基于全基因组序列核苷酸的系统进化发生树分析结果显示,扩增序列与enJSRV-20的亲缘关系最近。     

绵羊基因组中内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒相关序列的确定

绵羊都含有与绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus,JSRV)密切相关的15~20拷贝内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(enJSRV)相关序列。宿主可利用内源性病毒来预防致病性反转录病毒的感染,一些内源性病毒可以有效地干扰相关外源性病毒的复制。本试验通过分子生物学手段确定了蒙古绵羊基因组中含有enJSRV6和enJSRV10两个内源性病毒基因而内蒙古白绒山羊中未发现。通过比较内、外源病毒LTR序列的酶切图谱,获得专一作用外源性病毒的核酸内切酶M spⅠ、TfiⅠ、BsaWⅠ,如果将酶切与聚合酶链式反应(PCR)相结合,不需要经过测序就可分辨enJS-RV和外源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(exJSRV),形成"酶切-PCR"检测技术,将为绵羊肺腺瘤病的快速诊断提供了新的手段。     

绵羊、山羊内源肺腺瘤病毒启动子甲基化修饰检测

为分析绵羊和山羊内源性肺腺瘤病毒启动子甲基化修饰状况,参照绵羊、山羊内源性肺腺病毒gag基因上游非编码区序列CpG岛设计特异性甲基化引物,采用甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）方法检测了5只绵羊和5只山羊胎儿的肺脏、皮肤、血液基因组内源性病毒基因启动子区甲基化情况.结果表明：山羊和绵羊肺脏、皮肤、血液基因组中均存在甲基化和非甲基化的内源性肺腺瘤病毒启动子.     

1株山羊内源性肺腺瘤反转录病毒的序列测定与分析

参照内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒株enJSRV-20(EF680302.1)全基因组序列设计合成3对引物,以山羊基因组DNA为模板,应用PCR技术扩增山羊内源性病毒基因片段,分别连接PMD-18T载体并测序,完成了1株山羊内源性肺腺瘤反转录病毒全基因序列的测定。结果分析显示测定序列全长7 480bp,获得的序列与内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒株enJSRV-18(EF680301.1)的核苷酸相似性为93.4%,与外源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒株JS-7(AF357971.1)的核苷酸相似性为88.1%。根据pro基因序列构建系统进化树,结果显示扩增序列与内源性绵羊反转录病毒株en-JSRV-5(EF680305.1)的亲缘关系最近。本研究有助于内源性肺腺瘤反转录病毒感染性克隆的构建和内源性肺腺瘤反转录病毒功能的研究。     

内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒env基因的克隆及序列分析

参照GenBank上已发表的内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒env基因与5′长末端重复序列保守区序列设计引物,应用PCR技术成功扩增出内源性绵羊肺腺瘤env基因与5′长末端重复序列,将纯化的扩增片段连接pMD18-T克隆载体进行测序获得目的基因序列。应用MEGA4.1、DNASTAR进行序列分析,分析结果表明,内源性env基因具有完整的开放阅读框,内源性env基因序列与内源性绵羊肺腺瘤(AF153615.1)基因同源性高达99.7%,与外源性绵羊肺腺瘤(M80216.1)基因的同源性仅为90.6%;由内源性env基因推导的氨基酸在NCBI进行BLAST比较:与AF153615.1的氨基酸同源性高达100%。内源性env基因编码表达的蛋白具有亲水性。这些结果为研究5′长末端序列对内源性env基因调控等问题提供了重要参考。     

内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒基因在蒙古羊染色体上的分布研究

本研究旨在探究内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒基因在蒙古羊染色体上的分布情况.参照已登入GenBank中的内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(enJSRV,登录号为DQ838493)序列,设计合成1对引物,PCR扩增gag基因的部分片段,用地高辛标记制备探针,利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术检测enJSRV在蒙古羊染色体上的分布.结果表明,用en-JSRV的gag基因合成的DNA探针在蒙古羊中期分裂相的6条染色体上均有杂交信号,分别为1q45、1p23、2q41、3q23、6q13、9q22和14q25,其中在6和9号染色体上出现有较强的荧光信号.结果提示,在6和9号染色体上这2个位点上有多拷贝的enJSRV基因,1q45、1p23、2q41、3q23、和14q25拷贝数少,这与内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒进化有关.     

内源性逆转录病毒的转录表达与宿主功能关系的研究进展

内源性逆转录病毒（ERVs）是几百万年前感染并整合进宿主基因组中，通过孟德尔规律进行遗传的逆转录病毒的遗留物。ERVs具有重要的生物学功能，对宿主表型、生产性能、胚胎发育及免疫调节等方面发挥重要作用。本文对内源性逆转录病毒的基因组结构、表观修饰和整合位点效应的活性调控及其与宿主胚胎发育、免疫调控等进行综述，为深入了解内源性逆转录病毒在基因组的功能及其对宿主的影响与进化提供参考。     

内源性绵羊肺腺瘤反转录病毒的研究进展

从内源性绵羊肺腺瘤反转录病毒（enJSRV）与外源性绵羊肺腺瘤反转录病毒（exJSRV）基因组结构的比较、enJSRV与绵羊肺腺瘤病（OPA）的关系、enJSRV在羊体内的表达及其系统发育分析等方面综述了enJSRV的研究进展，旨在为早期诊断及预防OPA提出新方法，为揭示该病的分子发病机理及探索其基因治疗提供新思路。     

内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒NM株gag基因的克隆、序列分析及蛋白结构预测

提取内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒内蒙古分离株（NM）总DNA，参照GenBank中内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒enJS56A1株gag基因序列设计1对引物。应用PCR技术特异性地扩增出病毒的gag基因片段，将其克隆到pMD19-T载体中进行测序得到完整的gag基因序列，并用DNAStar软件进行序列分析，分析结果表明，与内源性南非代表毒株enJS56A1（AF153615）的gag基因序列比较，核苷酸同源性为98．9％，推导出的氨基酸同源性为98．4％。与外源性美国代表株JSRV21（AF105220）的gag基因序列比较，核苷酸同源性为89．6％，氨基酸同源性为94．8％。利用生物信息学软件对其蛋白结构进行预测，结果表明gag-enJSRV-NM为一结构松散的蛋白分子，这也是我国首次报道的内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒的gag基因的全序列，为我国科研工作者进行更深入的研究奠定了基础。     

内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒NM株pol基因的克隆与序列分析

参照GenBank中内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒enJS56A1株pol基因序列设计了2对引物。应用PCR技术特异性地扩增出病毒的pol基因片段,将其克隆到PMD19-T载体后测序。应用计算机软件将测定序列与内源性南非代表毒株enJS56A1(AF153615)的pol基因序列比较,核苷酸同源性为99.3%,推导出的氨基酸同源性为95.0%。与外源性南非代表株JSRV-SA(M80216)的pol基因序列比较,核苷酸同源性为99.0%,氨基酸同源性为99.3%。这也是我国首次报道的内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒pol基因序列,为我国科研工作者进行更深入的研究奠定基础。     

Endogenous retroviruses of sheep: a model system for understanding physiological adaptation to an evolving ruminant genome

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are present in the genome of all vertebrates and are remnants of ancient exogenous retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. Sheep betaretroviruses offer a unique model system to study the complex interaction between retroviruses and their host. The sheep genome contains 27 endogenous betaretroviruses (enJSRVs) related to the exogenous and pathogenic Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), the causative agent of a transmissible lung cancer in sheep. The enJSRVs can protect their host against JSRV infection by blocking early and late steps of the JSRV replication cycle. In the female reproductive tract, enJSRVs are specifically expressed in the uterine luminal and glandular epithelia as well as in the conceptus (embryo and associated extraembryonic membranes) trophectoderm and in utero loss-of-function experiments found the enJSRVs envelope (env) to be essential for conceptus elongation and trophectoderm growth and development. Collectively, available evidence in sheep and other mammals indicate that ERVs coevolved with their hosts for millions of years and were positively selected for biological roles in genome plasticity and evolution, protection of the host against infection of related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and placental development.     

稳定表达绵羊肺腺瘤病毒表面蛋白A549细胞系的建立

为研究绵羊肺腺瘤病病毒(JSRV)表面蛋白(SU)的致瘤机制,本研究构建稳定表达SU的羊肺细胞A549细胞系.采用PCR方法从含su基因的pGEX-4T-1-SU重组质粒中扩增SU编码序列,将其克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中,转染A549细胞.通过G418筛选,对转染阳性细胞进行纯化,获得稳定表达JSRV SU蛋白的A549细胞系.以间接免疫荧光及western blot鉴定SU的表达状况,并运用共聚焦显微镜确认SU蛋白的亚细胞定位.结果表明,重组蛋白SU在A549细胞中有效表达,而且主要分布于细胞质中.该细胞系的建立为SU生物学功能的体外研究提供了平台.     

绵羊肺腺瘤病毒JSRV-2基因探针的制备与原位杂交检测

用地高辛随机引物法标记外源性exJSRV特异的JSRV-2片段，制备探针，用原位杂交法检测自然感染绵羊肺腺瘤病（oPA）的病肺组织中JSRV-NM的RNA及前病毒DNA，结果表明’OPA患羊肺肿瘤细胞的胞浆和核内都有JSRV-2基因mRNA的表达，同时也检测到了前病毒DNA，而相应的阴性对照无阳性信号，证实外源性JSRV-NM病毒具有特异性的DNA探针在检测致瘤性前病毒在宿主细胞中的整合具有可信度。     

Alveolar type II cells expressing jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus capsid protein and surfactant proteins are the predominant neoplastic cell type in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma is caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. To gain insight into the histogenesis and viral pathogenesis of this neoplasm, the tumor cell phenotypes and differentiation state were correlated with the distribution of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus capsid protein in neoplastic and normal cells of the lung in nine naturally occurring and 12 experimentally induced cases of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Overall, 82% of tumor cells had ultrastructural features consistent with alveolar type II cells, 7% of tumor cells had features of Clara cells, and 11% of tumor cells were insufficiently differentiated to classify. The proportion of the neoplastic cell phenotypes varied within tumors, and no tumor consisted of a morphologically uniform cell population. To further characterize the neoplastic cell population, sections of tumors were immunostained with antibodies to surfactant protein A, surfactant protein C, and Clara cell 10-kd protein. Overall, surfactant proteins A and C were expressed in 70% and 80% of tumor cells, respectively, whereas Clara cell 10-kd protein was expressed in 17% of tumor cells. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus capsid protein was detected in 71% of tumor cells and in macrophages (5/21 tumors examined) and in nonneoplastic alveolar and bronchiolar cells (6/14 tumors). Expression of this viral protein in neoplastic cells, classified morphologically and by immunophenotyping primarily as of the alveolar type II lineage, implies an important role for specific virus-cell interactions in the pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.     

绵羊肺腺瘤病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立检测绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus,JSRV)实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time qPCR)方法,根据外源性JSRV-NM株env基因序列,选其保守序列作为目的片段,设计引物和TaqMan探针,以自然病例的肺肿瘤组织基因组DNA为模板,经PCR扩增目的基因、克隆,重组质粒鉴定,并严格定量后,梯度稀释作为阳性标准品,优化反应条件进行Real-time qPCR扩增,获得的标准曲线为:Y=-3.308X+47.848,线性相关系数为0.991;Ct值变异系数小,并且灵敏度高,初步建立了检测JSRV前病毒DNA的Real-time qPCR方法。应用该方法对不同来源(A、B、C、D、E组)的绵羊外周血及其他组织样品进行测定其前病毒载量。结果显示B组和C组外周血白细胞、肺脏、肺门淋巴结以及鼻液中检测均为阳性,并发现前病毒DNA的载量在肺脏中明显高于外周血白细胞;D组虽未发现有绵羊肺腺瘤(SPA)临床症状,但在肺门淋巴结里可以检测到;E组中1只绵羊的肺脏也检出低拷贝数的前病毒DNA,而在A组中检测结果均为阴性。本研究对检测未知羊群JSRV感染程度及研究SPA流行病学等均有重要意义。     

绵羊肺腺瘤病毒NM株前病毒gag基因的克隆与序列分析

参照GenBank中已发表的绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(JSRV)的全基因序列，设计合成3对引物，对JSRVNM株的gag基因分3段进行PCR扩增，经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析，分别呈3条531、888和949 bp的特异条带，将其分别克隆人pMD-18T载体中，进行序列测定并拼接序列，得到完整的gag基因序列。分析结果表明，与南非代表株(基因序列号NC-001494)的gag基因序列比较，核苷酸同源性为89．0%，推导出的氨基酸同源性为90％。与美国代表株(基因序列号AF105220)的gag基因序列比较，核苷酸同源性为86．3％，氨基酸同源性为87％。     

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma not related to jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in a goat

A spontaneous lung tumor in a 5-year-old goat of the Murciano-Granadina breed is described in this paper. Clinical signs of cachexia and tachypnoea were evident, and a considerable amount of white mucous foamy fluid was discharged from the nostrils when the animal's head was lowered. A lung tumor with the characteristics of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma was detected during histopathologic examination. The tumor cells were positive for surfactant proteins C and B, confirming that alveolar type II cells were the origin of the neoplasia. Tumor samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry for the presence of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV), another retrovirus very closely related to JSRV, but all tests were negative. Therefore, this is the first reported case of spontaneous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma not related to JSRV or ENTV infection in a goat.